Environmental Chemistry

and
the Five Spheres of the Environment

Environmental Chemistry, 10th Edition

Stanley E. Manahan,Taylor and Francis/CRC Press,2017

Water Chemistry, Snoeyink et,al

http://science.kln.ac.lk/Chemistry/Teaching_Resources/Documents/Aqu
atic%20chemistry_2014.pdf
Environmental science in its broadest sense is the science of the complex
interactions that occur among the terrestrial, atmospheric, aquatic, living, and
anthropological environments.

It includes all the disciplines, such as chemistry, biology, ecology, sociology,

and government, that affect or describe these interactions.

environmental science will be defined as

the study of the earth, air, water, and living environments, and the effects of
technology thereon.
Chemistry is defined as the science of matter

It deals with the air we breathe, the water we drink, the

soil that grows our food, and vital life substances and
processes

Environmental chemistry is that branch of chemistry that

deals with the origins, transport, reactions, effects, and fates
of chemical species in the water, air, earth, and living
environments and the influence of human activities thereon
 Aquatic Chemistry
Adalah ilmu yang berhubungan dengan air permukaan
(sungai,danau,laut), air tanah, yang meliputi distribusi
dan sirkulasi dari bahan-bahan kimia dalam perairan
alami serta reaksi-reaksi kimia dalam air.

Aquatic Chemistry
A survey of the chemical composition of natural waters,
elements, compounds, dissolved and
particulate components
The five interrelated and interacting spheres of the environment that
compose the Earth System

Bio
here sph
ere
osp
Atm

Matter
Energy

here
erehpsordyH

Geosp
Anthrosphere
Earth and the Earth System

Earth’s environment consists of five closely related and

interacting spheres

(1) The hydrosphere: Water

(2) The atmosphere: Air
(3) The geosphere: Rock, mineral matter, soil
(4) The anthrosphere: Things humans make and do
(5) Biosphere: Living organisms.

These five spheres compose the Earth System

The atmosphere is the thin layer of gases that cover Earth’s surface.

The hydrosphere contains Earth’s water. Over 97% of Earth’s water is

in oceans, and most of the remaining fresh water is in the form of ice.

The geosphere consists of the solid earth, including soil, which supports most
plant life. The part of the geosphere that is directly involved with
environmental processes through contact with the atmosphere, the
hydrosphere, and living things is the solid lithosphere

All living entities on Earth compose the biosphere. Living organisms and
the aspects of the environment pertaining directly to them are called biotic,
and other portions of the environment are abiotic.

The anthrosphere may be defined as that part of the environment made or

modified by humans and used for their activities
Earth’s two great fluids that circulate and exchange matter and energy

(1) Surface water, especially in the oceans and rivers

(2) Air in the atmosphere

The two great fluids are important driving forces behind biogeochemical
cycles
Environmental chemistry describes the origin, transport, reactions,10
effects, and fates of chemical species in the five spheres of the Earth
System
 Environmental Chemistry of Water and The Hydrosphere 11

Circulation of water in the

hydrologic cycle

Water vapor
in the atmosphere

Liquid water in the atmosphere

in clouds, fog, rainfall

Water in the anthrosphere, Ice,

municipal and industrial use snow
Water in the
biosphere

Ocean Water wells

water

Fresh surface
water
Water circulates through the Water in the geosphere
Goundwater in aquifers
environment in the hydrologic cycle
 Many important chemical and biochemical 12

processes occur in water

• Pollution of water is a concern, for example by
biodegradable oxygen-depleting contaminants

• Water treatment processes are especially important

with growing practice of water recycling
The study of water is known as hydrology and is divided into a
number of subcategories.

Limnology is the branch of the science dealing with the

characteristics of fresh water including biological properties, as
well as chemical and physical properties.

Oceanography is the science of the ocean and its physical and

chemical characteristics.
.
-The quality and quantity of water available to human have been
vital factors in determining their well-being.

-More then 70% of the earth is covered by water.

Living cells are 70% - 95% water

- In nature, water naturally exists in all three physical states of matter

-- solid, liquid, and gas

-Life absolutely depends on the properties of water.

-The structure of water is the basis for its unique properties.

Sources and Uses of Water: The Hydrologic Cycle
 Presentase dan distribusi air di biosphere, lithosphere,
hydrosphere dan atmosphere .

