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Community Forestry Bulletin

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Community Forestry Bulletin
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cfkm\gf] ult lnO;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;Dj[l4sf] nflu ca cj;/df kl/0ft ug'{kg{] cfhsf] ;dosf] dfu xf] .
j}1flgs tyf Jofj;flos Joj:yfkgtkm{ plQs} ult o:tf d'2fsf] ;Djf]wgsf nflu ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnx?;dIf
lng'kg{] ePsf] 5 . Jofj;flos pTkfbg (economies cfufdL lbgdf ;fd'bflos jg ljsf;sf nflu d}bfg
of scale) sf nflu l5d]sL ;fd'bflos jg tyf v'nf /xg]5 .
2

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4
låtLo / t[tLonfO{ qmdzM Ps nfv, krxQ/ xhf/ /
krf; xhf/ k|bfg ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnel/sf ljleGg
e"uf]nx¿df /x]sf ;fd'bflos jgx¿ ;DalGwt lhNnf
jg sfof{nox¿af6 k'/:sf/sf nflu dgf]gog tyf
l;kmfl/; eOcfPsf] cj:yfdf k|lt:kwf{df ;xefuL
x'g ;Sb5g\ .
xfn;Dd pSt k'/:sf/sf nflu g]kfnsf %& lhNnfaf6
@%) j6f ;fd'bflos jgx¿sf] dgf]gog eO;s]sf]
b]lvG5 . bfª lhNnfjf6 ;a}eGbf j9L dgf]gog
gf}k6s / sf:sLaf6 cf7k6s ePsf] b]lvG5 .
;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿sf] cfjlws ?kdf
jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnon] tof/ kf/]sf] cfwf/
tyf ;"rsx¿df cfwfl/t /xL k6s–k6s cg'udg /
;f]xLadf]lhd k'/:s[t ug]{ k|rng /lxcfPsf] 5 .
cWoog ;+:yfgh:tf k|fl1s ;+3–;+:yfx¿sf] cys
k|of;af6 pTs[i6 lqmofsnfk k|bz{g ug]{ ;fd'bflos
jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿sf] lbuf] jg Joj:yfkgdf
clwsf/ k|fKt ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 ;fd'bflos jg
pkef]Qmf dxf;+3sf kbflwsf/Lx¿;Fu cf}krfl/s
;dGjo / 5nkmn u/L cfwf/ tyf ;"rsx¿sf] th'{df
ul/Psf] eP tfklg xfn;Dd klg tL l;4fGtd} ;Lldt
x'g k'u]sf 5g\ . o;y{ kof{Kt ?kdf lkmN8df cfwfl/t
cWoogljg} tof/ kfl/Psf tL cfwf/x¿ jf:tljs
ufpFn]sf] kl/j]zeGbf km/s ePsf]n] cfnf]rgfaf6
d'Qm eg] 5}gg\ (Pokharel, R.K. and Larsen, H. O.
2007, Pokharel, R. K. and Subedi, M. 2007) .
;fd'bflos jg dxfzfvf, jg ljefun] ljqmd ;+jt\
@)^* ;fndf ;fd'bflos jglj1x¿;Fu ;Dks{ /
;dGjo u/L u0f]zdfg l;+x ;fd'bflos jg /fli6«o
k'/:sf/sf nflu dgf]gog k|of]hgsf nflu cfwf/ /
;"rsx¿ kl/dfh{g u/L Pp6f 5gf}6 ;ldlt ;+:yfut
u¥of] . o; ;ldltn] gofF ljsf; ul/Psf] cfwf/
tyf ;"rsx¿sf] cfwf/df ;kmn ;fd'bflos jgsf]
l;kmfl/; ub{5 . o; bf}/fgdf ;fd'bflos jgn] k|bfg
u/]sf] of]ubfg cyjf hLljsf]kfh{g / h}ljs ljljwtf
 ;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#

;+/If0fdf k'¥ofPsf] 6]jfdf cfwfl/t /xL d"Nof+sg ug]{
Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] k|sf/sf] of]ubfgdf cfwfl/t
/xL k|bfg ul/g] k|f]T;fxg ;xof]un] bL3{sfndf uP/
;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿nfO{ ;+/If0f /
hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/sf] kf6f]df a9L lhDd]jf/ agfpg]
sfo{nfO{ ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ub{5 . o;k|sf/ ul/g]
cWoog / ;kmntfsf syfx¿sf] cBfjwLs/0f ug]{
sfo{n] ;kmn ;fd'bflos jg x'gsf nflu cfjZosLo
u'0fx¿sf] klxrfg ug{df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg ub{5 .
;fy} sfnfGt/df nfesf] afF8kmfF6 tyf ljt/0fsf]
;+oGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{df ;d]t bl/nf] cfwf/
v8f ub{5 .
@= ;fdfu|L tyf cWoogljlw
of] ;Ddflgt k'/:sf/sf nflu dgf]gog eOcfPsf
;d"xsf] pknJw hfgsf/Lsf] j}wtfsf] ;'lglZrttf
ug{sf nlu ljutsf dgf]gLt / k'/:s[t ;fd'bflos jg
pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿sf] k|fKt hfgsf/Lsf] k|of]u ul/Psf]
@)%% df jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnon] !) x]S6/eGbf
;fgf] jgnfO{ k'/:sf/df dgf]gog gug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . ;fd'bflos jgsf] If]qkmn / k'/:sf/sf]
dgf]gogsf] cj:yfnfO{ tflnsf ! df b]vfOPsf] 5 .
tflnsf ! / tt\kZrft\sf tflnsfx¿df plNnlvt
pTs[i6 eGgfn] u0f]zdfg l;+x k'/:sf/jf6 ;Ddflgt
;fd'bflos jgnfO{ a'emfpF5 eg] ;kmn eGgfn] lhNnf
jg sfof{noaf6 ;f] k'/:sf/sf nflu dgf]gog ePsf
;fd'bflos jgnfO{ a'emfpF5 .
sl/j #( k|ltzt dgf]gogdf %) x]S6/eGbf ;fgf
;fd'bflos jgx¿ lyP . ;fd'bflos jgsf] If]qkmn /
dgf]gognfO{ lrq ! df b]vfOPsf] 5 .
lrq ! ;fd'bflos jgsf] If]qkmn / k"/:sf/ dgf]gog
jgsf] If]qkmn cg';f/ dgf]gLt ;+Vof
100

lyof] . ;kmn ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿sf]

dgf]gLt ;+Vof

80

ljz]iftf ;fd'bflos jg dxfzfvf, jg ljefudf 60

40

Jojl:yt ul/Psf] jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿sf] /fli6«o 20

tYofÍaf6 pknAw ul/Psf] lyof] . ;kmn ;fd'bflos 0

50 eGbf al( 51 b]lv 100 101 b]lv 150 151 b]lv 200 201 b]lv 250 251 eGbf al(

jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf dxTjk"0f{ kf6fx¿sf] ljZn]if0fsf jgsf] If]qkmn -x]=_

nflu Agrawal and Angelsen (2009) sf] ;}4flGts

vfsfsf] cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 . tYofÍzf:qLo dxTj tflnsf ! ;fd'bflos jgsf] If]qkmn / k'/:sf/
hfFrsf nflu OsfO :Sjfo/ 6]:6 k|of]u u/L cfPsf] dgf]gog
kl/0ffdnfO{ cBfjlws ul/Psf] 5 . o;df @*@ sf]
If]qkmn -x]S6/_ pTs[i6 ;kmn hDdf
slG6h]G;L tflnsf ljZn]if0f ug{sf nflu cfOlaPd
:6fl6l6S; P;lkP;P; !( k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] . ;fy} < %) !! *@ (#
u|fkmKof8sf] ;xof]udf tflnsfsf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] >%) @) !@# !$#
5. hDdf #! @)% @#^
#= glthf gf]6M !$ j6f cyf{t\ %=^ k|ltzt jg If]qsf] 8f6f pknJw
gePsf]
#=! jgsf] If]qkmn Chi squared equals 0.281 with 1 degrees of freedom. Tabulated value
of chi square for 1 df is 3.841. Since, calculated value of chisquare
;–;fgf If]qkmn ePsf ;fd'bflos jgx¿sf] is less than the tabulated value, it is not statistically significant at 5%
level of significance.
Joj:yfkg k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg] egL kmfu'g @*,

5
 ;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#

#=@ ;d"xsf] 3/w'/L ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x sfo{;ldltsf] ;b:otf

;+Vofsf] k|efjsfl/tfnfO{ tflnsf # df b]vfOPsf] 5 .
;d"xsf] 3/w'/L w]/} / yf]/} x'gfn] klg Joj:yfksLo
Ifdtfdf k|efj kf5{ ls eg]/ tflnsf @ df ljZn]if0f tflnsf # ;ldlt ;b:o ;+Vof / k'/:sf/ dgf]gog
ul/Psf] 5 . $@ k|ltzt k'/:s[t ;fd'bflos jg ;b:o ;+Vof pTs[i6 ;kmn hDdf
pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿ !%) eGbf sd 3/w'/LdWo]sf lyP . <!% @@ !^& !*(
>!% ( ## $@
tflnsf @ jg pkef]Qmf 3/w'/L / k'/:sf/ dgf]gog hDdf #! @)) @#!
gf]6M !( j6f cyf{t\ &=^ k|ltzt ;ldlt ;b:o ;+Vof;DaGwL
3/w'/L pTs[i6 ;kmn hDdf 8f6f pknAw gePsf]
<!%) !# !)) !!# Chi-square without Yates correction
Chi squared equals 2.834 with 1 degrees of freedom. Tabulated value
>!%) !* !)$ !@@ of chi square for 1 df is 3.841. Since calculated value of chi square
is less than the tabulated value, it is not statistically significant at 5%
hDdf #! @)$ @#% level of significance.
gf]6M !% j6f cyf{t\ ^ k|ltzt 3/w'/L;DaGwL] 8f6f pknAw
gePsf] #=$ sfo{;ldltdf dlxnf ;b:o
Chi-square without Yates correction
Chi squared equals 0.541 with 1 degrees of freedom. Tabulated sfo{;ldltdf dlxnf ;b:o / dgf]gognfO{ lrq # df
value of chi square at 1 df = 3.841. Since calculated value of
chi square is less than the tabulated value, it is not statistically b]vfOPsf] 5 . sl/a $& k|ltzt dgf]gLt ;d"xsf
significant at 5% level of significance.
sfo{;ldltdf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj # b]lv % sf]
#=# sfo{;ldltsf] ;b:o ;+Vof ;+Vofdf ePsf] kfOof] .

sfo{;ldltsf] ;ldlt ;b:o ;+Vof / k'/:sf/ lrq # sfo{;ldltdf dlxnf ;b:o / k'/:sf/ dgf]gog
dgf]gogsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ *@ k|ltzt dgf]gogdf sfo{;ldltdf dlxnf ;bZo ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df dgf]lgt

!% hgfeGbf sd kbflwsf/L ;+Vof /x]sf] kfOof] . 120

100

sfo{;ldltdf ;b:o ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df dgf]gognfO{

dgf]lgt ;+Vof

80

lrq @ df b]vfOPsf] 5 . 60

40

20
lrq @ sfo{;ldltdf ;b:o ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df 0

dgf]gog b]vfOPsf] 5 .
2 ;Dd 3 b]lv 5 ;Dd 6 b]lv dfly

sfo{;ldltdf dlxnf ;bZo ;+Vof

sfo{;ldltdf ;bZo ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df dgf]lgt

200
180 #=% jgsf] lsl;d
160
140
jgsf] lsl;dcg';f/sf] dgf]gognfO{ lrq $ df
dgf]lgt ;+Voff

120
100
80
b]vfOPsf] 5 . pSt lrqdf ;fn jgx¿s} ;a}eGbf
60
40
a9L #^ k|ltzt dgf]gog ePsf] b]lvG5 .
20
0 ;kmntfsf nflu jgsf] lsl;d klg dxTjk"0f{ x'g;Sg]
10 ;Dd 10 b]l] v 15 ;Dd 16 b]lv dfly
sfo{;ldltdf ;bZo ;+Vof tYonfO{ dWogh/ /fVb} dgf]gog / jgsf] lsl;dsf]

6
 ;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#

ljZn]if0f u/L tflnsf $ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . k/Dk/fut ?kdf ;fgf] /fd|f] x'G5 eGg] dfGotf /x]sf]
;fnsf] jgsf] cfly{s k|Tofe"lt b/ a9L x'g;Sg] x'Fbf kfOG5 . ;fd'bflos jgsf] If]qkmn / ;kmn jgsf]
;d"x Joj:yfkgdf k|efjsfl/tfsf] cg'dfgnfO{ unt dgf]gogdf dfly ul/Psf] ljZn]if0faf6 tYofÍLo ?kdf
;fljt ub}{ ;fn / ;fnafx]ssf jgaLr tflTjs pNn]Vo ;DaGw /x]sf] b]lvPg . ctM ;fd'bflos jgsf]
leGgtf /x]sf] b]lvPg . If]qkmnnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ dgf]gog jf k'/:sf/df s'g}
lrq $ jgsf] lsl;d cg';f/ k'/:sf/ dgf]gog aGb]h nufpg cy{k"0f{ b]lvFb}g .
jgsf] k|sf/
90
80
;d"x 3/w'/L ;+Vof
70
60
7"nf] ;d"x cfFkm}df Joj:yfkg r'gf}tL x'g] cg'dfg
dgf]lgt ;+Vof

50
40
30 ul/P tfklg ;d"xdf cfa4 3/w'/L ;+VofaLr s'g}
20
10 klg tflTjs leGgtf b]lvPg . cu|jfn / PGh]n;g\sf]
0

sf
]j
g ;}4flGts 9fFrf pkof]uL eP tfklg g]kfnsf ;fd'bflos
'/fF;
v;
|'–u jgx¿sf] Joj:yfkgdf ;Lldt pkof]u /x]sf] kfOg'
of] n]vsf] dxTjk"0f{ lgrf]8 xf] . jgsf kf6fx¿
jgsf] k|sf/
-attributes_, h:t} jgsf] If]qkmn, ;d"xsf] 3/w'/L,
tflnsf $ jgsf] lsl;d / k'/:sf/ dgf]gog sfo{;ldlt ;+Vofn] jgsf] ;kmn Joj:yfkgdf s'g}
jgsf] lsl;d pTs[i6 ;kmn hDdf pNn]Vo cg's"ntf k/]sf] b]lvPg . o:t} ;fn /
;fn !# ^^ &( ;fnafx]ssf jgdf klg tflTjs leGgtf b]lvPg .
;fnafx]s !^ !@$ !$)
hDdf @( !() @!( sfo{;ldlt ;b:o ;+Vof
gf]6M #! j6f cyf{t\ !@=$ k|ltzt jg lsl;dsf] 8f6f sfo{;ldlt 7"nf] jf ;fgf]n] ubf{ klg Joj:yfksLo
pknJw gePsf] sfo{df k|efj kg{ ;Sg] cg'dfg unt ;fljt eof] .
Chi-square without Yates correction
Chi square value equals 1.111 with 1 degrees of freedom. Tabulated k'/:s[t / dgf]gogdf k/]sf ;fd'bflos jgsf]
value of chi square for 1 df is 3.841. Since calculated value of chi
square is less than the tabulated Value, it is not statistically signifi- sfo{;ldltsf] ;b:o ;+Vofn] ;fd'bflos jgsf] sfo{
cant at 5% level of significance. k|efjsfl/tfdf km/s k/]sf] k'li6 ePg .

$= lgisif{ jgsf] lsl;d

pk/f]St ljZn]if0fx¿sf] cfwf/df tkl;nadf]lhdsf
lgisif{ lgsflnPsf] 5 . tkl;nsf lgis{ifsf cfwf/df
efjL lbzfsf] dfu{ k|z:t ul/Psf] 5 .
s] ;fd'bflos jgsf] If]qkmn dxTjk"0f{ 5 <
Agrawal and Angelsen (2009) n] dWod / 7"nf
jg If]qx¿ ;kmn Joj:yfkg x'g] atfPsf 5g\ eg]
7
;fnsf] jg ePsf] ;fd'bflos jg sf7sf] pRr d"Nosf]
sf/0fn] a9L k|efjsf/L eO{ ;kmn x'g;Sg] cg'dfgnfO{
klg tYof+sLo ljZn]if0faf6 k'li6 ug{ ;lsPg . ctM
jgsf] lsl;dn] jgsf] ;kmn Joj:yfkgsf nflu
cfwf/ v8f ug]{ b]lvPg .
 ;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#
efjL lbzf
k|:t't n]v ;kmn ;fd'bflos jgsf] dxTjk"0f{
kf6fx¿sf] ljZn]if0fsf nflu tof/ ePsf] d:of}bf
dfq xf] t/ of] alnof] tYof+sLo ljZn]if0fdf cfwfl/t
5 . of] k|ltli7t k'/:sf/sf] /fzL k'g/fjnf]sg u/L
;do;fk]If jgfpg ;s] ;xeflutf lj:tf/ x'g;Sg]
b]lvG5 . o;sf jfah'b Pp6f s6' oyfy{ xf] M cfhsf]
;kmntf ef]lnsf] lbgdf n3'cf};t -mediocrity_ klg
x'g :fSb5 . t;y{, ;kmntfsf] vf]hL lg/Gt/ hf/L
/xG5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
Agrawal, A. and A. Angelsen, 2009. Using
Community Forest Management to achieve
REDD+ Goals. Chapter 16.
DFRS, 2015, state of Nepal's Forest. Forest
Resource Assessment (FRA) Nepal, Department of
8
Forest Resource and Survey (DFRS), Kathmandu,
Nepal.
Pokharel, R. K. and Larsen, H. O. 2007. Local
versus official criteria and indicators for evaluating
for community forest management, Forestry: An
International Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 80
(2): 183 – 192
Pokharel, R. K. and Suvedi, M. 2007. Indicators
for measuring the success of Nepal’s community
forestry program: A local perspective, Human
Ecology Review, Vol.14 (1): 68 – 75
Sharma, A. R. and Kailanbu, k., 2012. Revisiting
the Excellence: Are Community Forests winning
Ganeshman Singh Conservation Award sustainable
in Nepal ? SAARC Forestry Centre, Taba, Thimpu:
Bhutan. http://www.sfc.org.bt/images/Success_
Stories_of_CF_and_NWFP.pdf

