Survey Adjustment

Survey Adjustment by Eagle Point Software
Eagle Point Software™ and the Eagle Point Software logo are trademarks of Eagle Point
Software.
AutoCAD® is a registered trademark of Autodesk, Inc.
IntelliCAD® is a registered trademark of Visio, Corp.
The installation program used to install Windows versions of Eagle Point Software,
SETUP, is licensed software provided by InstallShield Corporation.
Windows® is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.
All other product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective
holders.
Copyright © Q2, 2001, by Eagle Point Software. All rights reserved.
Information in this manual is subject to change without notice and does not represent a
commitment on the part of the vendor. The software described in this manual is furnished
under a license agreement and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms
of the agreement.
Eagle Point Software has carefully prepared this program package, including research,
development and testing to ascertain its effectiveness and accuracy. However, no
warranty of any kind is made with respect to this program package or its related material
except as may be expressly stated in the licensing agreement or other contractual
document. In no event is Eagle Point Software to be liable for incidental or consequential
damages in connection with, or arising out of, the furnishing, performance or use of this
program package.
SURVEY
ADJUSTMENT TA B L E
OF
CONTENTS
1 Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Adjustment Methods and Options . . . . . . .2
Bringing Data into Survey Adjustment . . . .3
Sample Traverses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Open Traverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Closed Traverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Self-contained Traverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2 Prepare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Manage Survey Adjustment Files . . . . . .10
New Survey Adjustment File . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
QuickSteps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Print File Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Edit Active File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Survey Adjustment Settings . . . . . . . . . .13
Survey Adjustment Settings – Adjustment
Options Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Survey Adjustment Settings – Least Squares
Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3 Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Entry By Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
New Traverse Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
QuickSteps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
New Traverse Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
QuickSteps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
New Sideshot Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
QuickSteps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Modify Traverse Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Table of Contents i
QuickSteps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Modify Sideshot Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
QuickSteps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Closing Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Closing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Entry by Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
View Entry Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4 Compute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Printed Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Traverse / Sideshot Print Options . . . . . . . . . 43
Least Squares Residuals Print Options . . . . . 44
Closure Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Show Error Ellipses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Erase Error Ellipses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Compute Chi Square Test . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Chi Square Statistic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Update Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
ii Survey Adjustment
CONCEPTS
Survey Adjustment runs on AutoCAD, IntelliCAD,
MicroStation and it also runs as a Stand Alone product.
CHAPTER
ï The Stand Alone products offered by Eagle Point
Software run on the Eagle Point Graphics Engine which
is included with your purchase. This manual refers to the
Stand Alone product as the Eagle Point Graphics
Engine version.
1
In this chapter:
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Adjustment Methods and Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Bringing Data into Survey Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . 3
Sample Traverses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
Introduction
Survey Adjustment uses several methods to perform closures on surveyed information.
Angle balances and adjustments, including the Least Squares method of adjustment, may
be used to make corrections to both traverse and sideshot information. This information
may be read from a Data Collection file, a COGO batch file, an Eagle Point SDMS
(Survey Data Management System) file, or by creating a file by selecting objects and/or
Nodes directly from the CAD graphic. Reports may be generated for the adjusted and
unadjusted traverse and sideshot legs that may include directions, angles, error ellipses,
Chi square test results, and the Least Square residuals.
Survey Adjustment allows you to apply necessary corrections to your survey information
that were caused by instrument, systematic or other types of errors. It is best to reduce the
amount of possible errors through field procedure and good general surveying practices,
but based on your desired precision, you still may experience some degree of
unacceptable misclosure. This error will need to be distributed over the length of the
traverse using the appropriate adjustment method and options. Any traverse containing
linear and/or angular errors causing a misclosure that should be distributed to the traverse
can be adjusted. The result is the traverse has a perfect “closure” or geometric
consistency among the angles and lengths. The traverse being adjusted can be either a
“closed traverse,” where the closing Node is the same as the beginning traverse Node, or
it can be an “open traverse,” where the closing Node is some other control point to be
held. Survey Adjustment will apply these corrections and make adjustments based on
the methods and procedures specified.
Adjustment Methods and Options

You may process your survey information using four standard adjustment methods:
Compass Rule, Crandall Method, Least Squares and the Transit Rule.
´ Compass Rule: Corrections corresponding to the closing errors in latitude and
departure are distributed according to the proportion of the length of the line to the
total length of the traverse.
´ Crandall Method: Corrections corresponding to the closing errors in latitude and
departure are distributed by the method of Least Squares to the length of each line
only. The directions of each line are held fixed.
´ Least Squares: The sum of the weights of the measurements multiplied by their
corresponding squared residuals is minimized. It simultaneously adjusts the angular
and linear measurements based upon the theory of probability. This is the only
method that requires a closing angle.
2 Survey Adjustment
´ Transit Rule: Corrections corresponding to the closing errors in latitude and departure
Chapter 1: Introduction
are distributed according to the proportion of each latitude and departure to the sum of
the absolute values of the latitudes and departures of the entire traverse, respectively.
You may also process the traverse information by setting the adjustment method to None
and selecting one of the angular adjustment options to balance the angles and generate a
report to check for blunders. Additionally, there are two types of angular adjustment
options, two types of elevation adjustment options, and the option to adjust sideshots in
conjunction with the main traverse.
The traverse is adjusted by specifying the method of adjustment. A printout showing the
unadjusted traverse, traverse with angles adjusted and the adjusted traverse by the
selected method can then be generated. The adjusted data can then be checked for
accuracy and the project Nodes and graphics can then be updated to reflect the changes.
Bringing Data into Survey Adjustment