Zone State of Percentage Percentage Distribution

Water of water medium
Earths water in that zone
Biosphere Liquid 0.0001% 60-90% In living things
Hydrosphere Liquid, 99.4% 99% Oceans, rivers,
solids icecaps, glaciers
Lithosphere Liquid 0.6% 10% Water in rocks
Atmosphere Gas, liquid 0.001% 0.5-5% Water vapour, rain,
and solid hail, snow
Various bodies of water

Surface – Rivers, lakes, reservoirs, etc

Underground water- wells, etc
Sea water
Other sources of water- ice and snow,
water vapor in the atmosphere
Rain

The water that humans use is mainly,

- fresh surface water
- ground water
The chemistry of water deals with the fundamental chemical
property and information about water.

Water is a transparent and nearly colorless chemical substance that

is the main constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the
fluids of most living organisms.

Its chemical formula is H2O, meaning that each of its molecules

contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms that are connected by
covalent bonds.
THE PROPERTIES OF WATER, A UNIQUE SUBSTANCE

SNOEYINK ( American Heritage Dictionary of the

English Language ):
 Cairan Jernih tidak berwarna,hampir tidak berbau dan tidak
berasa
 H2 O
 Penting untuk mahluk hidup
 Pelarut yang sangat baik.
 Mempunyai titik beku (Melting point) pada 0 ̊C (320F) dan titik
didih (Boiling point)100 ̊C (2120F)
 Specific gravity (4 ̊C) 1 dan berat per gallon ( 15 0C) 8.337 lb.

 Bentuk air padat,cair,uap

 Badan air :danau, laut, sungai, air tanah, hujan

 The Water Molecule

Three-dimensional molecular structure of

water, H2O. (Dihydrogen monoxide )
Ben Mills

The three atoms are not in a straight line; instead, as shown

above, they form an angle of 105°
the water molecule behaves like a dipole having opposite electrical
charges at either end.
Ability to form hydrogen bonds -Hydrogen bonds are weak
attractions between the partially negative oxygen of one
water molecule and the partially positive hydrogen of a
different water molecule.
the water molecule is its ability to form hydrogen bonds.

Hydrogen bonds can form between the water

molecules and fluorine, nitrogen, or oxygen atoms
on the solute molecule
 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF BODIES OF WATER

Kondisi fisik badan air sangat kuat mempengaruhi

proses kimia dan biologi yang terjadi dalam air

•Air permukaan: sungai,danau

•Wetlands/rawa : lahan yang tergenang air yang

dangkal

•Estuaria pertemuan antara air tawar dan air asin

Thermal Stratification in a non-flowing water
 Sumber air

Kuantitas air : siklus hidrologi

Air permukaan
Air Laut
Awan
Es
Air Tanah

Kualitas air :
Senyawa kimia(organik anorganik), mikroorganisma
yang memegang peranan penting dalam menentukan
kulitas air
Air Tanah dan Air Permukaan

Kuantitas air tanah dipengaruhi musim

Kuantitas air permukaan musim tidak terlalu berpengaruh

Kualitas air tanah jauh lebih baik dari pada air permukaan

Air tanah dapat melarutkan mineral dari tanah yang dilaluinya.

Sebagian besar mo yang semula ada berangsur angsur disaring sewaktu
air meresap dalam tanah.

Air permukaan berbentuk danau, waduk mengandung nutrisi penting

bagi pertumbuhan ganggang.
Air permukaan yang mengandung organik yg mudah terurai dengan
konsentrasi tinggi biasanya mengandung bakteri dalam jumlah yang
tinggi

Keterkaitan antara lapisan air (Hydrosphere) dan lapisan tanah

(Geosphere)
Meningkatnya limpasan air, erosi mempengaruhi kualitas air
permukaan
Sumber air dalam siklus hydrologi

•Laut (97 %)_cair

•Awan (di atmosphere)_uap
•Es,salju_padat
•Air permukaan (danau,sungai)_cair
•Air tanah_cair

Hydrosphere Lithosphere

Human Activities
 Karakteristik Badan Air
Air Permukaan

Danau : oligotrofik : dalam, jernih, kurang nutrien dan kurang aktivitas

biologi
eutrofik : lebih banyak nutrien,mendukung lebih banyak
kehidupan, lebih keruh
distrofik : dangkal, tersumbat oleh kehidupan tanaman,
air berwarna,pH rendah