;fd'bflos jgdf jGohGt' ;+/If0f
(Wildlife ProtecƟon in Community Forests)
!= k[i7e"ld
jgIf]q h}ljs ljljwtfsf] e08f/;lxt ljsf; lgdf{0f
/ pBf]usf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lsf] ;|f]t klg xf] .
oL b'j} ljifosf] a'l4dtfk"0f{ tyf lbuf] ;Daf]wg jg
Joj:yfkgsf] d'Vo nIo xf] . of] nIo xfl;n ug{
g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;fd'bflos jg ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{
dxTjsf ;fy sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . sfo{qmddfkm{t
xfn;Dd !(,))) eGbf a9L ;fd'bflos jg :yfkgf
eO{ !* nfv x]S6/ /fli6«o jg ;fd'bflos jgdf
kl/0ft ePsf] 5 . nfvf}+ x]S6/ Ifltu|:t jg k'g:yf{lkt
/ ;d[4 ePsf 5g\ . xfn}sf] jg ;|f]t ;e{]If0fsf]
tYof+scg';f/ d'n'ssf] jgIf]q a9]sf] kfOg'n] klg o;
tYonfO{ k'li6 u/]sf] 5 .
;fd'bflos ljsf; / jg ;+/If0f÷Joj:yfkg :jod\df
cToGt} ultzLn k|lqmof x'g\ . cfh;Ddsf] k|ultofqfdf
gLltut kl/sNkgfdf gePsf t/ cToGt} :jfefljs
gofF k':tfsf ;jfnx¿ b]lvg yfn]sf 5g\ . ltgLx¿
gjLg Pj+ ax'cfoflds k|s[ltsf 5g\ . ;fd'bflos
jgnfO{ ahf/ Joj:yf;Fu hf]8L jg k}bfjf/
pTkfbg :ynsf ?kdf ljsf; ug{], jg pBd tyf
/f]huf/Lsf] d'Vo ;|f]tsf] ?kdf jgIf]qnfO{ ?kfGt/0f
ug{], ;fd'bflos jgdf jftfj/0fLo ;]jf e'QmfgLsf]
Joj:yf, kfgL tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f, /]8Kn;
sfof{Gjogh:tf r'gf}tL ylkPsf 5g\ . ;fd'bflos
jgsf] o;k|sf/sf] ;f]r ;'?jftL kl/sNkgfdf lyPg .
Ifltu|:t jge"ld k'gp{Tyfg / lgjf{xsf nflu sf7–
*;fd'bflos jg ljsf; clws[t, jg ljefu
9
;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#
*k|sfz nD;fn
bfp/f tyf 3fF; pTkfbg k|wfg ?kdf lyof] . o;
lsl;dsf] kl/jt{gn] ;+nUg ;d'bfo / ;/f]sf/jfnf
lgsfosf] ;f]r, z}nL, of]hgf / lhDd]jf/Ldf klg
kl/jt{gsf] dfu u/]sf] 5 . gofF tyf ;d[4 ;fd'bflos
jgsf nflu gofF ;f]r, of]hgf / sfo{qmdsf ;fy
gofF lhDd]jf/L ylkPsf] 5 . o; k[i7e"lddf+ b]lvPsf
;fd'bflos jgsf tdfd gofF ljifoaf6 ;fd'bflos
jgdf jGohGt' ;+/If0f dfq 5fgL ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsg]
tl/sfsf af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
@= ;fd'bflos jg / jGohGt' ;+/If0f
jg / jGohGt' 5'§f5'§} ljifoj:t' xf]Ogg\ . jg eGg]
ljifoleq jGohGt', kfgL, jf;:yfg, 3fF;]d}bfg :jtM
cfpg] ljifo x'g\ . dfgjLo vktsf nflu jg k}bfjf/
pTkfbg jg Joj:yfkgsf] Ps ;fgf] ljifo dfq xf] .
;fd'bflos jgsf] k|ultn] Ifltu|:t jgsf] k'g?Tyfg
(restoration) ;Fu} jGohGt'sf] klg k'g/fudg (reap-
pear) ePsf] 5 . jGohGt' ;d[l4sf ;"rs klg ePsf
x'Fbf of] ;'vb kIf xf] . ca jg k}bfjf/ pTkfbgsf
;fy;fy} jGohGt' / ltgsf k|hgg\ :yn, jf;:yfg
tyf h}ljs dfu{ ;+/If0f, cj}w l;sf/ lgoGq0fh:tf
gofF sfo{x¿ ;fd'bflos jg Joj:yfkgsf cleGg c+u
aGg k'u]sf 5g\ . jg k}bfjf/ pTkfbgsf] cjwf/0ffdf
cEo:t xfdL ;xhstf{ sd{rf/L, pkef]Qmf ;d"x
/ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n]] xfn b]lvPsf lgDg ;jfnnfO{
ljBdfg sfg'g, Joj:yf / ;|f]t–;fwgleq} s;/L
;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsPnf <
 ;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#
#= ljBdfg s]xL ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
;fd'bflos jg ljsf; k|lqmofdf xfn b]vfk/]sf
;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿ M
jg k}bfjf/ dfq ;d'bfosf] / jGohGt' ;/sf/sf]
lhDd]jf/L eGg] wf/0ffsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 .
;/sf/n] /fli6«o jgIf]q …;fjÚsf] ?kdf x:tfGt/0f
ub{} uPsf] t/ dfgj jGohGt' åGåsf] l:yltdf
lhNnf jg sfof{non] ;d"åGbdf b'j}sl/;
xsf] tftf] f] xf// jGo
ePsf]
hgfj/n] k|ltzf]wsf] ;fdgf ug'{k/]sf],
lx+;|s jGohGt'sf] p2f/ / Joj:yfkg, vf]nf, gbL
tnfpdf ljiffbL k|of]u u/L df5f dfg{] k|j[lQk|lt
;d"xx¿ pbf;Lg x'g',
s'g} ;d"x xfQL, u}+8f, af3h:tf 7"nf hgfj/sf]
rk]6fdf eg] s'g} ;d"x jg k}bfjf/sf] s/f]8f}+sf]
sf/f]af/df ePsf] / dfgj jGohGt' åGå
Joj:yfkgdf pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] sf]ifsf] pkof]u
x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf,
;xof]uL sd{rf/L / ;xhstf{x¿;d]t pko'Qm
sfo{qmdsf] cefjdf s] ug{] s] gug{] e|ddf,
tflnd tyf cGo k|lzIf0f sfo{df o; ljifon]
Go"g k|fyldstf kfPsf] cj:yf,
jGohGt' / ltgsf] jf;:yfg ;+/If0fsf]
kl/sNkgfsf] cefjdf clwsf+z …;fjÚsf]
uGtJo lg/k]If tyf d[t–jg (dead and fragment-
ed forest syndrome) tkm{ pGd'v ePsf] cj:yf
5 . uGtJo ;d[4 jg ;d[4 hLjg cfTd;ft\ x'g
g;Sbf ljljw k|sf/sf lj;+ult b]vfk/]sf 5g\ .
$= ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿
jg P]g, @)$( tyf lgodfjnL, @)%! sf] zAb ;fy}
dd{ / efjgfsf] ;d]t sfof{Gjog ug'{kb{5 . jg P]g
@)$( sf] bkmf @-h_ n] ;fd'bflos jg, ;fd'bflos
jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;d"x_, sfo{of]hgfnufotsf
10
ljifonfO{ :ki6 ?kdf kl/eflift ub{} bkmf @%, $!,
$@, $# n] ;fd'bflos jg k|lqmof / pkef]Qmf
;d"xsf] sfg'gL x}l;otnfO{ :ki6 kf/]sf 5g\ . jg
lgodfjnL @)%!, lgod @& -cg';"rL !! ;lxt_ /
@* n] ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] ljwfg /
;fd'bflos jg sfo{of]hgfsf] k|f?k g} :ki6 lbPsf
5g\ . o;/L :ki6 ?kdf kl/eflift tyf ;+:yfut x'g]
sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] …;fjÚ k|lqmofnfO{ c? a9L
cj:yf
;'b[9 ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/, jg ljefuåf/f ;fd'bflos
jg sfof{Gjog dfu{bz{g hf/L u/L sfof{Gjogdf
NofOPsf] 5 . of] ;du|df sfof{Gjogdf hfg'kb{5 .
t:s/ tyf rf]/L–l;sf/Ln] jg tyf jGohGt'nfO{ g}
cj}w cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t agfO{ sltko k|hflts} cl:tTjdf
;+s6 k'¥ofPsf] cj:yfdf jg k}bfjf/sf nflu dfq
sfo{of]hgf Gofo;+ut x'g ;Sb}g . vl08t u/]/ Ps
ljifosf] dfq ;Daf]wg ubf{ lbuf] pknlAw xfl;n ug{
;lsFb}g . jf:tljs ;+/If0fsf nflu jg, jGohGt' /
;d'bfo ;a} ;+/lIft x'g'kb{5 . k|fyldstfsf ;fy
lgDg ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;fd'bflos jg / sfo{of]hgfdf
;d]6L sfof{Gjogdf hfg'kb{5 M
$=! ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t rf]/L–l;sf/ k|lt/f]w
(Community-Based Anti-Poaching -CBAP)
u|fdL0f oftfoftdf ePsf] ;~hfnLs/0fn] ahf/sf]
ljsf;dfq u/]sf] 5}g, rf]/L–l;sf/ tyf cf];f/k;f/
lgoGq0fdf yk r'gf}tL;d]t ylklbPsf] 5 . jg ljsf;
/ Joj:yfkg hlt pGgt x'Fb} uPsf] 5, Tolt g} rf]/L–
l;sf/, cj}w Jofkf/ tyf cf];fk;f/ lgoGq0fdf
r'gf}tL ylkG5 . ;fd'bflos jgdf o:tf r'gf}tLsf]
;fdgf ug{] cEof;nfO{ g} ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t rf]/L
l;sf/ lgoGq0f (Community-Based Anti-Poaching
- CBAP) elgG5 . ;d'bfosf] ;dGjo / ;xeflutfdf
rnfO{g] o:tf cleofgnfO{ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t rf]/L
lzsf/ lgoGq0f cleofg (Community-Based Anti-

Poaching Operation -CBAPO) elgG5 . ;fd'bflos
jgx¿ Ps :jzfl;t tyf cljl5Gg pQ/flwsf/jfnf
;+:yf ePsf] x}l;otn] o; k|of]hgsf nflu cfkm\gf]
ljwfgdf :ki6 sfo{ljj/0f tf]sL u7g ul/Psf]
OsfOnfO{ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t rf]/L l;sf/
lgoGq0f o'lg6 (Community-Based Anti-Poach-
ing Unit -CBAPU) elgG5 . P]g–lgod tyf
lgb{]lzsfnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL o; lsl;dsf k|lt/f]w
o'lg6 tyf cleofgsf] Joj:yf ug'kb{5 .
;fdfGotof ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf]
Ps kbflwsf/Lsf] ;+of]hgdf jg x]/fn', jgIf]q
glhssf / jgsf] ultljlw tTsfn yfxf kfpg
;Sg] pkef]Qmf, :yfgLo o'jf Sna, cfdf ;d"xsf
k|ltlglw ;dfj]z u/L % b]lv ( hgfsf] 6f]nL u7g
ul/G5 . sxfF–sxfF / s'g–s'g If]qsf nflu 6f]nL
u7g ug{] eGg]af/] ;d"xsf] a}7sdf 5nkmn / lg0f{o
ul/G5 . o'lg6sf] sfd, st{Jo tyf clwsf/ ;d"xsf]
ljwfgdf Joj:yf ul/G5 . ;fdfGotof 6f]nLn]
;fd'bflos jg tyf glhssf] ;/sf/L jgIf]qdf x'g]
u}/sfg'gL ultljlwpk/ lgu/fgL /fVg], ;"rgf ;+sng
u/L cflwsfl/s kbflwsf/LnfO{ pknAw u/fpg],
;d:of b]lvPdf 36gf:yndf uO{ ;d:ofsf] k"0f{
ljj/0f lng] / tTsfnsf] :yfgLo ;dfwfgsf nflu
;ldltdf va/ ug{], l5d]sL ;fd'bflos jgsf o:t}
11
;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#
lsl;dsf o'lg6;Fu ;"rgf tyf ;dGjodf /xg],
r]tgfd"ns ultljlw ;~rfng ug]{, ;DalGwt ;/sf/L
lgsfosf k|ltlglwx¿;Fu ;dGjodf /xg]nufotsf
sfo{ ub{5 . ;DalGwt Onfsf jg sfof{no;Fu ;dGjo
ug{] / cfjZos k/]df sd{rf/Lsf] g]t[Tjdf u:tL hfg]
;+:yfut Joj:yf ljlw;Ddt x'G5 .
$=@ jGohGt' Iflt /fxt
hf]l8Psf l5d]sL pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿ ldn]/ cfk;L
;fem]bf/Ldf jGohGt' Iflt /fxtsf] tTsfn Joj:yf
ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fd'bflos jgaf6 ePsf] cfDbfgLnfO{
k|fyldstfsf ;fy o:tf sfo{df nufgL ug{ h?/L 5 .
o;sf nflu cGt/;d"x ;~hfnsf] sf]if klg v8f ug{
;lsG5 . jGohGt'n] Iflt u/]sf] a]nfdf o:tf] sf]ifaf6
tTsfn Iflt /fxt k|fKt x'g ;s]df k|ltzf]waf6
jGo–hgfj/sf] xTof ug{] k|j[lQ ?kfGt/0f eO{
;xcl:tTjsf] efjgf hufpg ;lsG5 .
$=# jGohGt'sf kfgL3f6, h}ljs dfu{,
k|hgg\ :yn tyf jf;:yfg ;+/If0f
;fd'bflos jgsf] sfo{of]hgfdf jGohGt'sf kfgL3f6,
h}ljs dfu{, k|hgg\ :ynh:tf dxTjk"0f{ k|0ffnLnfO{
gS;f+lst u/L k"0f{?kdf ;+/If0f ug'{kb{5 . ;Defljt
dfgj jGohGt'sf] hDsfe]6af6 aRg / arfpgsf
nflu o:tf If]qx¿df cfjthfjt ug{] sfo{nfO{
lg?T;flxt ug'kb{5 . :yfg / k|hfltsf] cj:yf x]/L
tL :yfgdf cfjthfjtdf ;d]t ;d"xåf/f k|ltaGw
nufpg ;lsG5 .
$=$ ;d[l4sf nflu pBd, cfocfh{g / /f]huf/L
dfgj jGohGt' åGå Go"gLs/0fsf nflu of t dflg;
jgdf hfg sd ug'{k¥of] of jGohGt' ufpFdf cfpg]
cj:yf cfpg lbg ePg . jgIf]q aflx/} cfocfh{g
 ;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#
/ j}slNks /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ ePdf jGohGt'sf]
vt/f df]Ng sf]xL klg jgleq hfg rfxFb}g . k[ys
k[ys ;d"xdf 5l/P/ /x]sf] ;|f]t–;fwgnfO{ PsLs[t
u/L ;xsf/L k|lqmofdfkm{t j}slNks pmhf{, ;fgf
pBf]u, cfo–cfh{g, kof{–ko{6g tyf :yfgLo /f]huf/L
l;h{gfdf nufpg ;lsG5 . ;Defljt Ifltdf /x]sf
kl/jf/nfO{ jg aflx/} cj;/sf] l;h{gf ug{ ;lsG5 .
$=% ;+s6df k/]sf tyf ;+/lIft k|hflt ;+/If0f
;d"xsf] sf]if tyf hgzlQm kl/rfng u/L dxTjk"0f{
k|hfltsf] jf;:yfg ;+/If0fdf nufgL ug'{kb{5 .
;+/lIft k|hfltsf] ;"rLdf plNnlvt jGok|f0fL cfkm\gf]
jgdf klg ;+/lIft cj:yfdf /fVg kfpg' k|To]s
;fd'bflos jgnfO{ uf}/jsf] ljifo klg xf] . lhNnf
jg sfof{no / l5d]sL ;fd'bflos jg;Fu ;dGjo
u/L o:tf k|hfltx¿sf] ;+/If0fdf yk ;xof]u k|fKt
ug{ ;lsg]5 .
$=^ cgfy tyf c;xfo jGohGt'sf] p2f/ tyf
Joj:yfkg
;d"xn] jg k}bfjf/df hlt clwsf/ hdfpg ;Sb5
To:t} st{Jo jGohGt' ;+/If0fdf klg ug'{k5{ . of]
;+/If0fsf] lgod xf] . ;a} lgod n]lvPsf dfq x'Fb}gg\ .
cfkm} a'em\g'kb{5 . t;y{ 3fOt] tyf cgfy jGohGt'sf]
p2f/ tyf k'g:yf{kgfdf klg k|To]s ;d"xn] bfloTj
12
lng'kb{5 . o;df ;/sf/L lgsfosf] ;fy ;xof]u eg]
cfjZos kb{5 .
$=& ;fd'bflos jgdf jGohGt' nlIft kof{–ko{6g
;fd'bflos jgdf cfpg] hfg] jGohGt'nfO{ cj;/sf]
?kdf klg pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . jGohGt'sf] k|ToIf
cjnf]sg clwsf+z JolQmsf nflu /x/sf] ljifo
x'G5 . ;fd'bflos jgn] o:tf jGohGt'sf] jf;:yfg
;+/If0f u/L cfuGt's ko{6snfO{ ;z'Ns cjnf]sg
u/fpg ;lsG5 .
$=* glhssf ;fd'bflos jgsf] ;~hfnLs/0f
(connecƟng CFs' together)
jGohGt' ;fdfGotof lxF8\8'n ul//xg] x'Fbf Psn
;fd'bflos jgsf] k|of;n] dfq ;+/If0f k|efjsf/L x'g
;Sb}g . l5d]sL ;d"x;Fu ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/L ug'{kb{5 .
dfly plNnlvt sfo{x¿ hf]l8Psf ;fd'bflos jgn]
;dfgfGt/ ?kdf ub{} hfg] xf] eg] jGohGt' ;+/If0f ug{]
sfo{ cToGt} k|efjsf/L x'g;S5 . ;du|tfdf hf]l8Psf
;d"x ;~hfnn] / Psn ?kdf ;a} ;d"xn] cfkm\gf]
sfo{of]hgfcg';f/ o:tf sfo{ ug{ ;lsG5 . vf;u/L
dfly plNnlvt rf]/L–l;sf/ k|lt/f]w, Iflt /fxt, jg
89]nf] tyf rf]/L lgoGq0f ug{ o; lsl;dsf] ;~hfn
dxTjk"0f{ dflgPsf] 5 . o; lsl;dsf] ;fem]bf/L
gLltut tyf sfo{ljlwut ?kdf gcfP tfklg
Jofjxfl/s ?kdf :jtM:km"t{ ?kdf ;+:yfut :j¿k

lnPsf] 5 . o:tf ;fem]bf/L tyf ;xsfo{ lgDg
p2]Zosf nflu ug{ ;lsG5 M
;+:yfut txdf (institutional connection) M hf]l8Psf
;d"x ldn]/ ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] ?k lng] / dfly
plNnlvt sfo{x¿ of]hgfa4 tyf ;+:yfut ?kdf
ug{] .
:yfgut txdf (spatial connection) M jgsf] h}ljs
dxTj a9fpgsf nflu lgDg tl/sf cjnDag u/]/
glhssf jgIf]qnfO{ cfk;df hf]8\g] M
gf+uf kfvf, rf}/, eL/ cflb 5g\ eg] To:tf
e"–If]qnfO{ ;+/If0f u/]/ l5/lnPsf ;fd'bflos
jgnfO{ ef}lts ?kdf hf]8\g ;lsG5 .
clwsf+z vf]nf–gfnf tyf gbLx¿n]
hnfwf/sf] pkNnf] t6b]lv tNnf] t6;Ddsf
;fd'bflos jgnfO{ 5f]Psf x'G5g\ . o:tf
vf]nf tyf gbLx¿sf] sfg'gL If]q (right of
way) / vf]nf–gbLsf lsgf/df ;+/If0f u/]/ .
k|0ffnLut txdf (functional connection) M kfgL,
pkNnf] / tNnf] t6, hgfj/sf] b}lgs lxF8\8'n tyf
a;fO–;/fO, cGo jftfj/0fLo ;DaGwsf cfwf/df .
$=( tflnd tyf Ifdtf ljsf;
;fd'bflos jg ljsf;sf] k|ult oxfF;Dd Nofpg
Ifdtf ljsf;, tflnd tyf k|rf/–k|;f/sf] 7"nf] e"ldsf
5 . ;fd'bflos jgsf d'2f h;/L kl/jt{g ePsf 5g\
To;/L g} xfd|f tflnd, k|rf/–k|;f/ tyf k|lzIf0fsf
sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug'{÷u/fpg'kg{]5 . vf;u/L
lgDg ljifoj:t'df cfufdL s]xL jif{ k|fyldstfsf
;fy hfg'kg{] b]lvG5 M
jGohGt' Joj:yfkgsf ;a} kIfnfO{ ;d]6]/
:yfgLo, lhNnf / If]qLo:t/df tflnd tyf
k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng
13
;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#
;d"xsf kbflwsf/L / clu|d
df]rf{sf sd{rf/LnfO{ rf]/L–l;sf/ k|lt/f]wsf
cfwf/e"t sfg'gL k|lqmof / tl/sfsf af/]df
hfgsf/L tyf k|lzIf0f .
;do, of]hgf tyf cfjZostfcg';f/sf
;~rf/, oftfoft tyf cGo pks/0fsf] Joj:yf
dfly plNnlvt sfo{x¿df pTk|]/0ff hufpg]
u/L ah]6, sfo{qmdsf] th'{df .
%= sfg'gL kIf
jGohGt' ;+/If0f ug{] qmddf ;d"x jf kbflwsf/L s;}n]
klg sfg'gnfO{ xftdf lng jf gkfPsf] clwsf/sf]
k|of]u ug{'x'Gg . k|To]s ;fd'bflos jgsf] ljwfg /
sfo{of]hgfdf pNn]v u/L lhNnf jg sfof{noaf6
:jLs[t ePsf] of]hgf / sfo{qmd dfq sfof{Gjog
ug{'kb{5 . cfkm\gf ljwfg / sfo{of]hgfdfkm{t kfPsf]
clwsf/ k"0f{?kdf k|of]u ug{ x'G5 .
^= lgisif{
jGo hgfj/ xfd|f ;fd'bflos jgsf cleGg c+u x'g\ .
jgsf] ;d[l4sf ;"rs klg x'g\ . ;d'bfosf] ;d[l4sf
nflu jg k}bfjf/ pTkfbg tyf a]rlavgsf] Joj:yf,
pBd, cfocfh{gnufotsf sfo{ hlt dxTjk"0f{ 5g\
plt g} dxTjk"0f{ jGohGt' ;+/If0f sfo{ klg 5 . xfn;Dd
jg k}bfjf/df dfq cEo:t ;fd'bflos jgn] ca jGo-
hGt' ;+/If0fsf nflu klg plQs} k|of; ug'{kg{] ePsf]
5 . ljBdfg dfgj–jGohGt' åGå Joj:yfkgsf nflu
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t rf]/L l;sf/ k|lt/f]w, jGohGt'sf]
h}ljs dfu{, jf;:yfg, k|hgg\ :yn, kfgL3f6
tyf af6f] ;+/If0f ug{ glhssf ;fd'bflos jg
ldn]/ ;+:yfut ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/Ldfkm{t k|efljt
;d'bfosf] ;d[l4 ug{ pTk|]/0f hufpg] vfnsf sfo{qmd
l8hfOg u/L :ynut sfof{Gjogdf n}hfg] / o; ljifodf
Ifdtf ljsf; cleofgsf ?kdf cufl8 a9fPdf x/]s
;fd'bflos jgdf jGohGt' ;+/If0f x'g ;S5g\ .
 ;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#
g]kfnsf] jt{dfg jg gLlt, @)&! tyf jgIf]qsf]
/0fgLlt, @)&@ df ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t
jg Joj:yfkg;DaGwL Joj:yf
!= kl/ro
jg Joj:yfkgdf :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{
;xefuL u/fpg'kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{ dgg u/L
;do;fk]If gLltut tyf sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
k/fk"j{sfnb]lv g} g]kfnsf] jg ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkgdf
:yfgLo hgtfsf] k|ToIf tyf k/f]If ?kdf ;xeflutf
/xFb} cfP tfklg gLltut ?kdf /fli6«o jg of]hgf,
@)## df jg Joj:yfkgdf hg;xeflutfsf] Joj:yf
ul/of] . ;f]xL of]hgfadf]lhd lj=;+= @)#% ;fndf
jg P]g, @)!* nfO{ ;+zf]wg u/L jgsf] Joj:yfkg
ug]{ clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ ;'Dkg]
k|lqmof ;'? ePsf] lyof] . lj=;+ @)$$ ;fndf ;DkGg
klxnf] ;fd'bflos jg /fli6«o uf]i7Ln] k/Dk/fut
?kdf jgsf] k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf pkef]Qmfx¿sf] ;d"x
agfO{ jg x:tfGt/0f ug'{kg]{ s'/f cf}+Nofof] . @)$^
;fndf ag]sf] jg ljsf; u'?of]hgfn] ;fd'bflos
jgnfO{ k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{qmdsf] ?kdf /fvL jg
Joj:yfkgdf hg;xeflutf x'g'kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbof] .
jg P]g, @)$( / jg lgodfjnL, @)%! n] ;d'bfodf
cfwfl/t ;fd'bflos jg, sj'lnotL jg / wfld{s
jgsf] Joj:yf u¥of] . jg gLlt, @)%& n] jg If]qb]lv
6f9f a;f]af; ug]{ pkef]Qmf;d]tnfO{ jg Joj:yfkg
tyf ;b'kof]udf ;xefuL u/fpgsf nflu ;fem]bf/L
*jg Joj:yfkg clws[t, jg ljefu
14
*df]xg/fh sfkm\n]
jgsf] cjwf/0ff NofO{ gLltut Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
o;/L g} ;+/lIft If]q j/k/ a;f]af; ug]{ hgtfsf]
jg k}bfjf/sf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ dWojtL{
If]qleq dWojtL{ ;fd'bflos jgsf] cjwf/0ff NofO{
sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] b]lvG5 . o;sf cnfjf t/fO{
If]qsf jgb]lv 6f9fsf If]qsf ;fj{hlgs hUufdf
:yfgLo ;d"x u7g u/L ;fj{hlgs hUufdf ;d]t jg
Joj:yfkg ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 . jg ljsf; u'?of]hgf,
@)$^ sf] ;dofjlw ;lsPkZrft\ jg If]qsf] lbuf]
Joj:yfkg u/L o;af6 k|fKt x'g] pTkfbg, jftfj/0fLo
;]jfsf] a'l4dQfk"0f{ pkof]u / k|fKt nfesf] Gofof]lrt
ljt/0fsf] dfWodaf6 hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ tyf
cy{tGqdf ;xof]u k'Ug] u/L jgIf]qnfO{ ;d[l4sf]
cfwf/sf ?kdf :yflkt ug{ jg gLlt, @)&!
th'{df ul/Psf] 5 . pQm gLltnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf
sfof{Gjogdf Nofpgsf nflu jgIf]qsf] /0fgLlt,
@)&@ ;d]t :jLs[t eO;s]sf] 5 .
@= ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg Joj:yfkg
g]kfn ;/sf/n] ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg]
p2]Zo /fvL hg;xeflutfnfO{ jg Joj:yfkgsf]
cleGg c+u agfpFb} jg Joj:yfkgsf lgDg df]8nx¿
sfof{Gjog ub}{ cfPsf] 5 M

