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Substation
Model (Objects,Services)
Domain
Communication
Interface (ACSI)
protection devices. Today, a lot of substations are equipped
with Substation Automation Systems [1], which comprise by Services
Abstract
Generic Object
Sampled Analog Client Server
definition all functions to be performed in substations. Up to Values (SAV)
Oriented Substation
Events (GOOSE)
Communication
MMS
Real Time Requirements
different suppliers because of the missing communication
standard. Therefore, substation automation cannot exploit all TCP
investments in functions and databases (object model). The services to access and retrieve the data are mostly of
Therefore, the standard is future-proof as far as possible. client-server type. Most common, simple services are read
and write. Dedicated to the application domain are services
B. Communication
like Select before operate and Reporting. Determined by
The communication uses mainstream technology, i.e. an strong time requirements are the services Transmission of
ISO/OSI stack consisting of Ethernet (layers 1 and 2), TCP/IP analog samples (data stream) and Transmission of GOOSE
(layers 3 and 4) and MMS (layers 5-7). The object model and messages (peer-to-peer) [8]. The mapping of the model to the
its services are mapped to the application layer of MMS (layer stack is defined in [9], [10] and [11].
7), only time critical messages like Sampled Analog Values
(SAV) and Generic Object Oriented Substation Events D. Engineering Support
(GOOSE) like status indications, blockings and trips are Both the device capabilities and the system configuration may
mapped directly to the link layer of Ethernet (level 2) as seen be described very conveniently by the Substation
in Figure 1. Note that today most efforts and money are Configuration description Language (SCL) [12] based on
invested in Ethernet communication technology and that XML. It comprises the data model including all relevant
Ethernet goes also nearer and nearer to the process competing services, all communication interfaces and communication
with the traditionally field busses [3]. links. It takes care the allocation of functions to devices and
the relationship between the substation automation system and
C. Object Model
the switchgear. This comprehensive formal description of the
Depending on the scope of the standard, the object model is configuration allows both tool supported engineering and
related to the domain substation [4]. All functions including future extensions by all IEC 61850 compliant tools. The use
the data images of the process devices are broken into the of such a tool is sketched in Figure 3). The device
smallest feasible pieces, which may communicate with each configuration is imported into the system configurator, which
other and - very important - may be implemented separately in considers the system configuration and provides device
dedicated devices. These bricks are objects and called Logical configuration files with system information to be downloaded
Nodes (LN) in terms of IEC 61850 [4],[5]. Each LN contains into the IEDs either directly or with help of a device specific
data, which may be mandatory, conditional or optional [5]. tool.
The data itself contain attributes which may be seen as values
or detailed properties of the data [6]. The attributes itself carry
values. Missing LNs, data or attributes may be added Device
capabilities Device
according to the strict and restrictive extension rules of the Device (IED) specific
standard including name spaces as unambiguously reference Device
Devicedata
data
Data (Objects)
tool
Data (Objects)
interoperability also in case of extensions. Since the names of stand-alone*
Device configuration
LNs, data and attributes are standardized, they provide the System
in the system*
Configurator
semantics of all exchanged values. LNs may be grouped into
System-
Logical Devices (LD) with non-standardized names. LDs are configuration* System and Device
implemented in servers residing in IEDs (see Figure 2). There Configuration* System
System Specification Documentation
is also a Logical Node taking care common properties of this
physical device (LPHD). For the full identification of data a *) Formal description according to the Substation Configuration description Language (SCL)
“Conducting Equipment” to the IEC 61850 model (already technology and Ethernet is used more and more in process
done) will provide compatibility between both models. All the near applications [3] as mentioned above. Switches mitigate or
information enforces the request for seamless communication avoid the well-known message collision problems. The
from the switchgear up to the network control center (NCC). communication topology is scaleable according to the
It is clear that for wide area connections instead of Ethernet substation requirements and may also support redundancy
also other lower ISO/OSI layers like micro waves, PDH, SDH without having any impact on the implementation of functions
and ATM may be used without violating the benefits of such a since IEC 61850 makes no definitions of redundancy at
seamless communication. application level but leaves it to the communication stack.