To bring information into Survey Adjustment, you may process traverse information that
has been collected and reduced into the project using a file created by a data collector.
This job may be selected by choosing the Data Collection job file in the New Survey
Adjustment file dialog box (Figure 2-2 on page 11). If you have information from a set of
recorded field notes or a plat map with directions and distances, you may enter this
information through one of three COGO traverse commands. These commands can
record the surveyed information to a batch file which can then be selected and processed
through Survey Adjustment (See COGO: Batch File Manager). You may also select a file
with traverse information that has been translated into the SDMS (AASHTO) format.
Finally, you may create a new survey adjustment file by simply selecting Nodes or lines
and arcs that have Nodes snapped to them in the CAD graphic.
The Survey Adjustment program is designed to adjust a traverse between two known
points. It allows you to enter the traverse by Nodes or by objects. An angle balance is
optional and can be calculated if you specify a closing angle. The precision, misclosure
and closing line is calculated for the unadjusted traverse.
Sample Traverses
Open Traverse
Here is an example of an open traverse:
Figure 1-1 Open Traverse Diagram
The traverse is comprised of Node ID’s 1-6. Node 100 is the initial backsight Node, Node
101 is the closing point, the foresight Node is 102, and the closing angle is measured (in
the field) from 5-101-102.
Open Traverse Information
Initial occupied station 1
Initial backsight Node 100
Traverse Nodes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Closing Point 101
Foresight Node 102
Closing Angle 5-101-102
This type of traverse may have been used to record a route survey or other survey that is
geometrically open, but mathematically closed on known points at either end of the
traverse. This example ends on a different point than the start point, but it is a point with
known coordinate values. Node 6 is an imaginary point established from the field
measurements along the traverse that will be used to close the traverse on the closing
point (Node 101). The closing orientation is determined by foresighting a known point or
direction (Node 102). The closing angle is a field measurement recorded from the last
4 Survey Adjustment
traverse point (Node 5) to the foresight (Node 102) while the instrument is set up on the
control point (Node 101).
Figure 1-2 Closing Angle for Open Traverse Diagram
The closing angle for this traverse could be calculated by setting a vertex point at the
intersection of the reverse direction of the foresight line with the last course in the traverse.
The closing angle is therefore from the backsight (Node 5) to the vertex point to the
foresight (Node 102).
Closed Traverse
Here is an example of a closed traverse:
Figure 1-3 Closed Traverse Diagram
The traverse is comprised of Node ID’s 1-7. Node 100 is the initial backsight Node, Node
1 is the beginning Node as well as the closing Node, Node 100 is the foresight Node, and
the closing angle is measured (in the field) from 6-7-100. An alternative closing angle
could use Node 2 as the foresight Node, and the closing angle would be measured from 6-
7-2.
Closed Traverse Information
Initial backsight Node 100
Traverse Nodes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Closing Point 1
Foresight Node 100
Closing Angle 6-7-100
This type of traverse may have been used to record a boundary survey or a closed-loop
control survey that is both geometrically and mathematically closed on a single set of
known points or a known point and a backsight direction. This example ends on the same
point as the start point (Node 1). Node 7 is an imaginary point that will be used to close the
traverse on the closing point (Node 1). The closing orientation is determined by
foresighting the original backsight (Node 100). The closing angle is a field measurement
recorded from the last traverse point (Node 6) to the foresight (Node 100).
Figure 1-4 Closing Angle for Closed Traverse Diagram
The closing angle for this traverse could be calculated by determining the angle between
the intersection of the reverse direction of the last course in the traverse and the foresight
direction. The angle entered should be the closing angle as it was measured in the field.
6 Survey Adjustment
Self-contained Traverse
This is a sample traverse that does not include any references to outside control, but is a
closure performed by using only the actual legs of the traverse.
Figure 1-5 Self-contained Traverse
Here, the traverse starts on Node 1 with a backsight to Node 6. The traverse continues
and ends on Node 7. Node 1 is not actually set up on again, but is foresighted creating
Node 7. The closing information is as follows:
Self-contained Information
Initial Backsight Node 6
Traverse Nodes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Closing Point 1
Foresight Node 2
Closing Angle 6-1-2
Node 7 is included in the traverse, even though it was not set up on in the field. The
foresighted Node is considered to be 2, as this is required to balance the angles properly.
The closing angle will be the original field measurement made on the initial set up
recording the angle from 6 to 2 while occupying Node 1.
Figure 1-6 Closing Angle for Self-contained Traverse Diagram
The closing angle for this traverse could be calculated by determining the angle between
the backsight [the reversed direction of the last traverse leg (from Node 6 to 7)] and the
foresight [the direction from the closing Node (Node 1) to the foresight Node (Node 2)].
8 Survey Adjustment
PREPARE
In this chapter:
CHAPTER
Manage Survey Adjustment Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Edit Active File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Survey Adjustment Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Chapter 2: Prepare 9
Manage Survey Adjustment Files
CEBF5Ið14:ECD=5>Dð½ý@B5@1B5ð½ð=1>175ð69<5C
KEY-IN COMMAND: cQ]Q^
ICON:
The Manage Survey Adjustment Files command enables you to keep multiple adjustment
files within one project. It is an easy way to index multiple boundaries, topographical
surveys or traverses within your project. The Manage Survey Adjustment Files command
also provides a method to add, modify, print, remove or edit files in a project.
Figure 2-1 Manage Survey Adjustment Files Dialog Box
Manage Survey Adjustment Files Dialog Box Definitions

Option Function
Description This displays the description of the Survey Adjustment file. The highlighted file is the
active file.
File Name This displays the file name assigned to the Survey Adjustment file. This file is stored in
the same folder as the data files for the project.
Type This displays the origin of the file. The file that is being used may have originated from a
different module or a different software program. The type may be one of the following:
´ DC: Data Collection job.
´ CG: COGO batch processing file.
´ SA: Survey Adjustment file.
´ DT: SDMS file created by Data Transfer, Data Collection or other software
programs.
New Survey Click on New and add a new Survey Adjustment file to the project. You may select a
Adjustment File reduced Data Collection job, COGO batch processing file, or any SDMS formatted file
that contains raw traverse information. You may also select Nodes or objects with Nodes
directly from the project by adding a Survey Adjustment file.
For more information, see New Survey Adjustment File on page 11.
10 Survey Adjustment
Manage Survey Adjustment Files Dialog Box Definitions
Option Function
Modify Survey Click on the Modify button to change the description of the active Survey Adjustment file.
Adjustment File
Delete Survey Click on the Delete button to delete the active Survey Adjustment file. This will delete the
Adjustment File Survey Adjustment file from the disk, but it will not delete the original Data Collection,
COGO or SDMS file.
Print Click on the Print button to print the active file or the library listing of Survey Adjustment
files. For more information, see Print File Options on page 12.
Edit This allows you to edit the active Survey Adjustment file. This will display the file within
Chapter 2: Prepare
the Field Book Editor.
For more information, see Edit Active File on page 13 and Appendix A: Field Book Editor,
in Data Collection.
Active File The active file is the file that is highlighted in the list view.
New Survey Adjustment File

CEBF5Ið14:ECD=5>Dð½ð@B5@1B5ð½ð=1>175ð69<5Cð½ð>5G
You may add a Data Collection job, COGO batch processing file, or an existing SDMS
formatted file that contains traverse information. You may also select Nodes or objects
with Nodes directly from the project by adding a new Survey Adjustment file.
ï The COGO batch file and the Data Collection file options will be disabled if you do not
have a COGO batch file or a Data Collection file for your project.
Figure 2-2 New Survey Adjustment File Dialog Box
New Survey Adjustment File Dialog Box Definitions