s= ;fd'bflos jg
v= sj'lnotL jg
u= ;fem]bf/L jg
3= ;+/lIft jg
ª= cGo ;xeflutfd"ns jg Joj:yfkg -dWojtL{
;fd'bflos jg, ;+/If0f If]qsf jg, ;fj{hlgs hUuf
Joj:yfkg ;d"xdfkm{t Joj:yfkg ePsf] jg, wfld{s
tyf ;f+:s[lts jg, ;x/L jg_
#= jt{dfg jg gLlt tyf jgIf]qsf] /0fgLltdf
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg;DaGwL Joj:yf
#=! jg gLlt, @)&! df ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg
Joj:yfkg;DaGwL Joj:yf
jg gLlt, @)&! sf] Pp6f k|d'v p2]Zo ;fd'bflos
jgnufotsf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg Joj:yfkg
k4ltsf] ljsf; / k|j4{g ug]{ /x]sf] 5 . o;sf
k|d'v & j6f gLltdWo] gLlt g+= $ df …;fd'bflos,
sj'lnotL, ;fem]bf/L, dWojtL{ ;fd'bflos, ;+/lIft,
wfld{snufotsf ;d'bfoåf/f Jojl:yt jgnfO{
kfl/l:yltsLo, cfly{s / ;fdflhs ?kn] ;Ifd
agfpFb} nfesf] Gofof]lrt afF8kmfF6 ug]{Ú pNN]v 5 .
jg gLlt, @)&! sf # j6f gLltdf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t
jg Joj:yfkgsf nflu lgDg /0fgLlt tyf sfo{gLlt
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
gLlt !_ lbuf] jg Joj:yfkgåf/f jgIf]qsf]
pTkfbsTj / jg k}bfjf/sf] pTkfbg j[l4 ug]{ M o;
gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nflu jgIf]qsf] ;+/If0f tyf
Joj:yfkgdf hg;xeflutf clej[l4 ug]{ /0fgLlt
lnOg] / ;f]sf nflu ;/sf/ tyf ;d'bfoåf/f Jojl:yt
jgdf jg ;+j4{g k|0ffnLdf (Silvicultural System)
15
;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#
cfwfl/t pko'St sfo{of]hgf agfO{ Joj:yfkg
ul/g], pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] rfxgfcg';f/ Pscfk;df
hf]l8Psf jf glhsdf kg]{ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg
If]qnfO{ PsLs[t ?kdf Joj:yfkg ul/g], ;fd'bflos,
sj'lnotL, ;fem]bf/L, ;+/lIft jg, dWojtL{ ;fd'bflos,
;+/lIft / wfld{snufotsf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t
jg Joj:yfkgsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ul/g] sfo{gLlt
cjnDag ul/g] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
gLlt $_ ;fd'bflos, sj'lnotL, ;fem]bf/L, dWojtL{
;fd'bflos, ;+/lIft, wfld{snufotsf ;d'bfoåf/f
Jojl:yt jgnfO{ kfl/l:yltsLo, cfly{s / ;fdflhs
?kn] ;Ifd agfpFb} nfesf] Gofof]lrt afF8kmfF8 ug]{ M
o;sf nflu ;d'bfoåf/f Jojl:yt jgIf]qsf] ljsf; Pj+
lj:tf/ ug{], ;d'bfoåf/f Jojl:yt jgsf] dfWodaf6
jgaf6 6f9f /x]sf, ljkGg, cflbjf;L, hghflt,
blnt, dlxnf / ;LdfGts[t pkef]Qmfsf] kx'Fr a9fpg],
;d'bfoåf/f Jojl:yt jgsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg u/]/ jg
If]qaf6 lng ;lsg] nfe clej[l4 ub{} ;b'kof]usf]
k|fyldstf lgw{f/0f ug{] / ;d"xsf] Joj:yfkg Ifdtf
clej[l4 ub{} ;d'bfoåf/f Jojl:yt jg Joj:yfkg
k|0ffnLsf] ;'zf;g ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{] /0fgLlt lnOPsf]
5 . oL /0fgLltnfO{ d"t{?k lbg ;d'bfonfO{ jg
Joj:yfkgdf ;xhtf k|bfg ug{ cfjZos k|lqmof
;/nLs[t ul/g], ;d'bfosf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu
lgoldt ?kdf tflnd / ;Lk ljsf; sfo{qmd
;~rfng ul/g], ;d'bfoåf/f Jojl:yt jgaf6 lbuf]
?kdf dxQd nfe k|flKtsf nflu k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f
ul/g], ;d"xdf k|fKt cfDbfgLnfO{ jg ;+/If0f tyf
Joj:yfkg, ljkGgd'vL sfo{qmd / ;fd'bflos ljsf;
sfo{df nufpg] ;DaGwdf k|fyldsLs/0f dfkb08
lgwf{/0f u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g], ;d'bfosf cflbjf;L,
hghflt, blnt, Psn dlxnf, ljkGg / ckfË ju{nfO{{
 ;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#
;|f]tsf] kx'Fr / nfesf] afF8kmfF8df cu|flwsf/
;'lglZrt ul/g], jg ;+/If0f / ;fd'bflos ljsf;
sfo{df ;d'bfo / :yfgLo lgsfoaLr ;xsfo{ :yflkt
ul/g], ;d'bfo Pj+ :yfgLo :t/df /x]sf] k/Dk/fut
tyf k|yfhGo 1fg / ;LknfO{ jg Joj:yfkgdf pkof]u
ul/g], ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLaf6
k|fKt jg k}bfjf/sf] laqmL–ljt/0f k|lqmofnfO{ yk
Gofof]lrt, kf/bzL{ / k|lt:kwf{Tds agfOg], ;d'bfodf
;'zf;g ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu ;d"xleqsf] nf]stflGqs
cEof;nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g], ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;a}
k|sf/sf jgsf] ljj/0f / ultljlwsf] ;"rgf cBfjlws
u/L ;fj{hlgs ug{] k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ul/g] Pj+
;d'bfoåf/f Jojl:yt jgsf] of]ubfgaf/] cWoog /
cg';Gwfg u/L k|fKt glthfsf cfwf/df ;d'bfoåf/f
Jojl:yt jg k|0ffnLnfO{ kl/dfh{g / ljsf; ul/g]
sfo{gLltdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
gLlt %_ lghL If]qnfO{ jg ljsf; tyf lj:tf/df
;+nUg u/fpFb} jghGo pBdsf] k|j4{g, pTkfbgsf]
ljljwLs/0f / ahf/Ls/0faf6 d"No clej[l4 / xl/t
/f]huf/L l;h{gf ug]{ M Jofj;flos k|of]hgsf nflu
sj'lnotL jg pknAw u/fpg] df}h'bf k|fjwfg /
k|lqmofnfO{ ;/nLs[t u/L gbL psf;, au/ / jgleq
/x]sf afFemf], klt{ hUufnfO{ pTkfbg Ifdtf tyf
k|rlnt d"Nosf] cfwf/df /fh:j lng] Joj:yf ul/g]
sfo{gLlt pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
#=@ jgIf]qsf] /0fgLlt, @)&@ df ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t
jg;DaGwL Joj:yf
#=@=! ck]lIft pknlAw
o; /0fgLltn] ;g\ @)@% ;Dd b]zsf] sDtLdf
$) k|ltzt e"–efudf jgIf]q -jg / a'6\ofg;d]t
16
u/L_ sfod ul/g], g]kfnsf ;a} k|sf/df jgIf]qsf]
jg Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ tyf cWofjlws u/L
sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfdf / ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx'Frdf
k'¥ofpg], ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t Joj:yfkgcGtu{t
b]zsf] sDtLdf klg ^) k|ltzt jgIf]q sfod ug]{,
;fd'bflos jgsf] If]q s'n @# nfv x]S6/ -g]kfnsf]
s'n jgIf]qsf] $) k|ltzt jgIf]q_ k'¥ofpg], b]zsf]]
s'n jgIf]qsf] $ k|ltzt jgIf]qdf ;fem]bf/L jg
ljsf; ug]{ tyf g]]kfnsf] s'n jgIf]qsf] !=% k|ltzt
jgIf]qdf sj'lnotL jg sfod ug]{ nIo /fv]sf] 5 .
To;}u/L ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg Joj:yfkgcGtu{t
dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghfltx¿sf] g]t[Tjsf] d'Vo
lg0ff{os kbdf hg;+Vofsf cfwf/df ;dfg'kflts
k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] pNn]v 5 .
jgIf]qsf] /0fgLlt, @)&@ sf * j6f /0fgLlts
vDafdWo] klxnf] vDafdf lbuf] ?kdf Joj:yfkg
ul/Psf] ;|f]t / kl/l:yltsLo ;]jfx¿, t];|f] vDafdf
pQ/bfoL / kf/bzL{ ;+:yfx¿, kfFrf}+ vDafdf ;d'bfosf]
;|f]tsf] pkef]usf] ;'/If0f, ;ftf}+ vDafdf n}+lus ;dtf,
;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f / cfly{s ljsf; tyf cf7f}+
vDafdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go"gLs/0f / ;dfg's"ngsf]
ljifo pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . h;n] ;d'bfodf
cfwfl/t jg Joj:yfkg k|j4{g ug]{ sfo{gLlt
cjnDag u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
#=@=@ k|fylds lqmofsnfkx¿
o; /0fgLltdf jgIf]qsf % d'Vo lgsfox¿ -;+3Lo
;/sf/, /fHo ;/sf/, :yfgLo ;/sf/, ;fd'bflos /
lghL If]q_sf] jg Joj:yfkg, pTkfbg, ahf/Ls/0f,
/fh:j afF8kmfF8 / s/sf ljifodf e"ldsf /
clwsf/nfO{ :ki6 kfg]{ k|fylds lqmofsnfk Pj+ ;a}
k|sf/sf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg Joj:yfkgcGtu{t

lgDg /0fgLlt / lqmofsnfkx¿ sfof{Gjog ul/g]
pNn]v 5 M
 ul/aL Go"gLs/0f / hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf
;'wf/ NofO{ cfly{s ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg]
u/L /fli6«o ljsf; of]hgf th'{dfdf k|fyldstf
k|fKt pk–If]qsf] ?kdf ;a} ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t
jg Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{,
 ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg Joj:yfkgsf If]qdf k|fKt
pknlAwaf6 ljZj;fd' a9fPsf] uf}/j / o;sf]
dxTjnfO{ k|ltljlDat ug{ ;Dej eP;Dd b]zsf]
s'n e"–efusf] ^) k|ltzt If]qdf of] Joj:yfkg
k|0ffnL lj:tf/ ug]{,
 vfB ;'/Iff, h}ljs pmhf{, hnfwf/ / h}ljs
ljljwtf ;+/If0f, hnjfo' ;dfg's"ng, kof{–ko{6g
/ ;fd'bflos ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb} PsLs[t
e"–pkof]usf] k|:yfg–laGb'sf] ?kdf ;d'bfodf
cfwfl/t jg Joj:yfkgnfO{ :yflkt ug]{,
 jgaf6 k|fKt x'g] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] kx'Fr,
Joj:yfkg, lbuf] ;+sng tyf pkef]usf nflu
jg pkef]Qmfsf] pkef]u clwsf/sf] ;'/Iff /
;zQmLs/0f ug]{,
 hnfwf/ ;+/If0f, h}ljs ljljwtf / jg sfa{gh:tf
jftfj/0fLo ;]jfx¿sf] pTkfbg / lbuf] pkof]uaf6
nfe lngsf nflu ;a} k|sf/sf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t
jg Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;an agfpg] vfnsf] kfl/
l:yltsLo ;]jfsf] e'QmfgLsf nflu k|0ffnL ljsf;
ug]{,
 g]kfndf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg Joj:yfkg /]8
Kn;sf] d'Vo kl/k"/s x'g]5 egL ;'lglZrt ug]{,
 ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg Joj:yfkgdf k/Dk/fut /
rlncfPsf pkef]usf k|rngnfO{ ;an agfpg],
17
;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#
 ;a} k|sf/sf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg Joj:yfkgsf
nflu Ps ;femf / ldNbf]h'Nbf] ;xof]uL
;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug]{ h;cGtu{t ;/sf/L ;+:yfut
;+/rgfaf6 k|zf;lgs ;]jfx¿ k|bfg ug]{, cfly{s
;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] / k|fljlws / ;fdflhs
;]jf -d'Vo u/L gful/s ;dfh / lghL If]qaf6_
sf] Joj:yf ug]{,
 g]t[Tj / lg0f{o k|lqmofsf ;a} txdf cfly{s ?kdf
ljkGg Pj+ ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] ;dfg'kflts
;dfj]lztf / k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug]{,
 ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg Joj:yfkgsf] of]hgf
lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogdf ljkGg, dlxnf, blnt,
hghflt, cflbjf;L / cGo ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf]
n}+lus ;dtf, ;dfj]zL ljsf; / ;fdflhs Pj+
cfly{s pGgltsf kIfx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{,
 lhlj;, uflj;h:tf cGo lhNnfl:yt ;fj{hlgs
lgsfo;Fu ;d]t ;dGjo u/L ;d"x :t/df
ljkGgd'vL 3'DtL sf]ifx¿ :yfkgf ug{ k|f]T;fxg
ug]{,
 ;a} k|sf/sf :yfgLo jg ;d"xsf] ;~hfn /
;+3–;+:yfx¿sf] :yfkgf / sfo{ ;~rfngsf]
If]qdf -ljz]ifu/L ahf/Ls/0f / pTkfbg ljsf;,
e"–kl/lwdf cfwfl/t of]hgf th'{df / n}+lus
;dtf / ;dfj]zL ljsf;sf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu_
;xof]unfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] .
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ljljw k|sf/sf jg Joj:yfkg
9fFrfnfO{ jgIf]qsf] /0fgLltcGtu{t lgDgfg';f/sf
/0fgLlt / cjwf/0ff cjnDag u/L ;xof]u / k|j4{gnfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbOg] pNn]v 5 .
 ;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#

-s_ ;fd'bflos jg Joj:yfkg

pkef]usf] clwsf/ / hjfkmb]lxtf
;xeflutfd"ns e"–pkof]u /0fgLltdfkm{t g]kfnsf ;a} k|b]zx¿df ;fd'bflos jg sfo{qmdsf] lj:tf/ ug]{, jg P]g /
lgodfjnLx¿df Joj:yf ePcg'?k ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] :jfoQtfsf] ;'/Iff / ;anLs/0f ug]{, ;fd'bflos
jgsf -ljz]ifu/L pRr kxf8L / t/fO{sf_ k/Dk/fut / 6f9fsf pkef]QmfnfO{ klxrfg / ;dfj]z ug]{, ;fd'bflos jg
;d"x / sfo{;ldltnfO{ ;a} k|sf/sf jg;DaGwL lqmofsnfk / jg ck/fwsf ;DaGwdf hjfkmb]xL agfpgsf nflu
ljBdfg jg P]g, @)$( / jg lgodfjnL, @)%! sf] k'g/fjnf]sg / kl/dfh{g ug]{, ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x /
ltgLx¿sf k|ltlglw ;+oGqx¿ ;'zfl;t / sfg'gL ;+oGqcg'?k lqmofzLntfsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu Ps ;an cg'udg
k|0ffnL -;Dej eP;Dd :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L_ sf] :yfkgf ug]{ .
lgofds / ljQLo gLlt
;fd'bflos jgaf6 jg k}bfjf/ ;+sng, 9'jfgL tyf laqmL ljt/0fsf nflu Ohfht k|0ffnLnfO{ ;/nLs[t ug]{, s[lif
If]qdf h:t} ;fd'bflos jgsf ;a} k|sf/df jg k}bfjf/sf] laqmL–ljt/0fdf d"No clej[l4 s/ x6fpg], ljz]ifu/L
ljkGg / ;LdfGts[t hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ / jg Joj:yfkg÷;'wf/sf nflu ;d"xsf] sf]ifsf] kl/rfng ug{
;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{, ;fd'bflos jg cGo k|of]hgdf kl/0ft x'Fbf Gofof]lrt Ifltk"lt{
kfpg] k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ug]{ .
;3g jg Joj:yfkg
;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ x¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf] pTkfbsTj / ;xof]usf] cfjZostfsf cfwf/df
juL{s/0f ug]{, ;f=j=p=;= x¿nfO{ :yfgLo :t/df k|fljlws ;]jfsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg], h:t}M tflndk|fKt :yfgLo
JolQm, gd'gf k|bz{gL / Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{, Jofj;flos / lbuf] ;fd'bflos jg Joj:yfkgsf nflu pT;flxt ug{
;f=j=p=;=x¿nfO{ ahf/;Fu hf]8\g] .
Ifdtf ljsf;
n}+lus ;dtf / ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fdf s]lGb|t u/L ;f=j=p=;=x¿sf] ;+:yfut / g]t[Tj Ifdtf ljsf;÷;anLs/0f
ug]{, ;3g÷lbuf]÷j}1flgs jg Joj:yfkg, hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ / ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf
nflu jgIf]qsf ;]jfk|bfos -;/sf/L / gful/s ;dfh b'j}sf_ k|fljlws / ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ .
n}+lus ;dfgtf / ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f
dlxnf, blnt, hghflt, cflbjf;L, ljz]if jg pkef]Qmf, cflbsf nflu ;f=j=p=;=leq pk–;d"xx¿sf] :yfkgf /
ltgnfO{ ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{ Pj+ ltgsf nflu Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu ;xof]u pknJw u/fpg], ljljw ;jfnx¿sf]
phfu/, cg'ej cfbfg–k|bfg / ;LdfGts[t ju{sf] ;zQmLs/0fsf nflu ljleGg ;+3–;+:yf, lgsfoaf6 n}+lus ;Dks{
JolQm;d]t /xg] u/L /fli6«o, If]qLo tyf :yfgLo txdf k|ltlglwd"ns n}+lus tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zL d~r :yfkgf
ug]{, ljkGg / ;LdfGts[t 3/w'/LnfO{ gub cfDbfgL / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/sf] l;h{gf ug{sf nflu ;f=j=p=;=x¿nfO{
k|f]T;fxg / ;xof]u ug]{ .

18
 ;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#

cfo, /f]huf/L / pBd

jg k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t pBd -kof{–ko{6g;d]t_ sf nflu ;fd'bfo :t/df ;fd'bflos–lghL ;fem]bf/LnfO{ k|f]T;flxt
ug]{, n3'ljQ÷3'DtL sf]if, pBdx¿, cfocfh{g / cfocfh{g lqmofsnfksf nflu hUuf 5'6\ofpg]h:tf k|fjwfgdfkm{t
Jofj;flos lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g ;f=j=p=;=x¿ / ltgsf ;~hfnnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{, ;fd'bflos jgaf6 pTkfbg
x'g] Jofj;flos jg k}bfjf/sf] ahf/df kx'Fr k'¥ofpgsf nflu ahf/sf] hfgsf/L / cGo ;xof]u k|bfg ug{ lghL If]qsf
;]jfk|bfosnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{, ;fd'bflos jgaf6 pTkflbt jg k}bfjf/sf] ahf/sf] ;"rgf÷hfgsf/L pknJw u/fpgsf
nflu ;"rgf k|ljlw / ;fdflhs ;~rf/ dfWodx¿sf] klxrfg, k/LIf0f / kl/rfng ug]{ .
cg'udg, 1fgsf] Joj:yfkg
;f=j=p=;=sf] sfo{;Dkfbg, ljQ, ;'zf;g, cflb kIfsf] cg'udgsf nflu Ps :j–cWoog ;"rsx¿sf] k|0ffnL klxrfg
ug]{, a[xt\ hgdfg; -/fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o, b'j}_nfO{ ;fd'bflos jg Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg, k|lqmof / c;n
cEof;x¿sf] lzIff jf l;sfO k|bfg ug{ clen]vLs/0f / k|rf/–k|;f/ ug]{ .
-v_ ;fem]bf/L jg Joj:yfkg
;xeflutfd"ns e"–pkof]u of]hgf th'{df / lhNnf jg If]q of]hgfaf6 ;Defljt If]qx¿ klxrfgsf] cfwf/df t/fO{ /
leqL dw];sf ;/sf/L rSnf jgx¿ afFsL /x]sf If]qdf ;fem]bf/L jgsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ . ljs]lGb|t / ;dfj]zL ;+:yfut
;+/rgf, Joj:yfksLo / ljQLo :jfoQtf, kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]xL lg0f{o k|lqmof, ;dfg ?kdf nfesf] afF8kmfF8 -;fem]bf/L
jg Joj:yfkg ;d"xleq_, ;/sf/ -s]Gb| / :yfgLo_ / :yfgLo hgtfaLr ;fem]bf/L jg Joj:yfkgaf6 k|fKt nfesf]
afF8kmfF8 Pj+ jg Joj:yfkgsf] of]hgf th'{df, jg k}bfjf/sf] pTkfbg, lgodg / k'g?Tkfbgsf k|fljlws kIf ;d]6]/
;fem]bf/L jg Joj:yfkgsf] 9fFrfnfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ ;fy} lbuf] Pj+ pTkfbgd'vL jg Joj:yfkg / ahf/Ls/0f tyf jg
k}bfjf/sf] k|zf]wg -ljz]iftM sf7_ nfO{ k|j4{g ug{ ;fem]bf/L jg Joj:yfkg ;d"xx¿;Fu lghL If]qsf] ;fem]bf/Lsf
nflu nufgLsf cj;/sf] klxrfg ug]{ .
-u_ ljkGgd'vL sj'lnotL jg Joj:yfkg
;xeflutfd"ns e"–pkof]u of]hgf th'{df -h:t}M ;Defljt sj'lnotL jgIf]q klxrfgsf nflu lhNnf jgIf]q of]hgfx¿_
df cfwfl/t /xL ljkGgd'vL sj'lnotL jg sfo{qmdsf] lj:tf/ ug]{, ljz]if pTkfbg 9fFrfdf cfwfl/t /xL sj'lnotL jg
;d"xsf] :t/f]Gglt jf If]q lj:tf/ / Pslqt ug{sf nflu gd'gf k/LIf0f ug]{ / o;nfO{ v]tL k|0ffnL / value chain
;Fu ;dflxt ug]{ Pj+ sj'lnotL jg ;d"xnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ juL{s/0f ug]{ M -s_ ;+:yfut ?kdf cToGt ;an t/
;–;fgf ;xof]u cfjZos kg]{, -v_ ;+:yfut ?kdf ;an t/ yk nufgL cfjZos kg]{, -u_ ;+:yfut ?kdf lgis[o
/ k'gp{Tyfg cfjZos 5 . klxnf] / bf];|f] ju{sf ;d"xnfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf /fvL ;anLs/0f ug]{ tyf t];|f] ju{sf ;d"xsf
nflu ljsNksf] vf]hL ug]{, h;cGtu{t cGo ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg Joj:yfkg k4ltdf hfg] ;Defjgfsf] vf]hL;d]t
ug]{ .
-3_ ;fj{hlgs hUuf jg Joj:yfkg
t/fO{ / leqL dw]; If]qdf jg ljsf;sf nflu pko'Qm ;fj{hlgs hUufx¿sf] pknAwtfsf] cWoog ljZn]if0f ug]{
/ ;xeflutfd"ns e"–pkof]u of]hgf th'{df / lhNnf jgIf]q of]hgfaf6 ;Defljt If]q klxrfgsf] cfwf/df o:tf
;fj{hlgs jgx¿sf] If]q lj:tf/ ug]{, jg ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf ;fj{hlgs hUuf ;DaGwdf ljBdfg k|rngx¿,
sfg'gL cj:yf / Joj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ / To:tf hUufsf ;|f]tx¿sf] :jfldTj -clwsf/_ ;'lglZrt ug{sf
nflu pko'Qm ;+/rgf / sfg'gL cfwf/ agfpg] Pj+ ;fj{hlgs hUuf Joj:yfkg ;d"xsf nflu :yfgLo ;/sf/,
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ / ljsf; ;fem]bf/dfkm{t aLp÷la?jf, aLp k'FhL / k|ljlw cflb;lxtsf ;]jf / of]ubfgsf]
Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