First experience in implementing IEC 61850 has shown some 2) Process bus, process data and NCITs
few unclear definitions but having no impact on the market IEC 61850 includes for the substation all process bus features
introduction of the standard in 2004. The use of IEEE 1588 like the transmission of samples of currents and voltages and
[13] for hard real-time requirements is not yet stated in the provides a common interface for any kind of instrument
mappings. User groups like UCA®International [14] will transformer starting or increasing the acceptance of Non-
collect all such experience and the WG10 of IEC TC57 will Conventional Instrument Transformers (NCIT). The multi-use
create proper amendments for IEC 61850. Anyhow, the issue of these data will serve not only protection but also
of Power Quality will be more elaborated according to a disturbance recording, phasor measurement and metering. The
newly accepted work item [15]. More details about switchgear interface providing this standardized data will be a merging
monitoring will be added by the product standard for unit (MU) today and maybe the sensor itself in some future.
switchgear equipment IEC 62271-003 being now under work The complementing actuators will be breaker IEDs as seen in
in IEC TC 17 [16].
2) Applications outside the substation IEC 61850
Samples
Trip
The IEC TC 88 has adopted approach of IEC 61850 for the PDIS
communication part of the standard IEC 61400-25 [20] Line
Line Logical
Logical Device
Device
Protection
Protection “Breaker
“Breaker IED”
IED”
referring to control and monitoring of wind power plants. This
LN PCTR
LNPCTR
PCTR
standard is already in preparation. Based on the same LN
LN
LN
LN PCTR
XCBR
XCBR
Logical
Logical Device
Device
approach a new work item for communication in Hydro “Merging
“Merging Unit”
Unit” Actuators
Actuators
Power Plants [21] and in the area of Distributed Power Logical
Logical Device
Device
LN
LN
LN PCTR
LNPCTR
PCTR
PCTR Sensors
Sensors “Breaker
“Breaker IED”
IED”
Generation [22] has been issued for voting end of 2003. It is LN
LN TVTR
TVTR
LN
LN
LN PCTR
LNPCTR
PCTR
PCTR
assumed that in the first quarter of 2004 all new work items LN
LN
LN PCTR
LNPCTR
PCTR
PCTR
LN
LN XCBR
XCBR
LN
LN TCTR
TCTR
will be accepted.
The impact of these new activities on IEC 61850 will be e.g.
that some existing Logical Nodes like XGEN (Generator) are
elaborated more in detail to fulfill the requirements of power
stations and additional data like valve position and wind
properties will be available for modeling. Since all these new
objects have to be identified by a dedicated name space Figure 4 – The use of the process bus according to IEC
according to the extension rules in [5], no confusion will arise 61850 for non-conventional switchgear interfaces
and interoperability maintained. Figure 4.
3) Benefits of the trend using IEC 61850 3) Standardized access to all data and resources
The intensive use of IEC 61850 in more and more areas of the The object structure and the communication provide to any
power system will make the object model more intelligent application a standardized access to all data and
comprehensive for the complete power system and support resources from other functions if applicable (Figure 5).
standardized communication structures in the power area. This
trend is a challenge for the development of intelligent
applications for the power system (see section III. ). Resources
“new” GAPC
III. BENEFITS FOR INTELLIGENT APPLICATIONS Intelligent function
CILO CSWI
PTOC
Interlocking Switch control
A. Open communication Time overcurrent
1) Benefits of Ethernet
There are a lot of benefits using mainstream communication
Communication according to IEC 61850
technology like Ethernet. This technology allows peer-to-
communication as early introduced in substations already by TVTR
XCBR
ABB using LON [1] with 1.25 Mbit/s. But Ethernet supports Circuit Breaker
TCTR Voltage Transformer
Current transformer
this feature openly in the standard at higher and higher speeds YTRP
XSWI
starting from 10 MBit/s up to some ten GBit/s for the time Switch, e.g. insulator
Power transformer
being and more in the future. In addition, today the most Data
money for communication is invested into Ethernet
Figure 5 – Data and resources in a substation interlinked
4