Option Function
COGO Batch Select this option to adjust a COGO batch processing file. Select a batch file from the drop
File list of batch files in this project and click on OK.
New Survey Adjustment File Dialog Box Definitions
Option Function
Data Collection Select this option to adjust a Data Collection file. Select a Data Collection file from the
File drop list of files in the project and click on OK. The file must contain raw traverse
measurements including occupied station and backsight information to be processed
through Survey Adjustment.
ï The file must have been previewed or reduced at least once in Data Collection to be
selected here.
Survey Select this option to adjust Nodes or lines and arcs with Nodes snapped to them. Type a
Adjustment File description and click OK.
SDMS Select this option to add a file that is already in the SDMS format. This file may have been
(AASHTO) File created by Data Transfer, Data Collection or other software programs. Type a
description and press the Tab key.
File Name Type the path and file name or select the SDMS file and click on OK.
QuickSteps
To add a file to Survey Adjustment, proceed through the following steps:
1. From Survey Adjustment, select Prepare Æ Manage Files.
The Manage Survey Adjustment Files dialog box (Figure 2-1 on page 10) displays.
2. Click on New.
The New Survey Adjustment File dialog box (Figure 2-2 on page 11) displays.
3. Click on the type of file that you want to adjust.
The available options are COGO batch file, Data Collection file, Survey Adjustment
file and SDMS (AASHTO) file.
4. If you select COGO Batch file or Data Collection file, select the description of
the file defined in the project from the drop list. If you are selecting Nodes from
the project, type a description to create a new Survey Adjustment file. If you are
selecting an existing SDMS file, type a description and type the path and file
name or select the file from the drive and click on OK.
Print File Options

CEBF5Ið14:ECD=5>Dð½ð@B5@1B5ð½ð=1>175ð69<5Cð½ð@B9>D
You may print the list of Survey Adjustment files in this project that are displayed in the
Manage Survey Adjustment Files dialog box (Figure 2-1 on page 10). You may also print
the active Survey Adjustment file to a file or directly to the system printer.
Edit Active File
ðCEBF5Ið14:ECD=5>Dð½ð@B5@1B5ð½ð549Dð13D9F5ð69<5
KEY-IN COMMAND: cQUTYdVY\U
ICON:
Chapter 2: Prepare
You may open and edit the Survey Adjustment file using the Field Book Editor. Using the
editor you may make changes to the raw measurements, staff and instrument heights,
point descriptions and coordinate information. See Appendix A: Field Book Editor in Data
Collection.
Survey Adjustment Settings

CEBF5Ið14:ECD=5>Dð½ð@B5@1B5ð½ðC5DD9>7C
KEY-IN COMMAND: cQcUd
ICON:
Survey Adjustment allows you to perform linear and angular adjustments of traverse
information, including the elevations. The Survey Adjustment Settings command provides
the means to define the adjustment options and the method of adjustment.
Survey Adjustment is designed to adjust a traverse between two known points. You may
enter the traverse by selecting Nodes, by selecting lines and arcs that have Nodes
snapped to them or by selecting a COGO batch processing file, a Data Collection file or
an SDMS file with traverse information. An angle balance is optional for all methods
(except Least Squares) and can be calculated if you specify a closing angle. The
precision, misclosure and closing line is calculated for the unadjusted traverse before
processing the adjustment.
Survey Adjustment Settings – Adjustment Options Tab
CEBF5Ið14:ECD=5>Dð½ð@B5@1B5ð½ðC5DD9>7Cð½ð14:ECD=5>Dð?@D9?>C
You may define the adjustment options and the adjustment methods for the active Survey
Adjustment file. The traverse is then adjusted according to the method and options
selected. You may also determine what aspect of an arc segment to hold when adjusting a
traverse with curves.
Figure 2-3 Survey Adjustment Settings Dialog Box – Adjustment Options Tab
Survey Adjustment Settings Dialog Box – Adjustment Options Tab Definitions

Option Function
Compass Corrections corresponding to the closing errors in latitude and departure are distributed
according to the proportion of the length of the line to the total length of the traverse.
Crandall Corrections corresponding to the closing errors in latitude and departure are distributed by
the method of Least Squares to the length of each line only. The directions of each line
are held fixed.
Least Squares The sum of the weight of the measurements multiplied by their corresponding squared
residuals is minimized. It simultaneously adjusts the angular and linear measurements
based on the theory of probability. This is the only method that requires a closing angle.
Transit Corrections corresponding to the closing errors in latitude and departure are distributed
according to the proportion of each latitude and departure to the sum of the absolute
values of the latitudes and departures of the entire traverse, respectively.
None No final horizontal adjustment is computed. This method allows you to check for
satisfactory closure and obtain a report of the unadjusted traverse for review. You can
also use this method in conjunction with the adjustment options of angle balancing (so you
can determine if the angle adjustment is improving the precision of the survey) and both
options of elevation balancing.
Option Function
Angles The angle option may be applied to distribute any angular error equally among all of the
angles measured in an attempt to balance the angular error. This option is commonly
processed without an adjustment method selected to verify the angles on the traverse. If
the error of closure improves with an angle balance, then the measurements appear to be
consistent. If the error of closure increases after the angular error is applied equally, this
may indicate that the angular error is contained in one or two angular measurements, and
some of the angles may need to be remeasured to find the error.
If you are using a method of adjustment other than Least Squares, you may select
between a Closed Traverse and an Open Traverse.
Chapter 2: Prepare
Angles Closed Check the Angles option on and select Closed Traverse from the drop list. The adjustment
Traverse ignores the angle between the initial backsight and the first leg of the traverse. The
angular error will be apportioned to the remaining angles in the traverse (including the
closing angle). The direction of the first leg of the traverse will therefore be held, and the
location of the first two Nodes will not be affected by the angle adjustment option alone.
The Closed Traverse option is usually the type of survey that is initially performed on a
project to establish control. The closing Node may be the same as the starting Node, and
the adjusted traverse forms a closed figure. You will generally have two monuments to get
started which may be used as the first leg of the traverse. The direction may then be
determined from some record information as a basis of bearings. When the angles are
balanced, the direction of this first leg should not change. The angular error should be
distributed to all the angles of the closed figure, including the final closing angle which is
measured by reoccupying the starting point, backsighting the previous point and usually
turning the angle to the second point in the traverse that was initially measured.
ï If first leg of the traverse was established from a backsight direction, you can adjust
the direction of the first leg of a “closed type” traverse by selecting the Open
Traverse option instead of Closed Traverse option from the drop list.
Angles Open Check the Angles option on and select Open Traverse from the drop list. The adjustment
Traverse applies a portion of the angular correction to the angle between the initial backsight and
the first leg of the open traverse. This results in the traverse being hinged from the start
point of the traverse. The angular error is spread out over one more angle as compared to
a closed traverse.
This option ties the survey from one fixed location to another fixed location. Often, these
surveys are performed to add loops to tie locations between control points that were tied
down and adjusted as part of the initial closed traverse as described above. Other
applications might be to adjust a survey between control points established by
governmental agencies to tie your survey into their system. Normally, the survey starts at
an existing control point with a backsight to another control point. Angular error may then
be distributed among all angles in the traverse, including the first angle turned.
ï You can hold the direction of the first leg of an “open type” traverse by selecting the
Closed Traverse Option from the drop list.
ï In order to check the effect of the Angles option on your traverse, select None as the
Adjustment Method and one of the Angles options. The adjusted traverse will show
the results of the angular adjustment.
Option Function
Elevations The elevations of the traverse may be adjusted using this option. The correction may be
applied over the length of the traverse between two known points. The correction
corresponding to the total error in elevation may be distributed equally to each leg without
considering the proportion to the traverse length or according to the proportional length of
the leg to the total length of the traverse.
Elevations Equal Check the Elevations option on and select Equal from the drop list to adjust the elevations
of the traverse equally. Each Node will receive a uniform adjustment without regard to the
length of the course between the Nodes.
Elevations Check the Elevations option on and select Proportional from the drop list to adjust the
Proportional elevations proportionally. This will adjust the elevations of the traverse based on the
proportion of the traverse length from Node to Node versus the total traverse length. This
results in the longer traverse legs receiving more of the elevation correction than the
shorter legs.
Sideshots Check the Sideshots option on to adjust the sideshots from the traverse points. The
sideshots will be reset using the original measured angles and distances from the
adjusted locations of the traverse points and also using the adjusted backsight directions.
Maintain Arc The length of the curve along the arc is maintained, resulting in a flatter or sharper
Length curvature (i.e. the radius will be adjusted).
Maintain Degree The Degree of Curve is maintained, resulting in the central angle and arc length being
of Curve adjusted.
Maintain Delta The central angle of the curve is maintained, resulting in the radius and arc length being
Angle adjusted.
Maintain Middle The distance from the middle of the curve to the middle of the chord is maintained,
Ordinate resulting in the radius and arc length being adjusted.
Maintain Radius The radius of the curve is maintained, resulting in the delta angle and arc length being
adjusted.
Maintain The distance from the PI to the PC or the PT is maintained, resulting in the radius and
Tangent delta angle being adjusted.
Survey Adjustment Settings – Least Squares Tab