19
 ;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#

-ª_ ;x/L jg sfo{qmd

lghL If]q;d]tsf :yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnf / :yfgLo lgsfo;Fusf] lgs6 ;xsfo{df 5gf]6 ul/Psf gu/kflnsfx¿df Ps
gofF ;xeflutfd"ns ;x/L jg ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;'?jft / ljsf; ug]{, x/]ssf nflu plrt e"ldsf;lxt lghL If]q,
:yfgLo 6f]n ljsf; ;d"xx¿, ;f+:s[lts Pj+ wfld{s ;+:yfx¿ / cGo :jo+;]js ;+3–;+:yf;Fusf] ;fem]bf/Lsf] 9fFrfaf6
;x/L jg ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{, s]Gb| / :yfgLo ;/sf/÷gu/kflnsf / ;DejtM lghL If]qnfO{
;d]t ;d]6]/ Ps /fli6«o ;x/L jg ljsf; sfo{qmd ;xof]u OsfOsf] :yfkgf ug]{ / /fli6«o:t/d} ;x/L jg ljsf;
sfo{qmnfO{ ;xhLs/0f / k|j4{g ug]{, v'nf :yfgx¿sf] lgdf{0f, ;f}Gbo{sf nflu ?v–la?jf j[Iff/f]k0f, dgf]/~hgfTds
;'ljwfx¿ / ;'/Iffsf ljifodf sfg'gL Joj:yfx¿ / ljlgoddfkm{t gu/kflnsfx¿n] cfkm\gf] ;x/L of]hgf tof/Lsf]
Ps cleGg efusf] ?kdf ;x/L jg sfo{qmd / ;x/L jg ljsf; of]hgfx¿nfO{ ;d]t ;dflxt ug]{ Pj+ ;x/L jgsf]
dxTj / kmfObfx¿sf af/]df zx/L afl;Gbfx¿sf] ;r]tgf jf hfu/0f clea[l4sf sfo{qmdx¿ ;+rfng ug]{ .
-r_ wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts jg Joj:yfkg
;+/If0fsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts ?kn] dxTjk"0f{ If]qx¿sf] klxrfg u/L sfg"gL cj:yfnfO{
;jnLs/0f ug]{, h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fdf cfjZos ;xof]u k|jfx ug{ / wfld{s ;f+:s[lts dxTjnfO{ ljsf; Pj+
lj:tf/ ug{ lghL If]q;d]tsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts ;+3–;+:yfx¿;Fu ;fem]bf/L ug]{, ;f+:s[lts / wfld{s
dxTjsf j[Iff/f]k0f ;fdu|L / k|fljlws ;]jfdfkm{t wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts jg ;+/If0fdf ;+nUg ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ .
-5_ dWojtL{ If]q jg sfo{qmd
afFsL /x]sf /fli6«o lgs'~h / cf/If If]qx¿ -h:t}M lzjk'/L gfufh'{g /f=lg=, 9f]/kf6g l;sf/ cf/If_df ;d]t dWojtL{
If]q lj:tf/ u/L dWojtL{ jg ljsf;sf lqmofsnfk ;~rfng / lj:tf/ ug]{, d'Vo ;+/lIft If]q aflx/sf] If]qdf bxQ/–
axQ/ ;+sng tyf laqmL ljt/0f ug]{ / cGo jg k}bfjf/x¿ pkef]u ug]{nufotsf jg ;d"xsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt
ug{ / k|lqmof ;/nLs[t ug{ dWojtL{ If]qsf P]g–sfg'gx¿ ;do;fk]If kl/dfh{g / ;'wf/ ug]{, dWojtL{ If]q Joj:yfkg
;ldltx¿, pkef]Qmf ;ldltx¿, pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿ / lghL If]qnufotsf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;+:yfut, k|fljlws /
g]t[Tj Ifdtf ;anLs/0f ug]{, ;'zf;g, ljkGg / lk5l8Psf ;d"xsf] pko'Qm k|ltlglwTj / pko'Qm nfe afF8kmfF8sf
tl/sfnfO{ hf]8 lbFb} dWojtL{ If]qsf ;d"x ;~rfng / ltgLx¿sf] ;xof]usf nflu ljleGg ;+3–;+:yfx¿sf] e"ldsf /
clwsf/ :ki6 kfg]{ Pj+ jt{dfg h}ljs ljljwtf sf]if / jGohGt' /fxt sf]ifnfO{ PsLs[t ub}{ Ps /fli6«o ;+/lIft If]q
Joj:yfkg sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ug]{, ;fy} sd cfo ePsf dWojtL{ If]qnfO{ ;|f]t pknAw u/fpg] / tTsfn jGohGt'af6
x'g] Ifltsf] /fxt pknAw u/fpg]nufotsf cGo lqmofsnfksf nflu of] sf]ifsf] pkof]u ug]{ .
-h_ ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg
;+/If0f If]qsf ljBdfg lgodx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg / ;+of]hg ug]{ / kf/bzL{ k|lqmof, pkef]usf] clwsf/ / ;dfg nfe
afF8kmfF8sf k|fjwfg ;'lglZrt ub}{ cflwsfl/s sfg'gL ;+/rgfdf ljsf; ug]{, /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f
ljefuaf6 ;Dks{ clws[t sfhdf v6fpg'sf] ;§f ;DalGwt lhNnf jg clws[tnfO{ ;+/If0f If]qleqsf s;'/x¿
x]g{sf nflu Goflos clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{, ;+/If0f If]qsf ;+/If0f kl/ifb\x¿nfO{ ;anLs/0f / ;xof]u ug]{ tyf r/0fa4
?kdf pQ/bfloTj x:tfGt/0f ub}{ hfg], ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkgdf jftfj/0fLo / ;fdflhs ;'/IffnfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f
ug]{, ;+/If0f If]qsf ;+:yfx¿ / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] g]t[Tj ljsf; / Joj:yfksLo Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ Pj+ ;d"xleq
vkt eO{ a9L ePsf jg k}bfjf/ afx\o laqmL ug{ kfpg] / cTolws ;+Vof j[l4 ePsf ;fdfGo k|hfltsf jGohGt'sf]
lgodfg';f/ km;n -harvest) ug{ kfpg] k|fjwfg ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ug]{ .

20
 ;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#

-em_ ;+/lIft jg Joj:yfkg

ljBdfg jg Joj:yfkgsf 9fFrfx¿ / logsf] cg'ej;d]tsf cfwf/df cfjZos sfg'gL k|fjwfg / ;xeflutfd"ns
jg ;+/If0f Pj+ Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff;lxtsf] ;+/lIft jg Joj:yfkgsf] gofF 9fFrf ljsf; ug]{, kof{j/0fLo ;]jfx¿,
h}ljs ljljwtf, hn;|f]t ;+/If0f Pj+ pkNnf] / tNnf] t6Lo hnfwf/ Joj:yfkgsf] ;DaGw :yflkt ug{sf nflu
;+/lIft jg sfo{qmdaf6 nfeflGjt x'g;Sg] vfnsf e"–kl/lwx¿ klxrfg ug]{, x/]s e"–kl/lw :t/df cflbjf;L tyf
:yfgLo ;d'bfosf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ub}{ ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] pQ/bfloTj / nfe afF8kmfF8sf k|lqmof :ki6
x'g]u/L ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t, PsLs[t, :yfg ljz]if / ;d'bfo s]lGb|t cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; / k|j4{g ug]{, ;+/lIft jgsf]
k|efjsf/L ;+/If0fsf nflu lbuf] n3' pBd / cGo u}/s[lif tyf u}/jghGo cfod"ns lqmofsnfkh:tf :yfgLo :t/df
nfe k'Ug] vfnsf k4ltx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{, ;fy} hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efj Pj+ pkNnf] tyf tNnf] t6Lo ;DaGwx¿nfO{
;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu ;+/lIft jgleq / cGt/;+/lIft jgdf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jftfj/0fLo ;]jf e'QmfgL k4ltsf]
k|j4{g ug]{ .

o;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ gLlt, P]g, sfg'gsf] th'{df tyf cfjZos kl/dfh{g u/L ;|f]t pkef]usf] clwsf/
/ sfg'gL kIfx¿sf] ;femf a'emfOsf nflu :yfgLo ;d"x Pj+ ;]jfk|bfos / ;~hfnx¿sf]] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{
sfo{gLlt cjnDag ul/g] s'/f of] /0fgLltn] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
cf]nL et. al. @)&!, g]kfndf ;fd'bflos jg M l;sfO, r'gf}tL / uGtJo, jg ljefu, 5}6f}+ /fli6«o ;fd'bflos jg
uf]i7L k|ltj]bg @)&!, @–$ c;f/ @)&!, nlntk'/, g]kfn
jg gLlt, @)&!, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno, sf7df8f}+
jgIf]qsf] /0fgLlt, @)!% -clGtd d:of}bf_, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno, sf7df8f}+

21
 ;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#
;fd'bflos jgdf p7]sf ;d;fdlos ;jfnx¿
(Emerging Issues in Community Forestry)
;fd'bflos jg sl/a rf/ bzsb]lv cEof;df
/x]sf] g]kfnsf] ;kmn ;xeflutfd"ns jg
Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd xf] . g]kfnaf6 ;'? ePsf]
of] sfo{qmd g]kfndf c¿ If]qsf nflu / jg
Joj:yfkgdf ljZjsf nflu Hofb} cg's/0fLo
ag]sf] 5 . ljs]lGb|t cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t /x]/
;d'bfosf] tNnf]:t/ (Grassroot level) ;Dd
cEof; /x]sf] of] sfo{qmdn] jg ljgf;sf] ultnfO{
/f]sL xl/ofnL k|j4{g ug{, :yfgLo jg;|f]tdfly
hgtfsf] ;xeflutf / ckgTj j[l4 ug{, jg;|f]tsf]
Joj:yfkgaf6 k|fKt jg k}bfjf/ Pj+ cGo nfesf]
ljt/0fdf ;dGoflos kx'Fr a9fpg, jgIf]qsf]
;'zf;g clej[l4 ug{, :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] g]t[Tj
ljsf; / Ifdtf j[l4 ug{, n}+lus ;Gt'ng sfod
ug{, hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ ug{ /
pTkfbsTj / pTkfbg j[l4df jg / s[lif
k|0ffnLaLrsf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{ k'g:yf{lkt ug{
dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 . xfn g]kfnsf]
sl/a !& nfv x]S6/ jgIf]q ;fd'bflos jgsf]
?kdf sl/a @) xhf/ :yfgLo ;fd'bflos jg
pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg ul//x]sf
5g\ .
jt{dfg;Dd cfOk'Ubf ;fd'bflos jg sfo{qmdn]
k|fKt u/]sf pknlAwaf/] ljleGg sf]0faf6 rrf{,
ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . oyfy{d} o;n] ;fFlRrs} pNn]vgLo
pknlAw xfl;n u/]sf] s'/fdf b'O{dt 5}g . t/ klg
*lhNnf jg clws[t, lhNnf jg sfof{no, kfNkf
22
*blwnfn sF8]n
of] ;d:of / r'gf}tL/lxt 5}g . ;do ultzLn 5 .
ljifo / ;Gbe{x¿ klg kl/jt{gzLn x'G5g\ . ;do
laTb} hfFbf :jfefljs ?kdf gofF–gofF ;jfnx¿
k}bf x'G5g\ . tL ;jfnx¿sf] plrt ;Daf]wg
/ Joj:yfkg x'g ;Sof] eg] ljifon] yk ult
lnG5 / Tof] x'g ;s]g eg] låljwf, lbzfxLgtf,
c/fhstf / dgf]utjfbL cj:yf sfod x'g hfG5 .
;fd'bflos jg;DaGwL p7]sf s]xL ;d;fdlos
;jfnx¿ lgDgcg';f/ rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 M
-s_ ;fd'bflos jgsf] lbuf]÷j}1flgs Joj:yfkg
:yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf clej[l4 u/L jg
ljgf;sf] ultnfO{ /f]Sg, xl/ofnL k|j4{g ug{,
:yfgLo ;d'bfosf b}lgs jghGo cfwf/e"t
cfjZoQmf k"/f ug{, k|efjsf/L 9+un] jg ;+/If0f
;d]tsf sfo{df ;fd'bflos jg sfo{qmdsf] ;kmntf
k|z+;gLo /x\of] . t/ jg ;+/If0f sfo{n] dfq
pkef]Qmfx¿n] ck]lIft nfe k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .
jg Pp6f h}ljs ;d'bfo xf] . jg ;Dj4{gsf
l;4fGtx¿, pko'Qm k|0ffnLx¿ / kl/kfng
sfo{x¿sf] cfwf/df Joj:yfkg u/]/ jgsf]
pTkfbsTj / pTkfbg a9fO{ To;af6 lg/Gt/
nfe lng] sfo{nfO{ g} j}1flgs jg Joj:yfkg
jf lbuf] Joj:yfkg elgPsf] xf] . ;fd'bflos
jg k|fs[lts k'FhL xf], o;nfO{ pko'Qm 9+un]
Joj:yfkg u/]/ ;]jf / j:t'sf] dxQd\ pTkf-
bg u/L To;nfO{ ljQLo k'FhLdf ?kfGt/0f u/]/

:yfgLo pkef]Qmf÷;d'bfox¿sf] hLjg:t/
psf:g ;lsG5 . o; sfo{sf nflu ;a}
;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;dfg a'emfO, ;d"x / jg
k|fljlwsx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf;, j:t'ut cj:yfdf
cfwfl/t 7f]; jg Joj:yfkg sfo{of]hgf /
To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f /
nufgLsf] cfjZoQmf kb{5 . lbuf]÷j}1flgs jg
Joj:yfkgsf] ;'?jft ePsf] 5, of] v';Lsf] s'/f
xf] . t/, o;df ;/f]sf/jfnfaLr ;dfg a'emfO
geO{ dtdtfGt/ 5, sfof{Gjog lgsfox¿df
cfjZos Ifdtfsf] sdL 5, ljZjf;sf] ;+s6 5 /
nufgLsf]] sdL 5 . lbuf]÷j}1flgs jg Joj:yfkg
ckl/xfo{ 5 t/ plNnlvt ;jfnx¿sf] oyfzL3|
;Daf]wg x'g' cfjZos 5 .
-v_ ;+:yfut ;anLs/0f, k];fut dof{bf /
;'zf;g
sl/a !( xhf/ ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿n]
sl/a !& nfv x]S6/ jgIf]qsf] Joj:yfkgsf] lhDdf
lnPsf 5g\ . jg Joj:yfkg ug{ s] ;d"xx¿ ;Ifd
5g\ < s] jg sfof{nosf k|fljlws sd{rf/Lx¿
jg Joj:yfkg sfo{df ;d"xnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;Ifd
/ kof{Kt 5g\ < s] ;d"xx¿n] k/fdz{ ;]jfdf lng]
ahf/df pknAw k|fljlwsx¿ lbuf]÷j}1flgs jg
Joj:yfkg sfo{df ;xhLs/0f ug{ jf ;]jf pknAw
u/fpg ;Ifd 5g\ < s] ;d"xsf kbflwsf/Lx¿,
6f7faf7fx¿ / jg k|fljlwsx¿ k];fut g}ltstf
jf dof{bf sfod /fVg cAan 5g\ < s] lg0f{o
k|lqmofdf cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf / ;dfj]zLs/0f
5 < s] ;d"xn] ug]{ cfly{s sf/f]af/ Jojl:yt
/ kf/bzL{ 5 < oL / o:tf w]/} ;jfnsf] w]/}
dfqfdf gsf/fTds hjfkm kfpg ;lsG5 .
o;n] ;'zf;gnfO{ sdhf]/ t'NofpF5 . t;y{,
;+:yfut ;anLs/0f, Ifdtf ljsf; / k];fut
23
;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#
dof{bf÷g}ltstf ;fd'bflos jgsf] lbuf]
Joj:yfkgsf nflu ckl/xfo{ ;t{ x'g\ .
-u_ ul/aL Go"gLs/0f / ;dtfd"ns ljt/0f
ul/aL Go"gLs/0f /fHosf] d'Vo nIo xf] .
jgIf]qnufot ;a}n] ul/aL Go"gLs/0fsf] /fli6«o
cleofgdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg'k5{ . xfn;Dd sl/a
@$ nfv 3/w'/L hg;+Vof ;fd'bflos jgdf cfa4
5g\ . ;fd'bflos jgdf cfa4 7"nf] hg;+Vofsf]
lx:;f ljkGgtfdf hLjg u'hfl//x]sf] cj:yf 5 .
t;y{, ;d"xsf ljkGg ju{sf pkef]Qmfsf nflu
;fd'bflos jgaf6 k|fKt nfesf] ;dtfd"ns
ljt/0f / pgLx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/sf nflu
pko'Qm vfnsf cfocfh{gsf cj;/ l;h{gf u/L
ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 .
-3_ hnjfo' kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg
hnjfo' kl/jt{g ljZj ;d'bfosf] ax; /
lrGtfsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . ljsl;t b]zx¿n]
ljsf;sf] xf]8afhLdf cJojl:yt cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf]
dfWodaf6 7"nf] dfqfdf xl/tu[x Uof; pT;h{g
ul//x]sf 5g\ eg] cljsl;t / ljsf;zLn
b]zx¿n] jg–;|f]tnufotsf k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf]
cJojl:yt 9+un] bf]xg u/L xl/tu[x Uof; pT;h{g
ul//x]sf 5g\ . bf]if Psn] csf]{nfO{ lbG5g\ t/
b'j} kIfn] k[YjLnfO{ ttfpg] sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ .
:yfgLo ;d'bfo vf;u/L ;fd'bflos jg
pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] Think globally, act locally eGg]
l;4fGtcg';f/ hjnfo' kl/jt{sf c;/x¿sf]
Joj:yfkgsf nflu Go"gLs/0f / cg's"ngsf
of]hgfa4 k|of; ug'{ cTofjZos 5 . o;sf nflu
;/sf/, ;d'bfo / lghLIf]qsf] ;fd"lxs k|oTg
cfjZos kb{5 .
 ;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#
-ª_ lgjf{xd'vL cjwf/0ffaf6 Jofj;flos
cjwf/0ff
;fd'bflos jg ljsf;sf] ;'?jftsf] r/0fdf
;fd'bflos jgsf] ;+/If0f / ljsf; u/L
:yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ b}lgs ?kdf cfjZos kg]{
sf7, bfp/f, 3fF;kft cflbsf] ;tt\ cfk"lt{ ug'{
d'Vo p2]Zo /x]sf] lyof] . ;fd'bflos jg ljsf;
sfo{qmdn] klxnf] k':tfsf lgwf{l/t nIox¿ emG8}
k"0f{?kdf xfl;n ul/;s]sf] 5 . ca pkef]Qmfsf]
hLljsf]kfh{gdf ck]lIft ;'wf/ Nofpg ;fd'bflos
jgsf] Jofj;flos l;4fGtcg';f/ Joj:yfkg u/L
lbuf] ?kdf k'FhL lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ . of] ;jfnnfO{
;Daf]wg gu/L k/Dk/fut 9+usf] jg ;+/If0fn] dfq
;fd'bflos jgaf6 k|fKt x'g;Sg] ;DefJo nfeaf6
;b}j jl~rt x'g'kg]{ cj:yf cfpg ;S5 .
-r_ h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f / jftfj/0fLo
;]jfsf] e'QmfgL
jg;|f]t ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkgn] h}ljs ljljwtf
;+/If0f / jftfj/0fLo ;]jf k|j4{gdf of]ubfg
k'¥ofpg] s'/f lglZrt 5 . lgs'~h, cf/If / ;+/If0f
If]qx¿df dfq h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fnfO{ ;Lldt
/fVg ;lsFb}g . dWokxf8L If]qdf o:tf ;+/lIft
If]qsf] ;+Vof klg sd} 5g\ . ;fd'bflos jgdf
h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf pko'Qm :yfg -Hot spots)
klxrfg u/L ;d'bfoaf6} ljz]if ;+/If0fsf] sfo{
ug'{kg]{ cfjZoQmf 5 . nf]k x'g] cj:yfdf k'u]sf /
hf]lvddf k/]sf jg:klt, jGohGt' Pj+ kIfLx¿sf]
jf;:yfg ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg -h:t}M ldrfxf
k|hfltsf] lgoGq0f, kfgLsf] ;|f]t ;+/If0f, Water-
holes lgdf{0f / dd{t–;+xf/, 3fF;]d}bfg Joj:yfkg,
jg 88]nf] Joj:yfkg, rf]/L–t:s/L lgoGq0f cflb_
24
;DaGwL sfo{x¿ s;/L k|efjsf/L 9+un] ug]{ eGg]
;jfn pl7/x]sf] 5 .
To;}u/L jftfj/0fLo b[li6sf]0fn] tNnf] t6Lo / pkNnf]
t6Lo If]qaLrsf] cGt/;DaGwsf ljifo klg s]xL
jif{b]lv pl7/x]sf] 5 . jg;|f]t / jftfj/0fLo
;+/If0fdf k|ToIf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] ;d'bfonfO{
o;af6 nfe lng] cGo ;d'bfon] To;afkt s]xL
e'QmfgL lbg'kg]{ ax; klg cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 /
o;;DaGwL st} cEof; klg ePsf] b]lvG5 .
;fd'bflos jg÷pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] jg ;+/If0f,
e"–Ifo lgoGq0f, e"–cfs[lt Joj:yfkg, kfgLsf] d"n
/ ;|f]t ;+/If0f cflbdf k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg u/]afkt
o;df k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kn] of]ubfg k'¥ofpg
g;Sg] t/ k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kn] nfe k|fKt ug]{
cGo If]qsf ;d'bfo jf ;+3–;+:yfn] s]xL g s]xL
/sd ltg'{k5{ eGg] ax; / dfu eO/x]sf] 5 .
of] ;jfn ;fdflhs Gofosf] lx;fan] plrt 5 .
t;y{, o; ;DaGwdf sfg'gL k|lqmof / ;+oGqsf]
ljsf; ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 .
-5_ r'/] ;+/If0f If]qdf ;fd'bflos jg
Joj:yfkgsf] ;jfn
g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)&! ;fn c;f/ @ ut] r'/]
If]qnfO{ jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, @)%# / jftfj/0f
;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)%$ cg';f/ ;+/If0f If]q
3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 . r'/]If]qdf b]zsf] sl/a !@ k|ltzt
jgIf]q / sl/a rf/ xhf/ ;fd'bflos jg÷pkef]Qmf
;d"x /x]sf 5g\ . r'/]If]qsf] ;+/If0f, Joj:yfkg
/ ;|f]tsf] ;b'kof]u ;+/If0fd'vL cjwf/0ffcg';f/
x'g] elgPsf] 5 . o;n] ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf
;d"x, ;f=j=p=;=;Fu ;DalGwt ;~hfnx¿ /
s]xL ;/f]sf/jfnfn] ;fd'bflos jgsf] cjwf/0ff
ljk/Lt ePsf] / pkef]Qmf clwsf/ xgg ePsf]