Reservoar : Storage reservoar

Run-of-the river reservoir

Muara : Tempat pencampuran air segar dan asin

Sumber air bersih/minum

Badan air penerima

Berbagai peruntukan : perikanan, rekreasi,transportasi

 Kehidupan di Air _ Aquatic LIfe
Aquatic Ecosystem:
• Autotrophic :
 energi matahari atau bahan kimia
 Algae

 Heterotrophic :
Zat organik sebagai sumber energi
Decomposers
Bakteri dan fungi

Productivity : CO2,Nitrogen,phosphat,trace elemen (besi)

Eutrophication
Temperature, transparency,turbulence
DO
BOD
Productivity of a water body

The ability of a body of water to produce

living material is known as its productivity.
 Aquatic chemistry
• Reaksi asam basa, solubility,
Oxidation reduction,
complexation reactions
•Rates reaction – laju reaksi

•Biological processes
Snoeyink
Snoeyink
Contaminant
Chemical substance at greater than background levels that has no
detrimental effect.

Pollutant
Chemical substance at greater than background levels that has a
detrimental effect.
Polutan
Suatu senyawa yang ada dalam jumlah (konsentrasi) yang lebih besar
daripada konsentrasi alamiah akibat aktivitas manusia dan senyawa
tersebut dapat merusak lingkungannya atau menurunkan nilai
lingkungannya

Kontaminan
Sesuatu yang menyebabkan penyimpangan komposisi normal suatu
lingkungan .
Kontaminan tidak disebut sebagai polutan jika tidak mempunyai
pengaruh yang merusak
Types of Aquatic Pollutants

Chemical
Inorganic
 Nutrients (Nitrate, Phosphate)
 Heavy Metals (Hg, Cd, Pb)
 Radionuclides (Th, U)
Organic
 TCE, Chloroform, Carbon Tetrachloride
 Herbicides, Pesticides
 Oil and Grease, PAHs, Hydrocarbons

Physical
 Sediments
 Thermal Pollution

Biological
 Oxygen Depleting Substances (Sewage)
 Pathogens
Environmental Pollution is a Universal Problem
 Pollution is not restricted to developed or underdeveloped countries
 Pollution is not restricted to air, water or soil

Environmental Problems of Developed Countries

 Fossil Fuels (extraction, transport and use)
 Mining
 Manufacturing
 Agriculture
 Nuclear weapons production

Environmental Problems of Undeveloped Countries

o Over populations
o Water shortages
o Poor agricultural practices
o Weak economies
Typical Water Quality Characteristics _ Saskaton
PERATURAN PEMERINTAH REPUBLIK INDONESIA
NOMOR 42 TAHUN 2008
TENTANG
PENGELOLAAN SUMBER DAYA AIR

KEPUTUSAN MENTERI KESEHATAN RI

NOMOR 907/MENKES/SK/VII/2002 TANGGAL 29 JULI 2002
TENTANG
SYARAT-SYARAT DAN PENGAWASAN KUALITAS AIR MINUM

PERATURAN MENTERI KESEHATAN RI

NOMOR 492/MENKES/PER/IV/2010 TANGGAL 19 APRIL 2010
TENTANG
PERSYARATAN KUALITAS AIR MINUM

UU RI No 7 TAHUN 2004 TENTANG SUMBER DAYA AIR

Kualitas Sumber Air

Pengolahan Air
Bersih

Baku Mutu Air Minum Permenkes

Tahun 2010
Kualitas Air limbah

Pengolahan Air
Limbah

Baku Mutu
Peraturan tentang Air Limbah
Tabel 2.5 (Syed Qasim)
Effluent
BOD5 30-45 mg/l
SS 30-45 mg/l
Fecal Coliform 200-400 mg/l
pH 6- 9
Tugas Minggu II

Bandingkan
KepMen Kesehatan RI Nomor 907/Menkes/SK/VII/2002
Tanggal 29 Juli 2002 Tentang Syarat-Syarat dan Pengawasan Kualitas Air Minum

PerMenKes RI Nomor 492/MenKes/Per/IV/2010 Tanggal 19 April 2010 Tentang

Persyaratan Kualitas Air Minum

Dilihat dari isi peraturan dan parameter yang disyaratkan.

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