CEBF5Ið14:ECD=5>Dð½ð@B5@1B5ð½ðC5DD9>7Cð½ð<51CDðCAE1B5C
If the Least Squares method is selected as the adjustment method, you may define the
number of iterations, the acceptable tolerance and the default values for the standard
deviations for angular and linear input. You may also specify the confidence interval for
the adjustment and the scale factor applied to the error ellipses.
Chapter 2: Prepare
Figure 2-4 Survey Adjustment Settings Dialog Box – Least Squares Tab
Survey Adjustment Settings Dialog Box – Least Squares Tab Definitions

Option Function
Number of Type the value for the maximum number of iterations to be performed during an
Iterations adjustment. Survey Adjustment stops if this limit is reached. The acceptable values are
whole numbers from 1 to 10, but 4 is generally more than adequate.
Acceptable Type the value for the maximum acceptable difference from iteration to iteration. When
Tolerance the difference of all coordinates between consecutive iterations is less than the tolerance
specified, the adjustment is complete. The range on this default may be from 0 to 1.
Angular Type the value for the angular standard deviation in seconds. This value should be large
Standard enough so that roughly 2/3 of the angles recorded in the traverse may need to be adjusted
Deviation by this value or less. For example, if you think that 2/3 of the angles will be adjusted by 8
seconds or less, type a value of 8. The range on this value may be from 0.1 to 120
seconds.
Angular Standard Deviation may be used to assign different weights to particular angles
as well as criteria for the Chi Square test. These values may be entered individually or as
a default and modified later.
See Compute Chi Square Test on page 48.
Linear Standard Type the value for the linear standard deviation in feet or meters. This value should be
Deviation large enough so that roughly 2/3 of the distances recorded in the traverse may need to be
adjusted by this value or less.
For example, if you think that 2/3 of the distances will be adjusted by 0.05 or less, type a
value of 0.05. The range on this default may be from 0 to 1.
Linear Standard Deviation may be used to assign different weights to particular distances
as well as criteria for the Chi Square test. These values may be entered individually or as
a default and modified later.
See Compute Chi Square Test on page 48.
Survey Adjustment Settings Dialog Box – Least Squares Tab Definitions
Option Function
Confidence Select the value representing the confidence interval for the computed error ellipses.
Interval Select one of the following options:
´ Standard
´ 90%
´ 95%
´ 99%
Scale Factor Type the scale factor in the edit field to apply to error ellipses if they are displayed after a
Least Squares adjustment. The default value for the scale factor is 50.
ENTRY
In this chapter:
CHAPTER
Entry By Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Entry by Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
View Entry Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Chapter 3: Entry 19
Entry By Nodes
CEBF5Ið14:ECD=5>Dð½ý5>DBIð½ð2Ið>?45C
KEY-IN COMMAND: TUV^_TU
ICON:
The Entry by Nodes command provides a method to enter traverse and sideshot
information directly from the project in the Survey Adjustment module. After the
information is saved to a file, you can access the data at a later time without having to re-
enter the information.
When you select by Nodes, the Entry By Nodes dialog box (below) displays the existing
traverse and sideshot information for the active file. You can add sideshot information
after the traverse has been entered and modify the Node ID of the highlighted entry. If the
adjustment method is Least Squares, you can modify the angular and linear standard
deviation associated with individual Nodes.
Figure 3-1 Entry By Nodes Dialog Box
Entry By Nodes Dialog Box Definitions
Option Function
Type This displays the record type of the line in the dialog box. The record may be one of the
following:
´ OS: Occupied station
´ SS: Sideshot information
´ FS: Foresight information