egL ljdlt / lj/f]w ul//x]sf] cj:yf 5 . vf;u/L
jg k}bfjf/sf] ;Lldt pkof]usf] l;4fGtk|lt
;f=j=p=;= / ;~hfnx¿sf] c;xdlt /x]sf]
5 . t;y{, ;fd'bflos jg / r'/] ;+/If0f If]qsf]
cjwf/0ffut lj/f]wfefif / ;/f]sf/jfnfaLrsf]
åGåsf] cj:yfsf] oyfzL3| ;dfwfg x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
-h_ ;fd'bflos jgdf cfwfl/t pBd ljsf;sf]
;jfn
;fd'bflos jgdf cfwfl/t pBd ljsf;af6
dfq :yfgLo :t/df /f]huf/L l;h{gf x'g], ;Lk
ljsf;, jg k}bfjf/ jf cGo pTkfbgsf] cfsif{s
d"No kg]{ -Value addition_ / ;|f]tsf] dxQd (Op-
timum) ;b'kof]u x'g] x'G5 . ;fd'bflos jgdf
cfwfl/t pBd ljsf;sf y'k|} ;Defjgf 5g\ /
pBdzLntf ljsf;sf nflu k|oTg klg eO/x]sf]
5 . j:t' / ;]jf b'j}df cfwfl/t pBd ljsf;sf
cj;/ 5g\ . ;fd'bflos jg / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t
kof{–ko{6g pBd, sf7 jf u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf
x:tsnf;DaGwL pBd, h8La'6L / u}/sfi7 jg
k}bfjf/sf] k|zf]wg pBf]u -h:t}M afof] la|s]6,
b'gf6k/L, h'; pTkfbg, 8f]sf]8fnf] a'Gg] pBdÙ
afF;, a]t kmlg{r/, sf7, 9'+uf jf df6f]sf luˆ6
cfO6d, cld|;f]sf] s'rf] agfpg] pBd cflb_,
kz'kfng -afv|f, s'v'/f, xfF;, a+u'/, df5f_ cflb
k|s[ltsf pBd jf pBf]usf] :yfkgf, ;~rfng /
k|j4{g ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ ck]lIft pknlAw xfl;n
x'g ;ls/x]sf] cj:yf 5}g . pBd ljsf;sf nflu
ahf/sf] dfu, ahf/;Ddsf] kx'Fr, pTkfbgsf]
kl/df0f, pTkfbgdf Sn:6/ ck|f]r / u'0f:t/Lo
pTkfbgnfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 . ;/sf/–
;d'bfo–lghLIf]qsf] ;fem]bf/L jf ;xsfl/tfsf]
cjwf/0ffcg';f/ pBd ljsf;nfO{ ult lbg;Sg]
;Defjgf 5 .
25
;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#
-em_ Elite domination / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf
;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ;jfn
;fd'bflos jg ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] dfu{bz{gn]
;d"xsf] g]t[Tj -pkef]Qmf ;ldlt_ n}+lus b[li6n]
;Gt'lnt / ;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf] b[li6n] ;dfj]zL
agfpg'kg]{ :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;xeflutf
s]jn sfddf dfq xf]Og, lg0f{o k|lqmofdf klg
x'g'k5{ eGg] cjwf/0ffcg';f/ dlxnf, blnt,
hghflt / ljkGg ju{sf pkef]Qmfsf] sfo{sf/L
;ldlt -pkef]Qmf ;ldlt_ df plrt k|ltlglwTj
x'g'k5{ / pgLx¿sf] cfjfh / cfjZoQmf ;Daf]wg
x'gk5{ eGg] dfGotf xf] . jf:tjdf nfesf] ljt/0f
;dGoflos cfwf/df x'g'k5{, dlxnf / k5fl8 k/]sf
pkef]Qmfsf] ;zQmLs/0f / ;anLs/0f x'g'k5{ /
ljkGg ju{sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ x'g] vfnsf
;d'bfosf] pTyfg;DaGwL sfo{qmd pgLx¿sf]
cfjZoQmfcg';f/ ;~rfng ul/g'k5{ . ;d"x sf]ifsf]
/sd dfu{bz{gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf cfwf/sf] cwLgdf
/xL kl/rfng ug'{k5{ . ;fd'bflos jgsf] ljsf;
/ Joj:yfkgdf k|fyldstf lbg'k5{ eGg] jg P]gdf
Joj:yf 5 eg] sDtLdf @% k|ltzt vr{ ug'{k5{
eGg] jg lgodfjnL / dfubz{gdf k|i6 Joj:yf
5 . t/ Jojxf/ / cEof;df plNnlvt Joj:yf
k"0f{?kdf / k|efjsf/L 9+un] kfngf ul/Psf] 5}g .
;d"xdf k|e'TjzfnL JolQm (Elites) x¿sf] clwk-
To 5, jg Joj:yfkg / ljsf;df eGbf s]jn
sf7 bfp/f lgsfn]/ a]Rg] k|j[Q xfjL ePsf] 5 .
lg0f{o k|lqmofdf cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutfsf] cj:yf
5}g . ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf] gfpFdf af6f], 3f6f],
ljB't\, vfg]kfgL, l;FrfO, ljBfno cflbdf ;d"x
sf]if vlr{g] ul/Psf] 5 . ;d"xsf] gfddf ;ldlt /
;ldltsf] gfddf s]xL ;Lldt JolQmsf] xfnLd'xfnL
al9/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . /fhgLtLs/0fsf] /f]un]
 ;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#
cfd;xdltsf] k/Dk/fnfO{ tf]8]sf] 5 . …;fF9]sf]
h'wfO afR5fsf] ldrfOÚsf] cj:yf;d]t l;h{gf
ePsf b[i6fGt;d]t e]l6G5g\ .
-`_ dfgj–jGohGt' åGå / o;sf] Joj:yfkgsf] ;jfn
jgsf] x}l;otdf ;'wf/, jgIf]qsf] lj:tf/, jgsf]
3gTjdf j[l4 / jf;:yfgdf ePsf] ;'wf/sf]
sf/0fn] xf]nf jGohGt'sf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 ePsf],
jGohGt'n] afnL / j:tLdf Iflt k'¥ofPsf],
b]ze/ sxL+ g sxL+ jGohGt' d/]sf], 3fOt] ePsf],
3/kfn'jf hgfj/dfly cfqmd0f a9]sf], dflg;nfO{
;d]t cfqmd0f u/]sf 36gf al9/x]sf] hfgsf/L
cfO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . Psflt/ h}ljs ljljwtf
;+/If0fsf] b[li6n] jGohGt'sf] ;+/If0f, p4f/ /
pkrf/ u/L k'g:yf{kgf;d]t ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 eg]
csf]{tkm{ hgwgsf] Iflt x'gaf6 s;/L /f]Sg] eGg]
;jfn klg 68\sf/f] 5 . o;;DaGwL k|efjsf/L
/0fgLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmd oyfzL3| gNofpg] xf]
eg] of] Pp6f ljs/fn ;d:ofsf] ?kdf cfpg]
lglZrt 5 .
-6_ ;fd'bflos jg÷;|f]tdfly :jfldTjsf] ;jfn
s]xL ;dob]lv g]kfnsf] ;fd'bflos jgsf] af/]df
:jfldTjsf] ljifon] rrf{ kfPsf] 5 . jg P]g,
@)$( n] ;fd'bflos jgsf] e":jfldTj g]kfn
;/sf/df /xg] / jg;|f]tsf] :jfldTj pkef]Qmf
;d"x -;d'bfo_ /xg] k|i6 Joj:yf u/]sf 5 . ljwfg /
sfo{of]hgfadf]lhd sfo{ ug{ ;d"xx¿ :jtGq
5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df Forest tenure eg]sf] s]
xf] < o;sf] kl/efiff / JofVof x'g' h?/L 5 .
of] s'/f ;fd'bflos jgsf] e"–:jfldTjs} xf]
eg] ljifo uDeL/ x'g;S5 . jg;|f]tdflysf]
26
:jfldTjsf] ;jfn xf] eg] clxn]sf] ;fd'bflos
jg;|f]tdflysf] :jfldTjsf Gaps s]–s] x'g\
< klxn] To;sf] klxrfg x'g / Jofks ax;
rnfpg cfjZos 5 . s]xL /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf
;d"xsf] ;~hfn ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf dxf;+3
/ cfkm"nfO{ ;fd'bflos jgsf jsfntL ljz]if1
eGg] s]xL JolQmx¿ o;df sDd/ s;]/ nflu/x]sf]
cj:yf 5 . o;af/] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :ki6 wf/0ff
oyfzL3| cfpg / o;sf] ;d'lrt lg/fs/0f x'g
h?/L 5 .
-7_ ;fd'bflos jgdf kof{–ko{6g / dgf]/~hg
:yn Joj:yfkg
;fd'bflos jgaf6 sf7, bfp/f, 3fF;kft,
h8La'6Lh:tf jg k}bfjf/ dfq pTkfbg /
;b'kof]u ug]{ ;f]r k/Dk/fut ;f]r xf] . jgaf6
j:t' / ;]jf k|fKt x'G5 . pkef]Qmfsf] cfjZoQmf
/ ahf/sf] dfucg';f/ j:t' -sf7, bfp/f cflb_
jf ;]jf -kof{–ko{6g, dgf]/~hg cflb_ sf] pT-
kfbg / ;b'kof]u ug'{k5{ . o;sf] lgodgsf nflu
;/sf/n] lbzflgb]{z ug'{k5{ . o;sf] sfo{ljlw,
k|lqmof / ;+oGq aGg'k5{ . xfdLn] b]Vg ;S5f}+,
b]ze/ y'k|} ;fd'bflos jgx¿n] dgf]/~hg
kfs{ agfP/ ljleGg lqmofsnfk ;~rfng
u/]sf 5g\, kof{–ko{6g;DaGwL ;+/rgf agfP/
lqmofsnfk ;~rfng u/]sf 5g\ . sfg'gtM
;fd'bflos jgdf kfn] a:g] 6x/f]afx]s agfpg
kfOFb}g t/ kof{–ko{6g / dgf]/~hg kfs{x¿df
ljleGg kSsL / :yfoL ;+/rgf ag]sf 5g\ . o;df
;/sf/sf] :ki6 gLlt ;fy cfjZos Joj:yfkg
x'g h?/L 5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng / ;fd'bflos jg
k[i7e"ld
hnfjfo' kl/jt{g ljZjdf clxn] ;a}eGbf uDeL/
r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf b]vf kl//x]sf] 5 . a9\bf] cf}Bf]lusLs/0f,
hLjfZd OGwgsf] cTolws k|of]u, h}ljs / kof{j/0f–
d}qL k|ljlwsf] 36\bf] k|of]u, jg ljgfz Pjd\
cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0fsf sf/0f xl/tu[x Uof;sf]
pT;h{g a9\b} uPsf] ljleGg cWoogx¿n] b]vfPsf
5g\ . kmn:j¿k k[YjLsf] jfo'd08nLo tfkqmddf
qmlds ?kdf j[l4 eO{ :yfg–ljz]ifcg'?k hnjfo'
klg kl/jt{g x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL
cGt/;/sf/L d~r -cfO{=kL=;L=;L_ af6 ljleGg
;dodf k|sflzt d"Nofª\sg k|ltj]bgx¿n] dfgjLo
lqmofsnfksf sf/0f hnjfo' kl/jt{g tLj| ultdf
eO/x]sf] tYo k|i6 kf/]sf 5g\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf
sf/0f jiff{ k|lqmof -cltj[li6, cgfj[li6, ;3gj[li6_
tyf Ct'sfndf ;d]t :ki6 ?kdf cg'e"lt ug{ ;lsg]
u/L kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . /fli6«o cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf
-gfkf_, @)^& cg';f/ hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 c;/ kg]{
If]qx¿ lgDgadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ M
 s[lif tyf vfB ;'/Iff
 jg tyf h}ljs ljljwtf
 hn;|f]t tyf pmhf{
 hnjfo'hGo k|sf]k
 ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf ;x/L a;f]af;
 dfgj :jf:Yo
o;/L dflysf hnjfo' kl/jt{g c;/sf If]qx¿ x]bf{
s'g} klg If]q o;sf] c;/af6 c5'tf] g/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
*;xfos of]hgf clws[t, jg ljefu
27
;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#
*u0f]z kf}8]n
o;nfO{ dWogh/ u/L hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng
tyf Go"gLs/0f;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿sf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjogaf6 hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f kl//x]sf]
tyf kg{;Sg] k|lts"n k|efjnfO{ Go"g ug{ cfh ljZj
;d'bfo lqmofzLn /x]sf] 5 .
hnjfo' kl/jt{g ljZjJofkL sf/0fx¿n] l;lh{t eP
tfklg o;sf c;/x¿ s'g} :Yffg–ljz]if x'g] ub{5g\ .
o;sf] Go"gLs/0fsf nflu xfn pT;h{g eO/x]sf]
xl/tu[x Uof;sf] dfqf 36fpg' Psdfq pkfo xf]
h'g g]kfnh:tf] xl/tu[t Uof; pT;h{gdf clt Go"g
lx:;f cf]u6\g] b]zsf nflu vf;} ;fGble{s ;jfn
xf]Og . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efj ljz]if u/]/ ul/a,
ljsf;f]Gd'v, e"–kl/j]li6t tyf kj{tLo d'n'sx¿df
a9L b]lvPsf] 5 . sd cfo ePsf, hnjfo' ;+j]bg-
zLn ;|f]tdf cfl>t Pjd\ hnjfo' ;ª\s6fkGg If]qdf
a;f]af; ug]{ JolQm tyf ;d'bfo hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf]
sf/0f Yfk hf]lvddf k/]sf 5g\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6
g]kfn klg cToGt} k|efljt ePsf]n] o;nfO{ ;Daf]wg
u/L kxf8 / t/fO{nufot kj{tLo If]q, oxfFsf hgtf
/ ltgsf] hLljsf]kfh{g tyf kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL
-Osf]l;i6d_ df kl//x]sf] c;/ / kg{;Sg] k|efjnfO{
Go"g ug{ gLltut Joj:yf u/L sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog
ug'{ cTofjZos ePsf] 5 .
o; cfn]vdf ;fd'bflos jg / hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL
sfg'gL tyf gLltut Joj:yf, jt{dfg cj:yf, s]xL
;jfnx¿ / cfufdL sfo{lbzfsf af/]df 5f]6s/Ldf
rrf{ ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
 ;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#
;fd'bflos jg / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng
sl/a rf/ bzs cufl8 jg ;+/If0fsf] p2]Zo;fy ;'?
ul/Psf] ;fd'bflos jgnfO{ clxn] ljZjd} k|fs[lts
;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf] Ps pTs[i6 gd'gfsf] ?kdf lnOG5 .
;'?sf jif{x¿df o; sfo{qmdnfO{ jg ;+/If0fdf
:yfgLo pkef]QmfnfO{ ;+nUg u/fO{ jgsf] x}l;otdf
;'wf/ ub}{ pgLx¿sf] Go"gtd cfjZostfnfO{ kl/k"lt{
ug]{ Ps pkfosf] ?kdf lnOPsf] lyof] . ;doqmd;Fu}
o;sf] e"ldsfdf klg Jofkstf cfPsf] 5 .
kl5Nnf] ;dodf ;fd'bflos jgn] hLljsf]kfh{gdf
;'wf/, ;'zf;g, ;dfj]zLs/0f tyf jg pBdsf]
ljsf;h:tf ljleGg ;jfnx¿sf] ;Daf]wg ug{
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ul//x]sf 5g\ . xfn cfP/
gjLgtd ljZjJofkL ;jfnx¿ h:t}, hnjfo' kl/jt{g
cg's"ng, jftfj/0fLo ;]jfsf] e'QmfgL, /]8Kn;
cflbnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;fd'bflos jg k|of;/t
/x]sf 5g\ .
sfg'gL tyf gLltut Joj:yf
g]kfndf xfn ljBdfg /x]sf ljleGg gLlt tyf
sfg'gx¿n] ;fd'bflos jgnfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g
cg's"ng of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu
dfu{ k|z:t u/]sf 5g\ . oxfF s]xL ;fd'bflos jg
/ hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng;DaGwL sfg'gL tyf
gLltut Joj:yfsf af/]df 5f]6s/Ldf rrf{
ul/Psf] 5 .
!= jg P]g, @)$(
jg P]g, @)$( tyf cGtu{t ag]sf lgodfjnL tyf
dfu{bz{gx¿n] ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x Ps
cljl5Gg pQ/flwsf/jfnf :jzfl;t / ;+ul7t ;+:yf
x'g] egL pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . o; k|fjwfgadf]lhd
;fd'bflos jgx¿n] :yfgLo :t/df ;d'bfo hnjfo'
kl/jt{g cg's"ng of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog
28
ug{ ;Sb5g\ . ;fd'bflos jg ljsf; sfo{qmdsf]
dfu{bz{gsf] t];|f] ;+zf]wg @)&! n] ;fd'bflos jgn]
tof/ kf/]sf] hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng of]hgf lhNnf
jg clws[tn] :jLs[t u/fpg'kg]{ k|fjwfgn] hnjfo'
kl/jt{g cg's"ngdf ;fd'bflos jgsf] e"ldsfnfO{
sfg'gL dfGotf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
@= /fli6«o cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf -gfkf_, @)^&
g]kfnn] xl/tu[x Uof;sf] pT;h{g guGo ?kdf ug]{
eP tfklg hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/af6 a9L dfqfdf
k|efljt x'g yfn]sf]n] cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf]
x}l;otdf g]kfnn] lj=;+= @)^& ;fndf /fli6«o
cg's"ng sfo{qmd -gfkf_ tof/ u/]sf] 5 . o;df
:yfgLo :t/sf ;+ul7t ;+3–;+:yfx¿ h:t}, ;fd'bflos
jg cflbn] cfkm\gf] If]qdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 k/]sf
c;/nfO{ ;fdgf ug{ hnfjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng
of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf]
5.
#= hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLlt, @)^*
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|lts"n k|efjaf6 aRg /
jrfpg, dfgj ljsf; / ;d[l4 sfod ub}{, hnjfo'
GofonfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{, kof{j/0fLo / lbuf] ljsf;sf]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ cjnDag u/L ;d'Ggt ;dfhtkm{
cu|;/ x'g of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] b"/b[li6sf ;fy g]kfn
;/sf/n] lj=;= @)^& ;fndf hnfjfo' kl/jt{g
gLlt hf/L u¥of] . o; gLltdf hnjfo' cg's"ng tyf
xl/tu[x Uof;sf] pT;h{g Go"gLs/0f, Ifdtf clej[l4,
k|ljlw ljsf; tyf lj:tf/;DaGwL sfo{qmdsf] th'{df
tyf sfof{Gjogdf ;/sf/L, cw{;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L
tyf pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf ljz]if hf]8
lbO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf nflu pknAw s'n
/sdsf] sDtLdf *) k|ltzt /sd :yfgLo :t/df
vr{ ug]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .

$= :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgfsf] /fli6«o ;+/rgf,
@)^*
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/af6 aRg ljleGg :t/sf
cg's"ng of]hgfsf] tof/L tyf sfof{Gjog ug{ of]
;+/rgfn] dfu{bz{g u/]sf] 5 . ;fd'bflos jgx¿n]
o;} ;+/rfgfdf ePsf ljlwx¿nfO{ ckgfO{ hnfjfo'
kl/jt{g cg's"ng of]hgf tof/L tyf sfof{Gjog ug{
;Sb5g\ .
%= jg gLlt, @)&!
jg gLlt, @)&! n] hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng
tyf Go"gLs/0fsf pkfo cjnDag ug]{ gLlt lnO{
;f]sf nflu :yfgLo 1fg, ;Lk tyf k|ljlwcg'?k
cg's"ng tyf k|lts"n k|efjsf] Go"gLs/0fsf
pkfosf] cjnDag ug{] u/L ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg
tyf hnfwf/ Joj:yfkgnfO{ hnjfo' cg's"ngd}qL
agfOg] sfo{gLlt cjnDag ul/g] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
o;/L jg gLlt, @)&! n] hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngdf
;fd'bflos jgsf] e"ldsfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L To;nfO{
yk k|j4{g ug]{ gLlt lnPsf] 5 .
To;}u/L ev{/ :jLs[t ul/Psf] jgIf]qsf] /0fgLlt,
@)&@ n] klg hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngdf ;fd''bflos
jgsf] e"ldsfnfO{ yk ;'b[9 ug]{ /0fgLlt lnPsf] 5 .
o;df ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] hgr]tgf / Ifdtf j[l4
ug]{, ljz]ifu/L ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn]
hnjfo' kl/jt{gk|lt k|ltlqmof lbg], pgLx¿ / ljkGg
kl/jf/sf] ;xg Ifdtf a9fpg] /0fgLlt lnOPsf] 5 .
jt{dfg cj:yf
g]kfndf xfn !* xhf/eGbf a9L ;fd'bflos jg
pkef]Qmf ;d"x u7g eO{ sl/a !& nfv @) xhf/
x]S6/ jgIf]qsf] Joj:yfkg ul//x]sf 5g\ . oL ;d"x
jg ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkgdf dfq ;Lldt g/x]/
;fd'bflos ljsf;, ul/aL lgjf/0f x'Fb} xfn cfP/
29
;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#
hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng;d]tdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . ;d'bfo:t/df hnjfo'
kl/jt{g cg's"ngdf ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x
;a}eGbf a9L k|efjsf/L ;+:yfsf] ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
ltgLx¿n] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t cg's"ng of]hgf
lgdf{0f, d"nk|jfxLs/0f tyf sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu
sfg'gL dfGotf kfPsf 5g\ . oltdfq geO{ clxn]
;fd'bflos jg sfo{of]hgf agfpFbf hnjfo' kl/jt{g
cg's"ng of]hgf To;df ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf]
5 . ToxL k|fjwfgadf]lhd w]/} ;fd'bflos jgx¿n]
hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng of]hgfnfO{ sfo{of]hgfsf]
cleGg c+u dfgL tof/ tyf sfof{Gjog ul//x]sf
5g\ . ;fd'bflos jgx¿n] cg's"ng of]hgf tof/L
tyf sfof{Gjog ubf{ ;fdfGotof lgDgadf]lhd k|lqmof
ckgfO ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 M
!= hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL ;fd'bflos ;r]tgf
@= ;d'bfosf] ;+s6fkGgtf ljZn]if0f
#= cg's"ng;DaGwL lqmofsnfksf] ;"rL tof/
$= cg's"ng of]hgfsf] k|fyldsLs/0f
%= cg's"ng of]hgfsf] d"nk|jfxLs/0f -;}4flGts
?kdf of] r/0f ckgfpg] elgP klg jf:tljs
?kdf of] r/0fnfO{ Tolt k|efjsf/L ?kdf
ckgfOPsf] 5}g_
^= cg's"ng of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog
&= cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg
hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngdf ;xeflutf /
;dfj]zLs/0fn] 7"nf] dxTj /fVb5, h'g s'/fdf
;fd'bflos jg :yfgLo :t/sf cGo ;+3–;+:yfeGbf
cufl8 5 . ;fd'bflos jgdf cg's"ng of]hgf lgdf{0f
ug]{ qmddf ul/a, blnt, dlxnf tyf cGo ljkGg tyf
k5fl8 k/]sf ju{sf] t'ngfTds ?kdf ;xeflutf a9L
eO{ pgLx¿n] ef]Ug'k/]sf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu
sfo{qmdx¿ th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .
o;n] ubf{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/ ;a}eGbf a9L kg]{
 ;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#
ju{n] To;af6 d'Qm x'gsf nflu kmfObf k|fKt u/]sf
5g\ .
s]xL ;jfnx¿ M
 hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL PsLs[t cfwf/ tYofÍsf]
sdLn] ubf{ cg's"ng of]hgf, th'{df / To;sf]
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf ;d:of .
 ;d'bfo :t/df pko'Qm k|ljlwsf] cefj .
 ;fd'bflos jgsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿aLr hnjfo'
kl/jt{g;DaGwL ;femf a'emfOsf] sdL .
 ;fd'bflos jg ;d"xn] tof/ u/]sf hnjfo'
kl/jt{g cg's"ng of]hgf :yfgLo ljsf;
of]hgfdf d"nk|jfxLs/0f x'g g;Sg' .
 hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf
nflu bl/nf] :yfgLo hnjfo'ljQ (Climate fi-
nance) sf] cfjZostf kg]{ t/ :yfgLo :t/df
To;sf] cefj .
 hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng;DaGwL ;fd'bflos jg
pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 .
 cg's"ng of]hgfsf] :jfldTjaf]wsf] sdL .
 glthfd"ns hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng
sfo{qmdsf] cefj .
 cg's"ng sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf kf/blz{tf .
cfufdL sfo{lbzf M
 hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] kf/]sf c;/x¿ / To;sf]
Go"gLs/0f tyf cg's"ngsf nflu :yfgLo
hgtfsf] k|ToIf ;xeflutfdf cWoog cg';Gwfg
sfo{nfO{ (Action Research) cufl8 a9fpg'kg]{ .
 hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf
sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf
;d"xsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ .
30
 ;d'bfo :t/df hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng of]hgf
sfof{Gjogsf nflu ah]6sf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ .
 hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng of]hgfsf] k|efjsfl/tf
cWoog u/L k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{
;lsg] of]hgfx¿sf] th'{df ug]{ .
 ;fd'bflos jgn] tof/ kfg]{ hnjfo'
kl/jt{g cg's"ng of]hgfnfO{ ljsf; of]hgfdf
d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug]{ .
 hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf]
;femf a'emfOsf] ljsf; u/L o;k|lt /fhgLlts
k|lta4tf sfod ug]{ .
 hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf nflu ljlgof]lht
ul/Psf] s'n ah]6sf] sDtLdf *) k|ltzt
/sd nlIft ;d'bfodf vr{ ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfgnfO{
s8fOsf ;fy nfu" ug]{ .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
 g]kfn ;/sf/, @)$(, jg P]g, sfg'g lstfa
Joj:yf ;ldlt, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+ .
 g]kfn ;/sf/, @)^&, /fli6«o cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf,
lj1fg, k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno, sf7df8f}+,
g]kfn .
 g]kfn ;/sf/, @)^&, hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLlt,
lj1fg, k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno, sf7df8f}+,
g]kfn .
 g]kfn ;/sf/, @)^*, :yfgLo cg's"ng of]hgfsf]
/fli6«o ;+/rgf lj1fg, k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f
dGqfno, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn .
 g]kfn ;/sf/, @)&!, jg gLlt, @)&!, jg tyf
e"–;+/If0f dGqfno, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn .
 g]kfn ;/sf/, @)&@, jg If]qsf] /0fgLlt, jg
tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn .

;+:yfut ljsf;df ;lqmo 5fku}/L dlxnf
;fd'bflos jg ;d"x
!= ljifo k|j]ZfM
jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] )^( ;fnsf] ;fwf/0f;efsf]
b[Zodf sfo{qmdsf] qmdfutdf cfoJoo ljj/0f k|:t't
x'Fb} lyof] . sf]iffWoIfsf] k|:t'ltdf ;Dk"0f{ pkl:Yft
dlxnf Psfu| eP/ ;'Gb} lyP . o;} qmddf jg ;d"xn]
Pp6f :yfgLo ;d"xnfO{ dlGb/ lgdf{0fsf nflu !% ;o
?k}ofF lbPsf] eGg] k|;+u cfof] . of] k|:t'lt nuQ} Ps
dlxnf pkef]Qmf p7]/ k|Zg p7fOg\– dlGb/ lgdf{0f x'g]
;DalGwt If]q ePsf] gftfn], dlGb/ lgdf{0f ug{ /sd
s;nfO{ lbOof] < s] cfwf/df lbOof] < pQm k|Zgsf]
hjfkm / k|df0f k]; ug{ :jod\n] Onfsf k|ltlglwsf]
x}l;otn] ;d"x ;ldltnfO{ ;Nnfx lbPF . tt\kZrft\
;d"x ;ldltn] /sd ;xof]u ug]{ elgPsf] lg0f{o, /sd
lbPsf] ;d"x / /sd pknAw u/fPsf] ekf{O k|:t't
u/]kl5 k|Zgstf{sf] lrQ a'´\of] / ;d"x ;ldltsf
tk{maf6 k|:t't ePsf] ;a} cfoJoo;Fu ;DalGwt
lg0f{ox¿, lan–ekf{O;d]t b]vfPkl5 ;a}nfO{ s'g}
z+sf ug]{ 7fpF ePg . d}n] klg ;a} lanekf{O x]/]+ /
h;/L tL ;a} Jojl:yt /fv]sf] b]v+], Tof] k|z+;gLo
lyof] . of] Pp6f ;+:yfut ljsf;df dlxnf ;d"xaf6
ePsf] k|of;sf] k|ToIf k|;+u, lyof] . of] 5fku}/L dlxnf
;fd'bflos jg ;d"xsf] Pp6f k|;+u dfq xf] / o:tf
w]/} 36gfqmd hf]l8Psf 5g\, of] ;d"x;Fu …;:Yffut
ljsf;sf] qmddfÚ .
lj=;= @)%# ;fndf lhNnf jg sfof{no g'jfsf]6 tyf
tTsfnLg /]Ghkf]i6 ssgLsf] ;xof]udf x:tfGt/0f
*;xfos jg clws[t, lhNnf jg sfof{no, g'jfsf]6
31
;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#
*dw' Gof}kfg]
ePsf] 5fku}/L ;fd'bflos jgIf]q ssgL uf=lj=;=
j8f g+ ! df %@=^@ x]S6/ -!)#$=%! /f]kgL_ /x]sf]
5 . ;Nnf, plQ;, lrnfpg], k|hfltsf] afx'No
/xsf] o; ;fd'bflos jgIf]qdf s6';, nfs'/L,
don cflb ?v–la?jf /x]sf 5g\ . ;fd'bflos
jg x:tfGt/0fcl3sf] ;dodf ljgf;sf] rk]6fdf
k/]sf] jg If]qnfO{ hf]ufpg}kg]{ cfjZostf dx;';
u/L :yfgLo ;d'bfon] )%&—)%* sf] ;dodf
;ldlt u7g u/]sf lyP . To;kZrft\ jg ;+/If0f /
Joj:yfkgdf ;+:yfut k|of; ;'? ePsf] b]lvG5 eg]
cfhsf] ;do;Dd cfOk'Ubf jg ;d"xn] u/]sf jg
Joj:yfkg÷ljsf;sf lqmofsnfk, kf/blz{tf, ;+ul7t
;d"xsf sf/0f g'jfsf]6 lhNnfs} pTs[i6 ;d"xsf]
?kdf b]lvG5 .
@= ;d"xsf] ;fdflhs ljz]iftf
5fku}/L ;fd'bflos jg ;d"xsf] vf; ljz]iftf g}
Pp6} hftLo :j?k xf] . o; ;d"xdf k|f/lDes ;do
-;d"x u7gsf] ;do_ df tfdfª hfltsf !!$ 3/w'/L
;dfj]z lyP eg] xfn @!! 3/w'/L k'u]sf 5g\ . @)%#—
)&@ ;Ddsf] !( jif{sf] cjlw;Dd klg Pp6} hftLo
pkef]Qmfsf] pkl:ylt 5 . o; jg ;d"x If]qaf6
sf7df8f}+–lqz"nL dfu{ s]jn @ lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf
/x]sf], sf7df8f}+sf] kxF'r ;xh, :yfgLo ahf/ #%
lsnf] -! lsld b"/Ldf_ /x]sfn] b'Uw pTkfbg, t/sf/L
v]tLaf6 cfocfh{g x'g] x'Fbf tfdfª ;d'bfo o;tkm{
cu|;/ 5g\ . ;d"xsf] csf{] ljz]iftf eg]sf] ;fd'bflos
jg ;d"xsf] ;+:yfut cEof;sf] cg'ejnfO{ o;
 ;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#
If]qdf ul7t k"hf tyf ;/:jtL ;d"x u7g eO{
;xsf/Ldfkm{t ;+ul7t eP/ cfo;|f]t j[l4sf nflu
art ;+sng kl/rfng, kz'kfng / t/sf/L v]tLdf
;d]t ;+:yfut ?kdf cl3 a9\g d2t k'u]sf] cg'ej
;'gfpF5g\ pgLx¿ .
#= jg ;d"xsf] pNn]Vo lqmofsnfkdf ;+:yfut
e"ldsf
jg ;+/If0f, ljsf; / Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df ;d"xn]
tf]s]sf] klxnf] k|fyldstf g} ;d"x ;ldltn] ug]{
;d;fdlos lg0f{o ug{'cl3 Jofks 5nkmn / To;sf]
sfof{GjognfO{ s;/L k|efjsf/L agfpg] eGg] ljifo
xf] . lgdf{0f ug]{ ljlw, tf}/tl/sf / To;nfO{ nfu" ug]{
k"jf{wf/sf] kl/sNkgfkZrft\ lg0f{o ug]{ kl/kf6LnfO{ g}
o; ;d"xsf] d'Vo ljz]iftf dflgG5 . o; sygnfO{
k|i6\ofpg ;d"xn] u/]sf] ;+:yfut ;d"x ;ldlt u7g
/ ltgn] k"/f ug]{ lhDd]jf/LnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg ;lsG5,
h'g aF'bfut ?kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
s_ 5fku}/L dlxnf ;fd'bflos jg ;d"x ;ldltnfO{
;b}j k'?ifsf] ;Nnfxsf] cfjZostf dx;'; u/L
( ;b:oLo k'?if ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf]
5 / o;n] ;d"xsf] ;+:yfut k|ltlglwTj ub{5 .
v_ jg ;d"xn] jgsf] lg/LIf0f ug]{ s'g} pkef]Qmfx¿af6
3/uf]7 lgdf{0f–dd{t ug{ dfu eO{ cfPdf
jf:tljs dfu xf] xf]Og, 3/uf]7 lgdf{0f dd{tsf
nflu s]–slt sf7 nfU5 eGg] ;Gbe{df ;DalGwt
dfu ug]{ JolQmsxfF k'uL lg/LIf0f u/]/ ;ldltdf
l/kf]l6{ª ug]{, ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ sf7 sxfFaf6
pknAw u/fpg] eGg] ljifodf jgsf] lg/LIf0f u/L
:yfg tf]Sg] / sf7 lbg];Fu ;Demf}tf u/fpg]h:tf
sfo{df d2t k'¥ofpF5 . oL ;a} lqmofdf d"n
32
;ldlt -jg ;d"x ;ldlt !! hgf dlxnf dfq_ n]
k'gM lg/LIf0f, lgSof]{n u/L jg k}bfjf/ lbg] lg0f{o
k|lqmofdf k'U5g\ .
u_ ;d"x ;ldltn] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ sf7 lbg]
lg0f{o u/]sf] !% lbgleq s6fg u/L jgaf6
lgsfNg'kg]{, # dlxgfleqdf lgdf{0f ;DkGg
ug'{kg]{, To;sf] !%÷!% lbgdf pk;ldltn]
lg/LIf0f tLgk6s;Dd ug]{ / tf]lsPsf] ;dodf
lgdf{0f gu/] ;r]t, hl/jfgf / lnnfd ug{ ;Sg]
ljlwsf] k|of]u / cEof; ;kmn ePsf]n] ;d"x,
pkef]Qmf ;r]t / cg'zfl;t 5g\ .
3_ jg ;d"xn] u/]sf] j[Iff/f]k0f g;{/L :yfkgf÷
;~rfng÷cfocfh{g sfo{ -h8La'6L /f]k0f, cld;|f]
k|;f/0f, nK;L /f]k0f ##) uf]6f_ h:tf sfo{x¿
;DkGg ug{ pk;ldltdfkm{t lhDd]jf/L lbg,]
sfdsf] afF8kmfF6 ug]{h:tf k|rngnfO{ ;+:yfut
ljsf;sf] r/0fa4 cEof; dfGg ;lsG5 .
ª_ jg ;d"xn] jgIf]qdf sfo{of]hgfcg'?k
ug]{ lqmofsnfkdf lgoldt ?kdf Onfsf jg
sfof{no;Fu ;dGjo ug]{, tf]lsPsf sfo{x¿sf]
lg0f{o k|:t't u/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu lng] lgoldt
k/fdz{sf] lg/Gt/tfn] o; ;d"x lhDd]jf/L k"/f
ug]{ ;Gbe{df cAan dflgPsf] 5 .
r_ ;fd'bflos jgsf] lgoldt ;fwf/0f;ef, n]vf
k/LIf0f, jflif{s k|ltj]bg kf/blz{tfsf] ;Gbe{df
pNn]Vo k|z+;gLo sfo{ dflgG5 .
5_ jg sfo{of]hgfsf] cIf/zM kfngf, ;d"xsf] cfly{s
ljsf;sf nflu ;f]xL sfo{of]hgfdf sj'lnotL jg
ljsf; ug]{ of]hgf ;dfj]zaf6 gLltut kfngfdf
;d]t cu|;/ b]lvG5 .

jt{dfg ;dodf, ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf dxf;+3,
g'jfsf]6, lhNnf dxf;+3sf] ;xof]u tyf ;dGjodf
;~rflnt xl/of] jg sfo{qmdn] ;d"xsf] log} ;+:yfut
IfdtfnfO{ ;an kIf dfgL sfo{qmd ;~rfng ub}{ xfn
;d"xnfO{ hLljsf]kfh{gdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg cfocfh{gsf
nflu % nfv &) xhf/ ?k}ofF cg'bfg k|fKt u/]sf] 5 .
;f] cg'bfg /sd kl/rfngsf nflu ljz]if of]hgf,
;+oGq / gLltx¿ to u/L cl3 a9]sf 5g\, h;af6
;xof]u /sdsf] clwstd\ nfe / ;d"x ;b:ox¿sf]
cfly{s pGgltdf pNn]v of]ubfg k'Ug] ;Defjgf 5 .
33
;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#
ljz]ift M dlxnf ;d"x ;ldltsf] sfo{df k'?ifsf]
;xof]u, x/]s lqmofsnfkdf kl/kSj lg0f{o /
sfof{Gjog of]hgf, jgIf]qdf ePsf ljsf; sfo{sf]
;kmntfnfO{ dWogh/ / pRr d"Nofª\sg ub}{ lhNnf
jg sfof{noaf6 cf=j= )^*÷)^( df pTs[i6 3f]lift
ub}{ gub k'/:sf/;d]t ;d"xnfO{ k|bfg u/]kl5
;+:yfut ljsf;df cu|;/ of] ;d"xsf] cg'z/0f cGo
;d"xn] ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ .
 ;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg Joj:yfkg k4ltsf
/fli6«o÷cGt{/fli6«o uf]i7Ldf hf/L 3f]if0ff–kqx?
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg Joj:yfkg k¢ltsf] dfWodaf6
jgsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ cEof;sf] ;'?jft ePsf] em08}
rf/ bzs eO{;s]sf] 5 . xfn;Ddsf] ofqfdf ljleGg
df]8]nsf] dfWodaf6 jgsf] Joj:yfkg x'Fb}cfPsf]
5 . o:tf Joj:yfkg k|0ffNfLaf6 k|fKt ;sf/fTds
Pjd\ gsf/fTds b'j} lsl;dsf l;sfO{x?sf] ;ldIff
u/L jgnfO{ eljiodf cem} a9L ;dfj]zL, kf/bzL{
/ hjfkmb]xL agfpg ;'wf/sf If]qx?sf] klxrfg
ug]{ sfo{df /fli6«o uf]i7Lx?n] Pp6f pTs[i6 rf}tf/L
l;h{gf ub{5g\ . o; kl/b[iodf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLn]
v]n]sf] /rgfTds e"ldsfsf] ;ldIff u/L eljiodf
e"–kl/lw:t/df jg >f]tsf] Plss[t Joj:yfkgsf]
;DefJotf / pko"Qm k¢ltaf/] ;'emfj ;+sng u/L
jg Joj:yfkgsf] k[ys k[ys df]8fln6Ldf ljBdfg
;d:ofx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ dfu{lrq to ug]{
p¢]Zosf ;fy ;fem]bf/L jgsf] /fli6«o uf]i7L, 5}6f}+
/fli6«o ;fd'bflos jg uf]i7L, lhNnf jg clws[tx?sf]
kfFrf} /fli6«o uf]i7L, sa'lnotL jgsf] If]qLo uf]i7L
/ ;fd'bflos jgsf] cGt{/fli6«o uf]i7L ;d]t ;DkGg
eof] . kf7sx?nfO{ Ps} :yfgdf ;xh ?kdf pknJw
u/fpg pQm kfFrj6} 3f]if0ff–kqnfO{ oxfF ;dflji6
ul/Psf] 5 .
*;xfos jg clws[t, ;fd'bflos jg dxfzfvf
34
*;~hLj/fh 9sfn
;fem]bf/L jgsf] k|yd /fli6«o uf]i7L
@#–@$ h]i7 @)&!
n'lDagL 3f]if0ffkq
@$ h]i7 @)&!
a}1flgs jg Aoj:yfkg, ;d[l4sf] d"n cfwf/
!_ jg P]g @)$( / jg lgodfjnL @)%! df
cfjZos ;+zf]wg u/L ;fem]bf/L jg Aoj:yfkg
k2ltnfO{ ;dflji6 ug]{ tyf ;fem]bf/L jg
Aoj:yfkg lgb]{lzsf @)^* nfO{ ;do;fk]If
kl/dfh{g ug]{ .
@_ klxrfg ePsf pTkfbgzLn jgx?sf] Aoj:yfkg
u/L jg k}bfjf/sf] ;ttM cfk'lt{ ub}{ :yfgLo Pj+
/fli6«o cy{tGqdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg a}1flgs jg
Aoj:yfkgsf] /0fgLlt tyf sfo{ljwL tof/ u/L
hf/L ug]{ .
#_ a}1flgs jg Aoj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf
sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos hgzlQmsf] Aoj:yf u/L
Ifdtf clea[l¢ ug]{ tyf cfjZoQmfg';f/ ;]jf
vl/b ug]{ .
$_ ;fem]bf/L jg Aoj:yfkgsf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjogsf nflu sfof{Gjog PsfO{nfO{
;dofg's'n kl/dfh{g ug]{ .
%_ Ps cfk;df hf]l8Psf jf glhsdf kg]{
pTkfbgzLn jgIf]qx?nfO{ Plss[t u/L a}1flgs
jg Aoj:yfkg sfof{Gjogdf k|fyldstf lbg] .

^_ pTkfbgzLn jgsf] a[l4 df}Hbft, pTkfbg Ifdtf,
sf7 bfp/fsf] dfu tyf cfk'lt{sf] cj:yf, h}ljs
ljljwtf / kfl/l:ysLo ;]jfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L
pko'Qm -Psn jf ld>Lt_ jg ;Daw{g k|0ffnL4f/f
jgsf] Aoj:yfkg ug]{ .
&_ jg Aoj:yfkgsf qmddf ?vx? 5kfg d'Nof+sg
/ pTkfbg x'g] sf7 bfp/f dfkg ug]{ lawLdf
Ps?ktf sfod ug{ jg cg';Gwfg tyf ;a]{If0f
ljefu;+u ;xsfo{ u/L k|fKt glthfsf cfwf/df
jg lgodfjnLdf cfjZos ;+zf]wg ug]{ .
*_ s6fg kZrft pTkfbg x'g] sf7 bfp/fsf] tYof+s
/fVg] sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg cfw'lgs
k|ljwLsf] pkof]u ug{ cfjZos 1fg ;Lk k|ljwL
/ pks/0fx?sf] k|of]u ub}{ hfg] .
(_ jg pkef]Qmf / jgsf] If]qkmn larsf] cg'kftnfO{
;dtfd"ns tj/n] ;Daf]wg ug{ tyf 6f9fsf jg
35
;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#
pkef]QmfnfO{ ;d]t jg k}bfjf/df cfTdlge{/
agfO{ kof{j/0f ;+/If0fdf 6]jf lbg ;fem]bf/L jg
Aoj:yfkg If]qdf lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs hUufdf
jg lj:tf/ ug{ jg ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx?
k|fyldstfsf ;fy ;+rfng ug]{ .
!)_ ;fe]mbf/L jgaf6 pTkflbt sf7 bfp/fnfO{ kf/bzL{
9+uaf6 laqmL ljt/0f ug{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;+u
5nkmn u/L ;fe]mbf/L jgsf] nflu 5'§} æjg
k}bfjf/ laqmL ljt/0f lgb]{lzsfÆ tof/ ug]{ .
!!_ ;fe]mbf/L jgsf] Aoj:yfkgdf ;d]t 6]jf k'Ug] ul/
jg ljefusf] ;+u7g tyf Aoj:yfkgdf cfjZos
;+/rgfut Aoj:yf ug]{ .
!@_ ;fe]mbf/L jgsf] cEof;af6 k|fKt x'g] l;sfO{nfO{
;do ;fk]If gLlt, P]g lgoddf kl/dfh{g ug{
k|To]s kfFr jif{df /fli6«o :t/df ;fe]mbf/L jgsf]
uf]i7L cfof]hgf ul/g] .
 ;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#
5}6f}F /fli6«o ;fd'bflos jg uf]i7L
@–$ cfiff9, @)&!, nlntk'/, g]kfn
3f]if0ffkq / efjL sfo{lbzf
…lbuf] ljsf; tyf ;d[l4sf nflu ;fd'bflos
jgÚ
…lbuf] ljsf; tyf ;d[l4sf nflu ;fd'bflos jgÚ
eGg] d"n gf/fsf ;fy ;fd'bflos jgsf] 5}6f}F /fli6«o
uf]i7Ldf ;xefuL ePsf xfdL ;/sf/L lgsfo, jg
pkef]Qmf, lghL If]q, gful/s ;dfh / ;/f]sf/jfnf
;+3–;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx¿,
3f]if0ffkq
g]kfnsf] jg, jg:klt, k|fs[lts jftfj/0f, e" tyf
hnfwf/ / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, Joj:yfkg
/ ;b'kof]udf ;fd'bflos jgsf] dfWodaf6 k|fKt
pknlAwÙ ;fd'bflos jgsf dfWodaf6 /fli6«o
Pjd\ :yfgLo cy{tGq / ;fd'bflos ljsf;df k'Ub}
cfPsf] of]ubfg, ;fd'bflos jgn] :yfgLo nf]stGq,
;dfj]zLs/0f, n}lËs ;dtf / d"nk|jfxLs/0f,
;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfh ¿kfGt/0fsf If]qdf v]Nb}
cfPsf] e"ldsfsf] pRr sb/ ub}{ …;d[l4sf nflu jgÚ
eGg] /fli6«o c7f]6nfO{{ ;fd'bflos jgaf6 pNn]vgLo
of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] k|lta4tf hgfpFb} ;fd'bflos jgsf]
o; 5}6f}F /fli6«o uf]i7Laf6 xfdL of] 3f]if0ffkq hf/L
ub{5f}+ .
!= jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x tyf ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf]
Ifdtf clej[l4 ub}{ jg ;Da4{g k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
Joj:yfkg k4lt / :yfgLo 1fg–;Lk, cg'ej
/ nufgL;d]tsf] pRrtd ;b'kof]u u/L pRr
;Defjgf /x]sf ;fd'bflos jgdf lbuf] Pjd\
36
j}1flgs Joj:yfkg u/L Joj;fo pGd'v x'g]
gd'gf k|bz{gL / lj:tf/ ug{ cfjZos gLltut /
sfg'g ;+zf]wg ub}{ hfg] .
@ ;fd'bflos jgx¿nfO{{ ;DefJo pTkfbg Ifdtfsf]
cfwf/df pTkfbgd'vL jgsf ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f
ug{sf nflu ljBdfg jg Joj:yfkg sfo{of]hgfdf
;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g ug]{ sfo{nfO{{ ljz]if dxTj
lbO{ sfo{ cl3 a9fpg] .
#= ;fd'bflos jgnfO{{ pBd ljsf;af6 yk /f]huf/Lsf
cj;/x¿ l;h{gf, cfocfh{g / ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf
6]jf k'¥ofpg k|lqmofut sfo{ljlwx¿nfO{{ yk
;/nLs[t ub}{ Joj;foLs/0ftk{m pGd'v x'g
k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .
$= ;fd'bflos jgsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg / To;af6
k|fKt jg k}bfjf/sf] laqmL ljt/0fsf nflu lghL
If]q;Fu ;fem]bf/L / ;xsfo{df Joj;fo k|a4{g
ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .
%= ;fd'bflos jg tyf ;du| jgIf]qaf6 /fli6«o
cy{tGqdf k'u]sf] of]ubfgsf] oyfy{k/s d"Nofª\sg
ug]{ tyf jgIf]qnfO{{ /fli6«o k|fyldstf If]q 3f]if0ff
ug]{ .
^= ;fd'bflos jg sfo{qmdaf6 jGohGt' / logsf
jf;:yfgsf] ;+/If0f, 3fOt], 6'x'/f, euf}6] tyf
;d:ofu|:t jGohGt' p4f/sf If]qdf ePsf]
sfo{nfO{{ ;+:yfut ug{ cfjZos gLltut Joj:yf
ug]{ .