The minimum required information to process traverse information is the OS record. The
FS and SS records may appear in certain data file formats as the recorded shot to the
next occupied station.
Node ID This displays the Node ID value of the record point.
Northing This displays the Northing (Y) coordinate of the record point.
Easting This displays the Easting (X) coordinate of the record point.
Elevation This displays the Elevation (Z) coordinate of the record point.
Direction This displays the direction from the occupied station to the record point. This displays the
directions using azimuth, bearing, or geometric values.
See Formats in the Eagle Point Menu manual.
Distance This displays the distance from the occupied station to the record point.
Chapter 3: Entry
Backsight This displays the backsight Node ID or the direction for the record point.
New Traverse/ Click on New to add traverse or sideshot records to the Survey Adjustment file. You may
Sideshot Node add a single or range of traverse and sideshot Nodes to the adjustment file directly from
the CAD graphic or the external Node database.
For more information, see New Traverse Node on page 22 and New Sideshot Nodes on
page 26.
Modify Traverse/ Click on Modify to modify the highlighted traverse or sideshot record. If you highlight a
Sideshot Node traverse record (OS or FS), you may select a different Node or change the standard
deviation values for the record. If you highlight a sideshot (SS) record, you may select a
different backsight Node or select a different Node for the record entirely.
For more information, see Modify Traverse Node on page 27 and Modify Sideshot Node
on page 29.
Delete Traverse/ Click on Delete to delete the highlighted record from the Survey Adjustment file.
Sideshot Node
Display Type You may display the traverse combined with the sideshot information, or choose to
display only traverse or sideshot information. If you display only the traverse or sideshot
information, you may not add or modify any of the information through this dialog box.
Closing Click on the Closing Information button to enter the closing data for the traverse. The
Information Closing Information dialog box (Figure 3-7 on page 30) displays. You may enter the
closing point, the closing orientation, and the closing angle (if applicable for your selected
adjustment method and options).
For more information, see Closing Information on page 30.
Chapter 3: Entry 21
Entry By Nodes Dialog Box Definitions
Option Function
Standard If you are using the Least Squares adjustment method, each record of the traverse will
Deviations have a value for the angular and linear standard deviations. This is displayed in static text
on the dialog box for the highlighted record.
´ Angular: The system displays the angular standard deviation for the highlighted
traverse Node in working units (seconds, grads, mils or radians).
´ Linear: The system displays the linear standard deviation for the highlighted
traverse Node in working units (feet or meters).
New Traverse Node

CEBF5Ið14:ECD=5>Dð½ð5>DBIð½ð2Ið>?45Cð½ð>5G
To add the starting occupied station and backsight information, click on New on the Entry
by Nodes dialog box (Figure 3-1 on page 20). You may add traverse or sideshot records
to the Survey Adjustment file that exists in the project that may have been placed from a
Data Collection file or one of the COGO traverse commands.
As soon as you click on OK, the New Traverse Nodes dialog box (Figure 3-3 on page 24)
displays. This allows you to add the traverse and sideshot Nodes.
For more information, see New Traverse Nodes on page 24 and New Sideshot Nodes on
page 26.
Figure 3-2 New Traverse Node Dialog Box
New Traverse Node Dialog Box Definitions

Option Function
Beginning Node Type the Node ID for the initial occupied station in the traverse, or click on the PIC button
ID and select the Node from the CAD graphic.
New Traverse Node Dialog Box Definitions
Option Function
Define By Select the method to define the initial backsight for the traverse. You may select one of
the following options from the drop list:
´ Node: When you select Node from the drop list, the edit field below it displays
Node ID. Type the Node ID for the initial backsight in the traverse, or click on
the PIC button and select the Node from the CAD graphic.
´ North East, South East, South West, North West: When you select one of these
from the drop list, the edit field below becomes a Direction edit field. Type the
bearing in the Direction edit field for the backsight direction.
´ North Azimuth, South Azimuth: When you select one of these from the drop list,
the edit field below becomes a Direction edit field. Type the azimuth in the
Direction edit field for the backsight direction.
´ Geometric: When you select this from the drop list, the edit field below becomes
a Direction edit field. Type the geometric directional value for the backsight
direction.
Angular If you are using the Least Squares adjustment method, you may enter the angular
standard deviation for the first occupied station in the traverse. You may type a low
standard deviation value to increase the weight of this record.
See Survey Adjustment Settings – Least Squares Tab on page 16.
Chapter 3: Entry
Linear If you are using the Least Squares adjustment method, you may enter the linear standard
deviation for the first occupied station in the traverse. You may type a low standard
deviation value to increase the weight of this record.
QuickSteps
To enter the starting Node of a traverse from the project, complete the following steps:
1. From Survey Adjustment, select Entry Æ By Nodes.
The Entry by Nodes dialog box (Figure 3-1 on page 20) displays.
2. Click on New.
The New Traverse Node dialog box (Figure 3-2 on page 22) displays.
3. In the Beginning Node ID edit field, type the Node ID for the initial occupied
station in the traverse, or click on the PIC button and select the Node from the
CAD graphic.
4. Define the initial backsight by selecting the option from the Define By drop list.
If you want to select a backsight Node, type the Node ID in the Node ID edit field
for the initial backsight in the traverse, or click on the Node edit field and click
on the PIC button and select the Node from the CAD graphic. If you want to type
a direction for the backsight, select the option from the drop list and type the
direction in the Direction edit field.
Chapter 3: Entry 23
5. If you are using the Least Squares adjustment method, type values for the
angular and linear standard deviations in their corresponding edit fields.
6. Click on OK when you have selected your starting traverse orientation.
The New Traverse Nodes dialog box (below) displays.
New Traverse Nodes

CEBF5Ið14:ECD=5>Dð½ð5>DBIð½ð2Ið>?45Cð½ð>5Gð½ð?;
The New Traverse Nodes command allows you to add traverse Nodes to your Survey
Adjustment file. The New Traverse Nodes dialog box (below) displays after you click on
OK in the New Traverse Node dialog box (Figure 3-2 on page 22) or after the initial
occupied station has been added and you have clicked on New on the Entry by Nodes
dialog box (Figure 3-1 on page 20).
You may add traverse records to the Survey Adjustment file that commonly have been
placed into the project from either a Data Collection file or one of the COGO traverse
commands.
Figure 3-3 New Traverse Nodes Dialog Box
New Traverse Nodes Dialog Box Definitions

Option Function
Backsight Node This displays the previous traverse Node that is used as the backsight for the next
ID traverse Node.
Selection You may select a single Node or a range of Nodes to add to the Survey Adjustment file.
Method
Node ID If you select the Single option, type the Node ID or click on the PIC button and select the
Node from the CAD graphic.
New Traverse Nodes Dialog Box Definitions
Option Function
From/To Node ID If you select the Range option, type the starting and ending Node ID’s of the traverse, or
click on each edit field and click on the PIC button to select each Node from the CAD
graphic.
standard deviation for a single traverse Node or for the entire range of Nodes selected.
You may type a low standard deviation value to increase the weight of this record.
deviation for a single traverse Node or for the entire range of Nodes selected. You may
type a low standard deviation value to increase the weight of this record.
Traverse Node Select this option to add Nodes for the traverse.
Sideshot Node Select this option to add sideshot Nodes for the occupied Node. The dialog box becomes
the New Sideshot Nodes dialog box (Figure 3-4 on page 26).
For more information, see New Sideshot Nodes on page 26.
QuickSteps
Chapter 3: Entry
To add a range of traverse Nodes from the project, complete the following steps:
2. Verify that you have at least one Node or record already in the Entry by Nodes
dialog box (Figure 3-1 on page 20) and click on New.
The New Traverse Nodes dialog box (Figure 3-3 on page 24) displays.
3. Choose the Range option from the Selection Method drop list.
4. Click on the From Node ID edit field and type the starting Node ID for the range
or click on the PIC button and select the Node from the CAD graphic.
5. Click on the To Node ID edit field and type the ending Node ID for the range or
click on the PIC button and select the Node from the CAD graphic.
angular and linear standard deviations.
7. Click on Apply to add the Nodes to the Survey Adjustment file.
Chapter 3: Entry 25
New Sideshot Nodes
CEBF5Ið14:ECD=5>Dð½ð5>DBIð½ð2Ið>?45Cð½ð>5Gð½ðC945C8?Dð>?45
You may adjust the location of the sideshots along with the adjustment applied to the
traverse legs. Associate each sideshot to the appropriate traverse leg and process the
adjustment.
To add one or more sideshot Nodes to the Survey Adjustment file, highlight the OS
record in the Entry by Nodes dialog box (Figure 3-1 on page 20) that the sideshot was
recorded from and click on New. You may add sideshot records to the Survey
Adjustment file that commonly have been placed into the project from either a Data
Collection file or one of the COGO traverse commands.
Figure 3-4 New Sideshot Nodes Dialog Box
New Sideshot Nodes Dialog Box Definitions

Option Function
Backsight Node Type the backsight Node ID for the sideshot(s), or click on the PIC button and select the
ID Node from the CAD graphic. This automatically displays the previous traverse Node or
backsight Node ID. You can override this by entering a different Node ID.
Selection You may select a single Node or a range of Nodes to add to the Survey Adjustment file.
Method
Node ID If you select the Single option, type the Node ID or click on the edit field and click on the
PIC button and select the Node from the CAD graphic.
From/ To Node If you select the Range option, type the starting and ending Node ID’s of the traverse, or
ID click on each edit field and click on the PIC button to select each Node from the CAD
graphic.
Traverse Node Select this option to add Nodes for the traverse.
For more information, see New Traverse Nodes on page 24.
Sideshot Node Select this option to add sideshot Nodes for the occupied Node. This button is already
selected in this dialog box.
New Sideshot Nodes Dialog Box Definitions
Option Function
standard deviation for a single sideshot Node or for the entire range of Nodes selected.
You may type a low standard deviation value to increase the weight of this record.
deviation for a single sideshot Node or for the entire range of Nodes selected. You may
type a low standard deviation value to increase the wight of this record.
QuickSteps
To add a range of sideshot Nodes from the project, complete the following steps:
2. Highlight the OS record that you want to associate sideshots with and click on
New.
Chapter 3: Entry
The New Traverse Nodes dialog box (Figure 3-3 on page 24) displays.
3. Click on the Sideshot button in the lower left corner of the New Traverse Nodes
dialog box to change the mode to sideshot. The New Sideshot Nodes dialog box
(Figure 3-4 on page 26) displays.
4. Choose the Range option from the Selection Method drop list.
5. Click on the From Node ID edit field to put focus on the field and type the
starting Node ID for the range or click on the PIC button and select the Node
from the CAD graphic.
6. Click on the To Node ID edit field and type the ending Node ID for the range or
click on the PIC button and select the Node from the CAD graphic.
7. Click on Apply to add the Nodes to the Survey Adjustment file.
Modify Traverse Node

CEBF5Ið14:ECD=5>Dð½ð5>DBIð½ð2Ið>?45Cð½ð=?496I
You may modify the traverse by selecting a different traverse Node, updating a new Node
location, or changing the standard deviations to modify the weight the Node has on the
adjustment. If you are modifying the initial occupied station record, then you may also
modify the backsight orientation.
Chapter 3: Entry 27
To modify a traverse Node, highlight an OS record in the Entry by Nodes dialog box
(Figure 3-1 on page 20) and click on Modify.
Figure 3-5 Modify Traverse Node Dialog Box
Modify Traverse Node Dialog Box Definitions

Option Function
Traverse Node Type the new Node ID or click on the PIC button and select the Node from the CAD
ID graphic.
standard deviation for the selected Node. You may type a low standard deviation value to
increase the weight of this record.
deviation for the selected Node. You may type a low standard deviation value to increase
the weight of this record.
QuickSteps
To modify a traverse Node in the Survey Adjustment file that also exists in the project,
complete the following steps:
2. Highlight the traverse Node that you want to modify and click on Modify.
The Modify Traverse Node dialog box (above) displays.
3. Type the new Node ID or click on the PIC button and select the Node from the
CAD graphic.
angular and linear standard deviations.
5. Click on OK to make the change to the Survey Adjustment file.
Modify Sideshot Node
CEBF5Ið14:ECD=5>Dð½ð5>DBIð½ð2Ið>?45Cð½ð=?496I
You may modify a sideshot Node by changing the Node ID or by selecting a different
backsight point.
To modify a sideshot Node, highlight an SS record in the Entry by Nodes dialog box
(Figure 3-1 on page 20) and click on Modify.
Figure 3-6 Modify Sideshot Node Dialog Box
Modify Sideshot Node Dialog Box Definitions

Option Function
Chapter 3: Entry
Sideshot Node Type the new Node ID of the sideshot or click on the PIC button and select the Node from
ID the CAD graphic.
Backsight Node Type the new Node ID of the backsight or click on the PIC button and select the Node
ID from the CAD graphic.
QuickSteps
To modify a sideshot Node in the Survey Adjustment file that also exists in the project,
complete the following steps:
2. Highlight the sideshot Node that you want to modify and click on Modify.
The Modify Sideshot Node dialog box (above) displays.
3. Type the new sideshot Node ID or click on the PIC button and select the Node
4. Type the new backsight Node ID or click on the PIC button and select the Node
ï The backsight must already be defined in the Survey Adjustment file.
5. Click on OK to make the change to the Survey Adjustment file.
Chapter 3: Entry 29
Closing Information
CEBF5Ið14:ECD=5>Dð½ð5>DBIð½ð2Ið>?45Cð½ý3<?C9>7ð9>6?B=1D9?>
The Closing Information dialog box (below) displays the unadjusted errors of closure for
the selected traverse after the closing data has been entered. This displays the closing
errors from the closing point to the calculated location of the closing point. (See Closing
Data on page 31).
If you are using the Angles adjustment option or if you are using the Least Squares
adjustment method, the closing orientation and the closing angle with the angular error will
also display.
Figure 3-7 Closing Information Dialog Box
Closing Information Dialog Box Definitions