&= ;x/ glhssf kof{–ko{6gsf] ;DefJotf af]s]sf
;fd'bflos jgx¿df kof{–ko{6g;lxtsf] jg
Joj:yfkgsf] k|fjwfg /fVg] u/L gLltut Aoj:yf
ug]{ .
*= ;fd'bflos jg sfo{of]hgfx¿df cfjZostfg';f/
jGohGt' ;+/If0f tyf dfgj–jGohGt' åGå
Joj:yfkgsf ljifonfO{{ dxTjsf ;fy /fvL
jGohGt'af6 x'g] Ifltsf] /fxt sf]ifsf] Joj:yf
ug]{ tyf ljBdfg /fxtk|0ffnLnfO{{ ;/nLs[t Pjd\
ljs]lGb|t ug]{ .
(= lghL tyf s[lif jgsf] lj:tf/sf nflu lghL
tyf ;fj{hlgs hUufdf s[lif jgsf] ljsf; tyf
lj:tf/nfO{{ ljz]if k|fyldstf lbFb} aLp / la?jfsf]
u'0f:t/df hf]8 lbO{ j[Iff/f]k0fsf] ladfsf] Joj:yf
tyf k|f]T;fxg ;+oGq cufl8 a9fpg] .
!)= jgIf]qdf lqmofzLn ;a} lgsfo, ;d'bfo,
lghL If]q / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] cf–cfˆgf
sfo{qmd / sfo{z}nLdf ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt
ug{ ;xeflutfTds cg'udgnfO{{ yk k|efjsf/L
agfpg] .
!!= jgIf]qdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{sf nflu jg If]qeGbf
aflx/ ;'zf;gsf ljifodf lqmofzLn lgsfox¿;Fu
jg Joj:yfkg k4lt, ljlw / jg k}bfjf/ laqmL–
ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf ljifodf lg/Gt/ ;+jfb u/L ;a}
lgsfox¿sf aLrdf ;femf a'emfOsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
efjL sfo{lbzf
!= ;fd'bflos jgsf] If]qdf n}lËs tyf ;fdflhs
;dfj]zLs/0f ub}{ dlxnf, blnt, ljkGg tyf
jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf ju{sf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf
Pjd\ jg Joj:yfkgaf6 k|fKt nfesf]
Gofof]lrt afF8kmfF8 ;'lglZrt ug{ ;fd'bflos
jgsf] dfu{bz{gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog
37
;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#
tyf nlIft ju{sf] Ifdtf clej[l4tkm{ ljz]if
sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
@= ;fd'bflos jgsf dfWodaf6 x'Fb} cfPsf nf]stflGqs
cEof; tyf ;fdflhs Gofosf sfo{x¿nfO{{ yk
Jojl:yt ub}{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] .
#= ;fd'bflos jgdf ljkGg ju{sf nflu ;~rfng
ePsf cfocfh{g / ul/aL Go"gLs/0fsf
sfo{qmdx¿nfO{{ lj:tf/ ub}{ hfg] .
$= jgIf]qdf sfd ug]{ >ldssf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg
ug]{ / jgIf]qnfO{{ dlxnf lx+;fd'Qm If]q agfpFb}
jgdf sfd ug]{ sfdbf/x¿sf] ladfsf] Joj:yfsf
nflu cfjZos kxn ug]{ .
%= jgIf]qsf] e"–ef}uf]lns cj:yf / kof{j/0fLo
;+j]bgzLntfnfO{{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/L pTkfbgzLn
jgx¿nfO{{ pTkfbgd'vL / ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{
jgx¿nfO{{ ;+/If0fsf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ .
o;qmddf ef}uf]lns ljlzi6tfnfO{{ ;d]t dWogh/
u/L ;fd'bflos jgsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ k|0ffnLx¿
nfu" ug]{ .
^= pRr kxf8L tyf lxdfnL If]qdf ;fd'bflos jgsf]
k|j4{gsf nflu jftfj/0fLo, h}ljs / ;f+:s[lts
dxTj, hLjgz}nL, ef}uf]lns kl/j]z;d]tnfO{{
dWogh/ ub}{ jg Joj:yfkg ug{ ljz]if sfo{qmdx¿
th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
&= jgsf] cj:yf, pkef]Qmfsf] rfxgf / jg
Joj:yfkgsf] p2]Zocg'¿k bL3{sfnLg Joj:yfkg
of]hgfdfk{mt Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsg] k|fjwfg
/ cfDbfgL tyf pTkfbg Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df
;fd'bflos jgsf] juL{s/0f ug]{ ljifo sfo{ljlwdf
;d]l6g'kg]{ .
*= ;fd'bflos jgdf jGohGt'sf] plrt Joj:yfkg
tyf Joj;foLs/0fsf nflu gLltut Joj:yf
ug]{ .
 ;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#
(= lbuf] jg Joj:yfkg, PsLs[t hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg,
jGohGt'sf] Joj:yfkg, kof{–ko{6g k|j4{g / pBd
ljsf;sf nflu Pscfk;df hf]l8Psf ;fd'bflos
jgx¿nfO{{ ;dfj]z u/L PsLs[t Joj:yfkg
of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ k|j4{g ug]{ .
!)= ;fd'bflos jgsf] cfDbfgLsf] @% k|ltzt /sd
;fd'bflos jgsf] pTkfbg j[l4 ug]{ sfo{df vr{
ul/g'kg]{ k|fjwfgnfO{{ k|efjsf/L ¿kn] sfof{Gjog
ub}{ hfg] .
!!= /]8Kn;, hnjfo' cg's"ng tyf jftfj/0fLo
;]jfsf] cjwf/0ff / cEof; Pjd\ l;sfOx¿nfO{{
;DefJotfsf cfwf/df ;fd'bflos jg sfo{qmddf
cfGtl/sLs/0f ub}{ /fli6«o gLltdf ;dfj]z ug]{ .
!@= kof{j/0fLo cIf'00ftfdf vnn gkg]{ u/L lghLIf]qdf
vf; lsl;dsf s[lif jg sfo{qmdnfO{{ k|j4{g u/L
vfB ;'/Iffdf ;xof]u ug{] .
38
!#= lghL jgsf] ljsf;sf nflu b]lvPsf sfg'gL
Jojwfg x6fP/ k|j4{gfTds sfo{qmdx¿ cufl8
a9fpg] .
!$= jg P]g tyf lgodfjnLsf] k|fjwfgcg'¿k kl/kq
hf/L ug]{ kl/kf6L :yflkt ug]{ .
!%= jg ck/fw lgoGq0f u/L jgsf] k|efjsf/L
;+/If0fsf nflu ljBdfg sfg'gsf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjog ug{ ;|f]t–;fwgnufot ;+:yfut
;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ .
!^= jgIf]qaf6 k|jfx x'g] ;]jfnfO{{ u'0f:t/Lo agfpg
jg k|fljlws kl/ifb\sf] u7g ul/g'kg]{ .
!&= ;fd'bflos jgsf] If]qdf ul/g] ;xeflutfd"ns
cWoog cg';GwfgnfO{{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb} k|fKt
glthf tyf l;sfOx¿sf] clen]vLs/0f / k|rf/–
k|;f/nfO{{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] .

sa'lnotL jg If]qLo uf]i7Lsf] 3f]if0ffkq
Ho]i7 @* b]lv #) ut];Dd ePsf] ljkGgsf] nflu
sa'lnotL jg If]qLo uf]i7Laf6 hf/L ePsf] 3f]if0ffsf
lgDg d'Vo d'Vo a'“bfx¿n] sj'lnolt jg sfo{qmdsf]
efjL sfo{lbzfnfO{ :ki6 kf/]sf 5g\ .
1. ;d'bfoaf6 Joj:yfkg ul/g] jg Joj:yfkgsf
;a} k4ltx¿nfO{ sfg'gL b[li6sf]0faf6
;dfg:t/df /fvL ljkGgsf nflu sj'lnotL
jgsf nflu ;DefJojg If]q ;/n ?kdf
sa'lnot ug]{ Joj:yf sfod ug{ jg P]g, @)$(
df ;+zf]wg ug{ k|:tfj ub{5 .
2. sa'lnotL jg x:tfGt/0fsf nflu jg P]g,
@)$( df ePsf] 5q 9sfg -Crown cover_
@) k|ltzteGbf sd ePsf] jgIf]q dfq pknAw
u/fpg] k|fjwfgsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L sj'lnotL
jgsf] lj:tf/sf] ;Defjgf / lghL If]qsf] nufgL
tyf ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt x'g] u/L gLltut,
sfg'gL Pj+ sfo{ljlwut ;'wf/ ug{ dfu ub{5 .
3. ljkGgsf nflu k|bfg ul/g] sj'lnotL jg
x:tfGt/0f ubf{sf] cj:yfsf] ¿vx¿sf] ;+/If0f
u/L x'sf{O ul/asf] of]ubfgsf] sb/sf nflu
plrt nfesf] afF8kmfF8sf] Joj:yf sfg'gdf
;dfj]z ug{ Pj+ ;+/If0f If]q, ;+/lIft jg tyf
cf/If tyf lgs'~hsf] dWojtL{ If]qleq kg]{ jg
P]g–lgodcg';f/ x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf sj'lnotL
jgx¿sf] Joj:yfkg tyf ;b'kof]u ug{ kfpg]
u/L gLltut, sfg'gL Pj+ sfo{ljlwut Joj:yf
cljnDa ug{ ljz]if cg'/f]w ub{5 .
4. sj'lnotL jgsf] cjwf/0ff ;fd'bflos jg /
;fj{hlgs hUufdf lj:tf/ eO/x]sf]df sj'lnot
ug]{ ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿sf] lxtsf] ;+/If0f x'g] u/L
39
;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#
sfg'gL k|fjwfgsf] Joj:yf ug{ ljz]if clkn
ub{5 . ;fy}, ;fj{hlgs hUufdf sj'lnotL
jg lj:tf/nfO{ sfg'gL ?kdf j}wtf k|bfg ug{
cGt/lgsfout ;dGjo / sfg'gL k|fjwfg
pkef]Qmfx¿sf] xslxtdf k|i6 pNn]v ug{ dfu
ub{5 .
5. u|fdL0f:t/df ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu ;'? k|j]z–
laGb' (Entry Point) sj'lnotL jg ;d"xx¿dfkm{t
x'g tyf u/fpg cGo ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/x¿nfO{
k|lta4 eO{ sfof{Gjog x'gsf nflu ljz]if cfu|x
ub{5 . tyf ;a} ;fem]bf/x¿n] hLljsf]kfh{g
;'wf/ of]hgf sfof{Gjog, jg s[lif / kz' pBd
tyf pTkfbg ljljwLs/0f Pj+ C0fdf kx'Fr,
ladfsf] Joj:yf / kz' :jf:Yo ;]jfdf kof{Kt
;xof]u k|bfg ug{ clkn ub{5 .
6. sj'lnotL jg sfo{qmddf jg tyf hUuf
IfoLs/0fsf] lgoGq0f tyf k'g:yf{kgf ug{ Ps
j}1flgs cfwf/sf ?kdf Silvo-pastoral system
of agro-forestry model ;kmn k|dfl0ft ePsf]
5 . o; sfo{qmdn] kfl/l:yltsLo ;Gt'ngsf
nflu u/]sf] of]ubfgnfO{ clej[l4 ub}{ hnjfo'
kl/jt{gsf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug]{ sfo{qmd
;~rfng x'g clkn ub{5 .
7. jgIf]q / kz' ;]jfsf] cGt/;DaGwsf] PsLs[t
cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t o; sfo{qmdn] u|fdL0f
ul/aL lgjf/0fdf ljz]if of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] / ;du|
ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu yk of]ubfg ug{ cfufdL
s]xL bzs;Dd sfo{qmdnfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/
cGo lhNnfx¿df ;d]t lj:tf/ ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/
Pj+ bft[ lgsfox¿sf] ;xof]unfO{ lg/Gt/tf
 ;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#
k|bfg ug{ ljz]if cfu|x ub{5 .
8. sj'lnotL jg ;d"xx¿ kl/rfng ug{sf nflu
:yfgLo :t/df Jofj:fflos ;|f]t– JolQmx¿sf]
ljsf; ckl/xfo{ ePsf] / ;]jf k|jfx ug]{
:yfgLob]lv s]Gb|:t/;Ddsf lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf
clej[l4sf ;fy} ;+:yfut ljsf; klg ;Fu;Fu}
x'gsf nflu gLltut tyf ;+/rgfut ;'wf/ ug{
cg'/f]w ub{5 .
9. sa'lnotL jg tyf kz' ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6
k/LIf0f ePcg';f/ e"–kl/lw :t/ -Landscape
40
level_ df sj'lnotL jgsf] ;Defjgf kof{Kt
ePsfn] pQm l;sfOnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ o;
sfo{qmdsf] efjL lj:tf/df cfTd;ft\ u/L
sfof{Gjog x'g cg'/f]w ub{5 .
10. sj'lnotL jgsf] ;sf/fTds of]ubfgsf] k|rf/–
k|;f/dfk{mt k|j4{g ug{ ;a};Fu cg'/f]w ub{5 .
11. sj'lnotL jgsf] cEof;af6 k|fKt xg] l;sfOnfO{
;do;fk]If kl/dfh{g ug{ tyf o; sfo{qmdnfO{
yk ;anLs/0f ug{ casf] kfFr jif{leqdf csf]{
sj'lnotL jgsf] uf]i7L cfof]hgf ug{ cg'/f]w
ub{5 .

lhNnf jg clws[tx¿sf] kF“rf}+ /fli6«o uf]i7L @)&!
%–^ cfiff9, @)&!
:yfgLo ljsf; k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg, hfjnfv]n, nlntk'/
k|lta4tf–kq
æ;do;fk]If jg k|zf;g M ;d[l4 / ljsf;sf nflu lbuf] jg Joj:yfkgÆ
jg ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f tyf lbuf] Joj:yfkgaf6 :yfgLo
tyf /fli6«o cy{tGqdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb}, jg, jGohGt',
jftfj/0f / h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f u/L hnjfo'
kl/jt{gsf hf]lvdnfO{ Go"gLs/0f tyf cg's"ng
ug{;d]t of]ubfg k'¥ofO{ kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jf /
pkef]Uo j:t'x¿sf] lg/Gt/ k|jfxdfk{mt /fi6«sf] ;d[l4
xfl;n ug{ ;Sg] oyfy{nfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{,
kl/jlt{t /fhgLlts kl/j]z tyf /fHo k'gM;+/rgfsf]
cj:yfdf jg ;+u7gsf ;dofg's"n ;'wf/ u/L o;
If]qaf6 k|fKt x'g] ;]jf tyf j:t'sf] cfk"lt{nfO{ yk ;xh,
;/n / hgd'vL agfpFb} cfdgful/sdf nf]stGqsf
tflTjs cg'e"lt u/fpg ;lsG5 eGg ljZjf; ub}{,
g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_ sf] ldlt @)&!÷)#÷)@
sf] lg0f{oaf6 r'/] ;+/If0fsf nflu ul/Psf ;sf/fTds
sbdnfO{ :jfut Pj+ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ cfufdL cfly{s jif{
@)&!÷)&@- @)*)÷)*! nfO …jg ;+/If0f / lbuf]
ljsf;sf] bzsÚsf ?kdf dgfpgsf nflu jgIf]qsf
cfufdL /fli6«o gLltdf ;dfj]z u/L o; If]qsf]
;+/If0fsf] ;'lglZrttfsf ;fy a[xQ/ j[Iff/f]k0f, lbuf]
jg Joj:yfkg, ;Ld;f/ tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f /
Joj:yfkg, h8La'6L k|j4{g, lj:tf/ / Joj;flosLs/0f,
Ps JolQm Ps ?v, Ps ufpF Ps jg, Ps gu/
cg]s pBfgh:tf gjLgtd sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ ;a}
lgsfo, lghLIf]q Pj+ ;+3–;+:yf;Fu ;d]t ;xsfo{
u/L cleofgsf ?kdf sfof{Gjog u/L ;kmn agfpg
41
;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#
cfjZos 7fGb} ;do;fk]If jg k|zf;g M ;d[l4 /
ljsf;sf nflu lbuf] jg Joj:yfkg eGg] d"n gf/fsf
;fy lhNnf jg clws[tx¿sf] kfFrf+} /fli6«o uf]i7Ldf
;xefuL ePsf xfdL lhNnf jg clwstx¿, If]qLo
jg lgb]{zsx¿ / jg ljefusf lhDd]jf/ /fi6«;]js
sd{rf/Lx¿ of] k|lta4tf–kq hf/L ub{5f}+ .
!= jgsf] If]qkmn, jg ;+/If0fsf] ;+j]bgzLntf,
sfo{af]emsf] k|s[lt, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg
Joj:yfkg ;d"xx¿df k'¥ofpg'kg]{ ;]jf /
cg'udg, jg lj:tf/ tyf j[Iff/f]k0f ug'{kg]{
If]q, jg ;+u7gn] k'¥ofpg'kg]{ ;]jf k|jfxsf]
kl/df0f;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ Pp6} lhNnfdf
Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9L l8lehg jg sfof{nox¿
-/f=k=lå= k|fljlws k|d'v_ /xg] u/L ;f] dftxt
cfjZostfcg';f/ Onfsf jg sfof{no tyf jg
;]jfs]Gb|x¿ / x/]s !) b]lv !% l8lehg jg
sfof{nox¿ ;d]6\g] u/L jg ;s{nx¿ -g]kfn
jg ;]jf, h=km=;d"xsf ;x;lrj:t/ k|d'v_
jg ljefucGtu{t /xg] u/L jg ljefusf] goFf
;+u7g ;+/rgf tof/ ug]{ .
@= jg P]g @)$( tyf jg lgodfjnL @)%!
nfu" ePkZrft\ hf/L ePsf gLlt, /0fgLlt
tyf lgb]{lzsfx¿ -h:t}M jg If]qsf gLlt @)%&,
h}ljs ljljwtf /0fgLlt @)%(, sj'lnotL jg
gLlt @)%(, h8La'6L tyf u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/
 ;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#
gLlt @)^!, jg 89]nf] Joj:yfkg /0fgLlt @)^&,
jg cltqmd0f lgoGq0f /0fgLlt @)^*, lhNnf
jgIf]q ;dGjo ;ldltsf u7g tyf ;~rfng
lgb]{lzsf @)^*, ;fe]mbf/L jg Joj:yfkg
lgb]{lzsf @)^*_ nfO{ ;d]t ;Daf]wg x'g] u/L
jg P]g / lgodfjnLdf ;do;fkIf kl/dfh{g ug{
tyf yk lgb]{lzsf Pj+ sfo{ljlwx¿ tof/ ug]{ .
#= jg P]gcGtu{t x'g] s;'/ ck/fw;DaGwL d'2fsf]
klxnf] lsgf/f ug]{ clwsf/ lhNnf jg clws[t /
tf]lsPsf] jg clwsf/LnfO{ x'g] u/L ;fy} ;–;fgf
ck/fwnfO{ 36gf:ynd} b08–hl/jfgfsf] Joj:yf
ug{ ;Sg] u/L jg P]gdf cfjZos ;+zf]wg u/L
nfu" ug]{ .
$= jg P]gcGtu{t ljleGg jg Joj:yfkg
k4ltx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ jg Joj:yfkgsf
p2]Zo Pj+ k4ltcg';f/ lgodfjnLx¿ tof/
u/L nfu" ug]{ .
%= jg ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{sf
nflu nfut cg'dfg ug]{ / vr{ ug]{ clwsf/ jg
k|fljlwsnfO{ clVtof/L ug{ jg P]gdf g} pNn]v
ug]{ .
^= ;a} k|sf/sf pTkfbgzLn jgIf]qnfO{ b"/
b[li6;lxtsf] jg Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ u/L
jg ;Dj4{g k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t lbuf] Pj+ j}1flgs
jg Joj:yfkg ug{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy lj:tf/
ub}{ hfg] . o;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ dfu{bz{g
tyf sfo{ljlwx¿ tof/ u/L hf/L ug]{ .
&= jg ;Da4{g k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t lbuf] jg
Joj:yfkgsf nflu ef}lts k"jf{wf/, ;jf/L ;fwg,
cf}hf/ Pj+ pks/0f, ;Lk tyf bIftf clej[l4
u/L bIf hgzlQm cfk"lt{ ug{]h:tf cfwf/e"t
ljifodf Joj:yfkg ug{ jg ljefu / jg tyf
e"-;/If0f dGqfnon] ljz]if k|fyldstf lbg] .
*= jg k}bfjf/ dfkgsf nflu lhNnfut ?kdf
42
:yfgLo cfotg tflnsf tyf h}ljs lk08
tflnsf -Biomass table_ tof/ ug{ ;|f]t Joj:yf
u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
(= ;a} lsl;dsf ;Defljt jgx¿df p2]Zosf
cfwf/df jg ;Dj4{g k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t lbuf]
Pj+ j}1flgs jg Joj:yfkgsf sfo{ qmlds ?kdf
;'? ug]{ tyf sfo{ ;'? ePsfx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbg] . pRr kxf8L If]qdf cjl:yt jgx¿ hnjfo'
kl/jtgsf pRr hf]lvddf /x]sfn] tL jgsf]
lbuf] Joj:yfkg ug{ 5'§} cjwf/0ffkq tof/ u/L
nfu" ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
!)= ;fd'bflos jgaf6 pTkfbg eO{ pkef]Qmf ;d"x
aflx/ laqmL x'g] jg k}bfjf/df cGo jg Joj:yfkg
k4ltdf h:t} cfDbfgLsf afF8kmfF6sf bfo/fnfO{
km/flsnf] agfO{ nfu" ug]{ .
!!= Jofj;flos sj'lnotL jg pknAw u/fpg df}h'bf
k|fjwfg / k|lqmofnfO{ ;/nLs[t u/L gbL psf;,
au/ / jgleq /x]sf afFemf], ktL{ hUufx¿nfO{
pTkfbg tyf hUufsf] k|rlnt d"Nosf cfwf/df
/fh:j lng] u/L gLltdf kl/dfh{g ug]{ .
!@= ;x/L If]q glhssf / kof{–ko{6gsf ;Defjgf
af]s]sf /fli6«o jg, vfnL hUuf tyf ;Ld;f/
If]qx¿df :yfgLo lgsfo, :yfgLo ;d"x jf lghL
If]qsf] ;xsfo{df cfjZoQmfg';f/ ;x/L tyf
ko{6sLo jg ljsf;sf nflu sfo{qmd tof/ u/L
cl3 a9fpg] .
!#= lghLIf]qn] jg k}bfjf/sf pTkfbg / cfk"lt{, cfly{s
of]ubfg, kof{–ko{6g tyf jghGo pBd k|j4{g
/ /f]huf/L l;h{gfdf u/]sf of]ubfgnfO{ pRr
d"Nof+sg ub}{ lghLIf]qsf] ;+nUgtfnfO{ eljiodf
clej[l4 ug{ lghL nufgLsf] ;'/Iff, ahf/ k|j4{g,
pBdhGo jgafnLsf] ljsf; / ;+:yfut ljsf;
ug{ 5'§} gLltut Joj:yf ug]{ .