Option Function
Closing Node ID This displays the closing Node ID for the traverse. This would typically be the same as the
starting Node for a closed type traverse, or a known control point on an open type
traverse.
Northing Error This displays the difference in the Northing or Y coordinates between the last traverse
point and the closing point.
Easting Error This displays the difference in the Easting or X coordinates between the last traverse point
and the closing point.
Elevation Error This displays the difference in the Elevation or Z coordinates between the last traverse
point and the closing point.
Closing Information Dialog Box Definitions
Option Function
Closing This displays the direction of the inverse between the last traverse point and the closing
Direction point. This can often be helpful to identify courses to remeasure if the closure error is too
large to be acceptable.
Closing This displays the horizontal distance of the inverse between the last traverse point and the
Distance closing point.
Traverse Length This displays the total length of the traverse from the beginning Node to the last Node in
the traverse. This is also referred to as the perimeter.
Precision This displays the ratio of the Traverse Length to the Closing distance.
Foresight Node This displays the closing foresight Node ID. If the angle adjustment option is off and you
ID are using an adjustment method other than Least Squares, then this value is not
applicable.
ï If only a direction was recorded, then this value will be N/A.

Foresight This displays the closing foresight direction. If the angle adjustment option is off and you
Direction are using an adjustment method other than Least Squares, then this value is not
applicable.
Closing Angle This displays the closing angle that was entered in the Closing Data dialog box (Figure 3-
8 on page 32).
Chapter 3: Entry
Angular Error This displays the amount of the angular error.
Error per Angle This displays the amount of the angular error to be applied to each angle in the traverse.
Closing Data A closing point is required to perform an adjustment or an angle balance on a traverse.
You will also need to enter the closing foresight orientation and the closing angle
observed in the field if the Angles adjustment option is on or if you are using the Least
Squares adjustment method. The Closing Data dialog box (Figure 3-8 on page 32)
displays.
Closing Data
CEBF5Ið14:ECD=5>Dð½ð5>DBIð½ð2Ið>?45Cð½ð3<?C9>7ð9>6?B=1D9?>ð½ð3<?C9>7ð41D1
To perform an adjustment or an angle balance on the traverse, a closing point is required.

Additionally, if the Angles adjustment option is on, or you are using the Least Squares
adjustment method, you will need to enter the closing foresight orientation and the closing
angle observed in the field.
Chapter 3: Entry 31
You may select the closing point from any Node that is already in the project.
Figure 3-8 Closing Data Dialog Box
Closing Data Dialog Box Definitions

Option Function
Node ID This point is typically a fixed point that may be the beginning traverse Node (in a closed
type traverse) or some other control point in the drawing. Type the Node ID of the closing
point or click on the PIC button and select the Node from the CAD graphic.
Foresight Select the method to define the closing foresight for the traverse. You may select one of
the following options from the drop list:
´ Node: If you select Node from the drop list, the edit field below becomes a Node
ID edit field. Type the Node ID for the closing foresight in the traverse, or click
on the PIC button and select the Node from the CAD graphic.
´ North East, South East, South West, North West: If you select one of these from
the Foresight drop list, the edit field below becomes a Direction edit field. Type
the bearing in the direction edit field for the foresight direction.
´ North Azimuth, South Azimuth: If you select one of these from the Foresight
drop list, the edit field below becomes a Direction edit field. Type the azimuth in
the direction edit field for the foresight direction.
´ Geometric: If you select this from the Foresight drop list, the edit field below
becomes a Direction edit field. Type the geometric directional value for the
foresight direction.
Type Select the closing angle type. Select either Angle Right or Angle Left.
Closing Data Dialog Box Definitions
Option Function
Angle The closing angle balances the angles of the traverse. The backsight direction for the
angle adjustment is established as the reversed direction of the last course in the
traverse. Imagine that you are standing on the last traverse point and looking back to the
next to last traverse point. The closing angle represents the relationship of this backsight
direction to the direction from the Closing Point to the Closing Orientation.
An angle right or left can be specified. If the closing angle was not taken in the field or is
not known, then select an adjustment method of Compass, Crandall or Transit in the
Adjustments tab on the Survey Adjustment Settings dialog box (Figure 2-3 on page 14).
Also, make sure that the first box under Adjustment Options (the one for Angle
Adjustments) is not turned on. Then the Closing Angle selection field is set to None and
no closing orientation or angle is required.
´ Angle Left: Type the closing field angle, measured as an angle left, from the
backsight.
´ Angle Right: Type the closing field angle, measured as an angle right from the
backsight.
´ None: This option displays when no closing angle is needed.
Chapter 3: Entry
Entry by Object
CEBF5Ið14:ECD=5>Dð½ð5>DBIð½ð2Ið?2:53D
KEY-IN COMMAND: TUV_RZ
ICON:
The Entry by Object command provides a method to enter traverse and sideshot
information by selecting lines and arcs that have Nodes snapped to them. After the
information is saved to a file, you can access the data at a later time without having to re-
enter the information.
When you select By Object from the Entry menu, the Entry By Object dialog box (Figure 3-
9 on page 34) displays the existing traverse and sideshot information for the active file.
You can add sideshot information after the traverse has been entered and modify the
Chapter 3: Entry 33
Node ID of the highlighted entry. If the adjustment method is Least Squares, you can
modify the angular and linear standard deviation associated with individual Nodes.
Figure 3-9 Entry By Object Dialog Box
Entry By Object Dialog Box Definitions

Option Function
following:

Northing This displays the Northing (Y) coordinate of the Node at the endpoint of the object
selected.
Easting This displays the Easting (X) coordinate of the Node at the endpoint of the object
selected.
Elevation This displays the Elevation (Z) coordinate of the Node at the endpoint of the object
selected.
Direction This displays the direction from the occupied station to the record point using azimuth,
bearing, or geometric values.
Backsight This displays the backsight Node ID for the record point.
New Traverse Click on New to select objects to add traverse or sideshot records to the Survey
Nodes by Object Adjustment file.
Entry By Object Dialog Box Definitions
Option Function
Modify Traverse/ Click on Modify to modify the highlighted traverse or sideshot record. If you highlight a
Sideshot Node traverse record (OS or FS), you may select a different Node or change the standard
deviation values for the record. If you highlight a sideshot (SS) record, you may select a
different backsight Node or select a different Node for the record entirely.
See Modify Traverse Node on page 27 or Modify Sideshot Node on page 29.
Delete Traverse/ Click on Delete to delete the highlighted record from the Survey Adjustment file.
Sideshot Node
display only traverse or sideshot information. If you display only the traverse or sideshot
information, you may not add or modify any of the information through this dialog box.
Closing Click on the Closing Information button to enter the closing data for the traverse. You may
Information enter the closing point, the closing orientation, and the closing angle (if applicable for your
selected adjustment method and options).
See Closing Information on page 30.
Chapter 3: Entry
View Entry Information