!$= lghL hUufaf6 pTkflbt jg k}bfjf/ ;+sng,
cf];f/–k;f/, lgof{t k|j4{g tyf ;b'kof]u
k|lqmofnfO{ ;/nLs[t ug]{ .
!%= lghL tyf s[lif jgsf lj:tf/sf nflu lghL
tyf ;fj{hlgs hUufdf s[lifjgsf] ljsf;
tyf lj:tf/nfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstf lb+b} lghL
g;{/Lx¿ k|j4{g u/L kl/kSj Pj+ u'0f:t/Lo
la?jf pTkfbgdf hf]8 lbO{ j[Iff/fk0fsf] ladfsf]
Joj:yf tyf k|f]T;fxg ug{ pko'Qm ;+oGq tof/
ug]{ .
!^= r'/] tyf ef}uf]lns ;+j]bgzLn If]qx¿sf]
;+/If0fsf cfjZostf tyf ckl/xfo{tfnfO{ ljz]if
dxTj lbFb} ;+/lIft jg tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f If]q
3f]if0ff ePsf If]qdf jg Joj:yfkg ubf{ tf]lsPsf
jgIf]qleq k/]sf df}h'bf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg
Joj:yfkg ;d"xx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf k|lts"n
c;/ gx'g] tyf jftfj/0fLo ;]jf k|jfxaf6
clwstd\ nfe k|fKt x'g] u/L sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog
ug]{ .
!&= jGohGt' ;+/If0f tyf dfgj–jGohGt' åGå
Joj:yfkgdf b]lvPsf r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg
ug{ cfjZostfg';f/ jGohGt'af6 x'g] Ifltsf]
Go"gLs/0fsf nflu If]qLo tyf lhNnf:t/df p2f/
6f]nL tyf /fxtsf] Joj:yf ug{ tyf ljBdfg
/fxt k|0ffnLnfO{ ;/nLs[t Pj+ ljs]lGb|t ug]{ .
;fy} If]qLo :t/df jGohGt' p2f/ s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf
ug{ kxn ug]{ .
!*= pRr d"Nosf h8La'6L tyf u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf
pTkfbg, lbuf] Joj:yfkg / Joj;flos/0f ug{
h8La'6Lx¿sf] ;du| cWoog–cg';Gwfg
lqmofsnfknfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy ;~rfng ug]{
. o;;Fu ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] Ifdtf
clej[l4 ug{, lghL If]qsf] nufgL k|j4{g ug{
tyf pko'Qm jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ cfjZos
gLltut ;'wf/ ug]{ .
43
;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#
!(= jg cltqmd0f Ps ljs/fn ;d:ofsf ?kdf
:yflkt eO;s]sf] ;Gbe{df jg cltqmd0f x6fpg]
sfo{ /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s cjoj;Fu
k|ToIf ;DalGwt /x]sf] x'Fbf jg lgsfosf] Psn
k|of;af6 dfq ;Dej gePsfn] dlGqkl/ifb\af6
Ps 5'§} clwsf/;DkGg ;+oGq u7g u/L cleofgs}
?kdf cltqmd0f x6fpg sfo{ ug{ / cltqmd0f
x6fOPsf] If]qdf tTsfn tf/af/;lxtsf] j[Iff/f]k0f
/ ;+/If0f ug{ …jg ;+/If0f / lbuf] ljsf;sf]
bzsÚs} sfo{qmddf ;dflji6 ug]{ . jgIf]qsf]
cflwsfl/s ;Ldf+sg u/L xl/t k"hf{ k|fKt ug{sf
nflu sfo{ut Joj:yf ug]{ .
@)= k'/fgf cltqmldt jgIf]qdf j:tL :yfkgf eO{
;x/f]Gd'v eO;s]sf 7"nf / :yfoL lsl;dsf
ef}lts ;+/rgf lgdf0f ePsf :yfgx¿df
clwsf/;DkGg ;+oGqaf6 To:tf e}flts
;+/rgfx¿ x6fpFbf tL :yfgx¿sf ljsf;sf]
cj:yf, ljsf;sf nflu ePsf] /fHosf] nufgL
/ ;Defjgfx¿;Fu t'ngfTds cfFsng u/L
x6fpg'kg]{ :yfgdf x6fpg / x6fpg ;Dej
gePsf :yfgdf sfg'gdf Joj:yf u/L plrt
Ifltk"lt{ lng] jf lgoldt ?kdf s/ lnO{ ;f]af6
k|fKt /sd cGoq /fli6«o jgb]lv aflx/sf hUuf
vl/b u/L yk /fli6«o jgIf]q sfod ug]{ .
@!= pmhf{sf nflu jg k}bfjf/dflysf] rfknfO{ Go"gLs/0f
ug{ j}slNks pmhf{ / k|ljlwdf :yfgLo pkef]Qmfsf]
kx'Fr j[l4 ug{ cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
@@= jgsf k|fs[lts k'g?TkfbgnfO{ x|f; x'g] u/L
cfocfh{g tyf s[lifjg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; gug]{ .
@#= jgIf]qdf u'0f:t/Lo k|fljlws ;]jf k|jfxsf nflu
jg/Ifsb]lv jg clws[t;Ddsf] of]Uotf lgwf{/0f
u/L ;f]xLcg'?k lzIff / tflnd lnPsf] clgjfo{
Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ / ;d;fdlos Ifdtf clej[l4sf
nflu ;+/rgfut Joj:yf ug]{ .
 ;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#
@$= jg ;+/If0f sfo{ ;+j]bgzLn ePsf] x'Fbf /f;g vfg]
sdrf/Lsf] xsdf h'g;'s} a]nf hxfF;'s} ;?jf
ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ / ladfsf] Joj:yf;lxt
jgIf]qdf sfd ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/LnfO{ /f;gsf]
Joj:yf ug]{ .
@%= lhNnf jg sfof{nox¿nfO{ If]qLo jg lgb]{zgfno
/ jg ljefusf] bf]xf]/f] cfb]zsf] z[+vnfaf6
Psf]xf]/f] cfb]zsf] z[+vnfdfk{mt ;~rfng ug{
kxn ug]{ .
@^= jgIf]qdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{sf nflu
jgIf]qeGbf aflx/ ;'zf;gsf ljifodf lqmofzLn
lgsfox¿;Fu jg Joj:yfkg, jg ljsf;, / jg
k}bfjf/sf] pTkfbg / laqmL– ljt/0f k|0ffnLx¿sf
ljifodf lg/Gt/ ;+jfb u/L ;femf a'emfOsf] ljsf;
ug]{ .
@&= jg k}bfjf/sf] rf]/L–lgsf;L tyf cj}w Jofkf/
lgoGq0fsf nflu cfjZos ;z:q jg /Ifsx¿sf]
oyfzL3| Joj:yfkg u/L ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt
lgsfox¿;Fu ;dGjo u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
@*= jgIf]qaf6 k|fKt x'g] j:t' tyf ;]jfaf6
/fli6«o cy{tGqdf k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg /fh:jsf
cfwf/df dfq u0fgf ug]{ kl/kf6L cGTo u/L
44
ahf/ d"No tyf ck|ToIf ;]jf;d]tsf] u0fgfsf
cfwf/df oyfy{k/s d"Nof+sg u/L jgIf]qnfO{
/fli6«o k|fyldstf If]q 3f]if0ff ug]{ .
@(= jg ;]jf Ps ljlzi6 k|fljlws ;]jf ePsfn] jg
k|fljlws / logaf6 k|jfx ug]{ ;]jfdf u'0f:t/Lotf
sfod ug{ k|ljlw;DaGwL of]Uotf k/LIf0f tyf
k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu jg k|fljlwsx¿sf] Ps 5'§}
kl/ifb\ u7g ug]{ . jg ;]jfnfO{ 5'§} P]g agfO{
Jojl:yt ug]{ ;fy} ;z:q jg/Ifs;DaGwL ;f]xL
P]gd} Joj:yf ug]{ .
#)= ljsf;sf] gfddf hyfefjL jg If]q k|of]u x'g]
u/L :yfgLo:t/df ;~rflnt ljsf; lgdf{0fsf
sfo{x¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ tyf jg / jftfj/0fdf
k/]sf k|lts"n k|efjnfO{ /f]Sg s]Gb|:t/af6}
;DalGwt lgsfox¿aLr ;dGjo u/L sfof{Gjog
ug]{ .
#!= jgIf]qsf] gLltut ;+:yfut tyf sfof{Gjogtxdf
/x]sf l;sfOx¿sf] cfbfg–k|bfg Pj+ ;d;fdlos
;jfnx¿dfly 5nkmn u/L ljefusf] efjL
sfo{lbzf to ug{ k|To]s cfly{s jif{sf] ;'?df
/fli6«o :t/df lhNnf jg clws[tx¿sf] uf]i7L
cfof]hgf ug]{ .
 ;fd'bflos jg a'n]l6g÷c+s !^, @)&@÷&#

Declaration of 'Community Forestry International Workshop'

15-18 September, 2009
Pokhara, Nepal
We, the 200 representatives of diverse stakeholders through which local communities can realise
from communities, governments, civil society and greater value from their forests, such as
other development partners from over 30 countries payments for various environmental services;
working in forestry and development, hereby
5. International and national climate change
declare that:
agreements, policies and mechanisms,
1. Governments and policy makers should including carbon trading, should respect
guarantee the human, civil, customary and local rights and privilege payment to local
property rights of local people over land and communities conserving forests.
forest resources, including the recognition
6. Governments and community leaders must
of the authority of forest communities to
empower poor, women, indigenous and
identify and pursue their own development
socially disadvantaged groups to exercise
objectives, by incorporating these rights into
their rights, responsibilities and participate in
national laws, constitutions and all forest
decision-making at all levels of governance;
policies and programs.
and to ensure their fair access to markets
2. National governments have a responsibility and an equitable share of all benefits derived
to ensure the transparent and democratic from the forest.
governance of forests with active involvement
7. Government policy should promote the
and representation of communities, including
development of community-based forest
poor, women, indigenous and socially
management institutions and expand the
marginalized groups, in policy formulation
area of forest under community rights and
and regulatory decision-making.
management.
3. Laws and regulatory practices should affirm
8. Government, civil society, the private
and encourage local entrepreneurship by
sector and donor organisations should work
affirming full community ownership over
closely together to capitalise on the lessons
forest and land resources, and by removing
of democratisation and civic participation
barriers to community and small-scale forest-
emerging from the experience of community
based enterprises and the transportation and
forestry, to drastically revise institutions and
sale of their products.
processes for the democratic governance
4. Governments and the private sector should of the entire forest sector, a necessary step
properly acknowledge, account for and to achieve the globally desired outcomes
financially reward the contributions of of social, economic and environmentally
communities in creating environmental sustainable development in the forested areas
public goods; and foster financial mechanisms of the world.

45
 


 


 Report Date: Wednesday, August 26, 2015

District No of Total CF No of Max. No of Min. No Max. Wom. Min Wom. in Avg income Avg expend Records available
FUG area H.O. HH comm. of comm. in Comm. Comm. of FUG of FUG
From To
memb. memb.

High Mountain
1 Bajhang 275 10,928 20,017 25 7 16 1 6,150 63 2049/02/25 2064/03/14
2 Bajura 218 11,729 24,302 23 6 15 1 4,791 2,256 2049/08/01 2061/02/05
3 Darchula 228 20,128 15,263 23 6 19 1 5,701 2,718 2049/03/29 2062/03/15
4 Dolakha 280 29,901 41,229 19 7 13 1 29,754 14,566 2050/02/21 2062/06/03
5 Dolpa 51 22,912 3,990 23 7 13 1 n/a n/a 2050/03/31 2064/03/32
6 Gorkha 447 21,480 53,333 25 5 17 1 12,912 8,913 2047/12/11 2068/03/31
7 Humla 67 23,512 5,105 21 9 15 1 n/a n/a 2053/03/16 2068/03/25
8 Jumla 137 17,981 12,485 23 6 19 1 n/a n/a 2050/04/01 2067/06/12
9 Manang 19 6,738 1,129 15 7 3 1 2,770 630 2048/12/16 2052/12/26
10 Mugu 74 8,060 6,253 21 6 13 1 36,204 15,608 2050/04/14 2063/03/30
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11 Rasuwa 76 3,230 5,481 18 7 15 1 8,387 3,315 2049/03/25 2069/03/31

12 Sankhuwasabha 269 30,039 24,441 23 5 9 1 n/a n/a 2048/11/22 2067/02/30

46
13 Sindhu Palchowk 509 30,731 57,143 38 4 17 1 n/a n/a 2046/03/15 2069/02/05
14 Solukhumbu 146 28,528 18,960 27 7 11 1 33,524 13,775 2049/03/28 2066/09/17
15 Taplejung 79 4,472 5,401 21 6 6 1 6,927 2,111 2051/02/23 2061/03/22
Total: 2,875 270,370 294,532
Middle Hills
16 Achham 323 35,126 48,169 19 7 9 1 10,822 4,564 2049/01/04 2067/03/31
17 Arghakhanchi 414 28,299 46,398 19 7 15 1 n/a n/a 2049/08/03 2068/12/02
18 Baglung 436 21,311 56,261 23 7 17 1 16,985 7,273 2048/02/27 2069/03/24
19 Baitadi 315 49,889 30,540 19 2 12 1 11,279 5,631 2049/03/14 2067/03/31
20 Bhaktapur 59 1,837 9,267 19 7 19 1 29,658 14,001 2051/05/02 2067/03/05
21 Bhojpur 506 39,026 48,662 17 5 13 1 n/a n/a 2047/04/20 2068/03/17
22 Dailekh 260 19,071 30,143 19 7 11 1 10,733 2,357 2048/09/09 2067/03/14
23 Dandeldhura 450 41,689 34,600 25 5 15 0 32,348 2042/02/04 2071/03/31
24 Dhading 681 28,241 69,273 21 5 16 1 n/a n/a 2046/12/18 2072/02/11
25 Dhankuta 362 29,414 42,718 18 5 45 1 n/a n/a 2045/11/06 2068/03/24
26 Doti 215 33,191 21,426 29 5 15 1 23,511 11,948 2049/03/30 2064/12/01
27 Gulmi 385 15,283 54,243 22 7 17 1 35,844 23,350 2049/05/17 2069/03/24

1
 District No of Total CF No of Max. No of Min. No Max. Wom. Min Wom. in Avg income Avg expend Records available
FUG area H.O. HH comm. of comm. in Comm. Comm. of FUG of FUG
From To
memb. memb.

28 Ilam 228 50,477 32,938 27 6 13 1 53,219 38,241 2048/11/08 2071/06/02

29 Jajarkot 228 21,317 18,417 21 7 11 1 16,279 10,558 2050/03/26 2072/02/11
30 Kabhrepalanchow 411 18,995 36,097 23 5 15 1 38,005 23,539 2045/03/28 2062/03/30
31 Kalikot 121 8,555 14,188 19 9 13 1 n/a n/a 2051/03/15 2067/12/08
32 Kaski 468 17,228 43,183 17 5 15 1 9,349 4,605 31/03/2069 2069/03/31
33 Kathmandu 164 5,421 19,528 19 5 15 0 14,539 9,270 2050/12/16 2071/03/18
34 Khotang 216 32,275 30,363 29 4 13 1 5,000 2049/03/24 2061/03/27
35 Lalitpur 199 10,928 14,444 22 5 15 1 n/a n/a 2049/03/30 2067/03/15
36 Lamjung 304 19,334 24,825 21 5 11 1 16,986 9,025 2050/03/02 2068/03/16
37 Makwanpur 361 64,829 57,904 21 7 13 1 n/a n/a 2047/11/15 2068/03/27
38 Myagdi 288 22,253 33,341 29 1 15 1 29,754 11,501 2053/03/07 2070/02/24
39 Nuwakot 341 24,032 37,706 25 5 11 1 n/a n/a 2051/03/24 2069/23/0
40 Okhaldhunga 219 19,678 31,119 29 4 14 1 11,575 5,905 2048/08/05 2060/03/31
41 Palpa 633 34,214 54,545 19 5 13 0 43,859 24,103 2047/08/11 2071/03/31
42 Panchthar 151 11,950 15,686 31 5 11 1 28,344 15,686 2052/03/22 2067/03/25

47
43 Parbat 352 11,816 40,108 19 5 14 1 15,019 5,126 2048/08/15 2068/03/05
44 Pyuthan 373 42,517 47,219 23 4 20 1 5,481 4,567 2049/01/01 2068/03/02
45 Ramechhap 339 26,862 39,546 31 5 25 1 27,741 10,619 2050/03/06 2062/03/29
46 Rolpa 503 38,365 45,382 27 7 16 1 19,779 9,854 2049/04/02 2069/03/26
47 Rukum 470 27,801 47,838 25 7 15 0 6,642 3,897 2049/02/15 2071/33/2
48 Salyan 558 54,689 53,139 21 7 17 1 12,382 6,792 2045/11/30 2072/03/10
49 Sindhuli 406 68,512 42,333 31 7 15 1 65,886 38,319 2052/01/27 2067/02/11
50 Surkhet 302 59,856 45,756 20 5 15 1 82,045 46,343 2046/06/06 2067/01/26
51 Syangja 422 10,554 45,046 22 5 17 1 15,041 4,294 2048/11/01 2067/03/24
52 Tanahu 513 33,229 50,097 21 4 17 1 16,154 7,733 2049/08/02 2068/06/01
53 Terahathum 322 17,520 26,704 25 5 11 1 n/a n/a 2047/09/28 2067/03/13
54 Udaypur 308 70,961 51,746 23 7 15 1 364,075 186,222 2049/12/29 2068/03/31
Total: 13,606 1,166,545 1,490,898
Terai/InnerTerai
55 Banke 155 27,760 31,965 23 7 15 1 209,648 134,302 2053/11/16 2067/09/08
56 Bara 38 8,170 10,776 25 9 19 2 857,211 585,689 2055/10/27 2067/02/06
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57 Bardiya 278 18,812 45,899 23 7 23 1 204,552 82,843 2053/12/05 2068/03/31

2
 District No of Total CF No of Max. No of Min. No Max. Wom. Min Wom. in Avg income Avg expend Records available
FUG area H.O. HH comm. of comm. in Comm. Comm. of FUG of FUG
From To
memb. memb.

58 Chitwan 64 18,055 34,056 21 7 12 1 2,638,186 2,417,885 2052/06/03 2068/03/01

59 Dang 508 103,151 96,464 23 0 21 0 110,324 89,313 2045/12/03 2072/03/08
60 Dhanusha 36 8,396 6,879 19 7 11 1 809,284 509,352 2053/08/24 2068/03/28
61 Jhapa 46 12,436 35,626 31 7 10 2 959,230 1,021,306 2052/02/03 2071/12/04
62 Kailali 393 39,629 90,109 25 0 21 0 624,981 562,476 2051/07/13 2071/12/03
63 Kanchanpur 115 16,352 33,062 17 0 12 0 n/a n/a 2054/04/06 2072/01/25
64 Kapilbastu 105 13,296 30,331 22 7 11 2 778,244 547,743 2049/05/22 2071/03/32
65 Mahottari 75 6,747 12,816 18 5 13 1 10,360 6,029 2050/09/09 2068/04/08
66 Morang 97 14,194 32,074 31 7 10 1 n/a n/a 2053/02/10 2072/03/01
67 Nawalparasi 123 15,707 34,100 25 7 15 1 67,766 67,768 2066/03/31 2068/03/14
68 Parsa 25 102 3,484 25 7 8 2 n/a n/a 2052/10/26 2057/03/27
69 Rauthat 37 5,139 8,502 17 9 11 1 39,830 21,766 2052/02/15 2068/03/31
70 Rupandehi 92 11,654 47,317 25 7 17 1 805,820 626,155 2047/08/11 2071/11/21
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71 Saptari 116 14,307 19,528 33 6 17 1 165,188 120,519 2049/01/15 2063/02/12

72 Sarlahi 64 11,638 10,520 29 7 25 1 373,429 198,323 2052/05/27 2066/08/26

48
73 Siraha 89 14,174 15,414 23 7 11 1 14,719 12,043 2049/03/15 2066/08/28
74 Sunsari 23 2,100 8,403 28 7 21 1 122,657 73,336 2051/02/03 2067/02/04
Total: 2,479 361,819 607,325
Grand Total: 18,960 1,798,733 2,392,755

Community Forestry Division, Department of Forest, Kathmandu, Nepal