CEBF5Ið14:ECD=5>Dð½ð5>DBIð½ðF95G
KEY-IN COMMAND: cX_gTUdQY\
Chapter 3: Entry 35
The View Entry Information command allows you to view the details of the unadjusted
Survey Adjustment file.
Figure 3-10 View Entry Information Dialog Box
View Entry Information Dialog Box Definitions

Option Function
following:

Northing This displays the Northing (Y) coordinate of the record point.
Easting This displays the Easting (X) coordinate of the record point.
Elevation This displays the Elevation (Z) coordinate of the record point.
Direction This displays the direction from the occupied station to the record point. This displays the
directions using azimuth, bearing, or geometric values.
Backsight This displays the backsight Node ID for the record point.
Closing Click on the Closing Information button to view the closing data for the traverse.
Information
See Closing Information on page 30.
display only traverse or sideshot information.
View Entry Information Dialog Box Definitions
Option Function
Chapter 3: Entry
Chapter 3: Entry 37
COMPUTE
In this chapter:
CHAPTER
Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Show Error Ellipses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Erase Error Ellipses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Compute Chi Square Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Update Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Chapter 4: Compute 39
Adjustment
CEBF5Ið14:ECD=5>Dð½ð3?=@ED5ð½ý14:ECD=5>D
KEY-IN COMMAND: QTZdbQf
ICON:
The Adjustment command provides a method to view the adjusted traverse, sideshots or
traverse and sideshots for the active Survey Adjustment file. After selecting an active
Survey Adjustment file, defining the Adjustment method and entering the traverse Nodes
and closing information, select this option to compute the adjustment. Survey
Adjustment displays the proposed adjustments of all traverse Nodes and related
sideshots when this option is selected. The method and options used to adjust the active
file is determined by the Adjustment settings specified in the Survey Adjustment Settings
dialog box (Figure 2-3 on page 14).
Figure 4-1 Adjustment Dialog Box
When you highlight an unadjusted traverse or sideshot, the dialog box displays the
associated traverse or sideshot in the adjusted portion of the Adjustment dialog box
(above). If you highlight an adjusted traverse or sideshot, the system updates and displays
the associated traverse or sideshot in the unadjusted portion of the Adjustment dialog box.
This allows you to easily compare the unadjusted and adjusted traverse data.
Adjustment Dialog Box Definitions

Option Function
Adjustment This displays the adjustment method that was selected to adjust the traverse.
Method
display only traverse or sideshot information.
Unadjusted This displays the information concerning the unadjusted traverse for the active file.
Traverse
´ Type: This displays the record type of the traverse Node. The record may be
one of the following:
OS: Occupied Station
SS: Sideshot Information
FS: Foresight Information
´ Node ID: This displays the ID assigned to the traverse Node.
´ Northing: This displays the Y-coordinate value associated with the Node.
´ Easting: This displays the X-coordinate value associated with the Node.
´ Elevation: This displays the Z-coordinate value associated with the Node.
´ Direction: This displays the direction between the Nodes.
´ Distance: This displays the horizontal distance between the Nodes.
´ Backsight: This displays the backsight Node for sideshots.

Adjusted The system displays the information concerning the adjusted traverse for the active file.
Traverse The system lists all traverse data before the sideshot data.
´ Type: This displays the record type of the traverse Node. The record may be
Chapter 4: Compute
one of the following:
OS: Occupied Station
SS: Sideshot Information
FS: Foresight Information
´ Node ID: This displays the ID assigned to the traverse Node.
´ Northing: This displays the Y-coordinate value associated with the Node.
´ Easting: This displays the X-coordinate value associated with the Node.
´ Elevation: This displays the Z-coordinate value associated with the Node.
´ Direction: This displays the direction between the traverse Nodes.
´ Distance: This displays the horizontal distance between the Nodes.
´ Backsight: This displays the backsight Node for sideshots.

Print Reports Click on this button to display the Print Reports dialog box (Figure 4-2 on page 42). The
system produces a report for the entire traverse when you click on OK.
Adjustment Dialog Box Definitions
Option Function
Closure Data This displays the Closure Data dialog box (Figure 4-5 on page 46) that details the closure
information for the active file.
Standard When the adjustment method is defined as Least Squares, the system displays the
Deviations standard deviation for each distance and angle.
´ Angular: When the adjustment method is defined as Least Squares, this
displays the angular deviation in seconds for the highlighted traverse Node.
´ Linear: When the Adjustment method is defined as Least Squares, the system
displays the linear deviation for the highlighted traverse Node.
Printed Reports
CEBF5Ið14:ECD=5>Dð½ð3?=@ED5ð½ð14:ECD=5>Dð½ð@B9>D
You may generate reports for the adjusted and unadjusted traverse and sideshots, as well
as error ellipses, Chi Square test results and Least Squares Residuals for the active file.
You may print them to a file or directly to the printer.
Figure 4-2 Print Reports Dialog Box
Print Reports Dialog Box Definitions

Option Function
Traverse/ Toggle this option on if you want to print the report for the traverse and sideshots. When
Sideshot Report this is toggled on, the Traverse drop list will be enabled. Select the type of traverse for
which you want a report. The available options are Raw, Adjusted and All.
´ Raw: This is the unadjusted traverse and sideshots that have been entered for
the active Survey Adjustment file.
´ Adjusted: This is the adjusted values for the traverse and sideshots according
to the adjustment method that is specified.
´ All: This will print all of traverse and sideshot reports for the active Survey
Adjustment file.
Print Reports Dialog Box Definitions
Option Function
Error Ellipse Toggle this on if you want to print the report for the error ellipses. This is the standard
deviations of each node and the geometry of the error ellipse that is created at each node
of the traverse.
Chi Square Test Toggle this on if you want to print the Chi Square Test report. This is the Chi Square
Computed Value, Chi Square Tabular Value and if it passes the confidence interval
specified.
Least Squares Toggle this on if you want to print the Least Squares Residuals. This is the linear and the
Residuals angular residuals for the adjusted traverse.
Traverse / Sideshot Print Options

CEBF5Ið14:ECD=5>Dð½ð3?=@ED5ð½ð14:ECD=5>Dð½ð@B9>DðDB1F5BC5áC945C8?DðB5@?BDð½ð@B9>D
The Traverse/Sideshot Print Options dialog box will display when the Traverse/Sideshot
Report option is toggled on and the Print button is selected on the Print Reports dialog box
(Figure 4-2 on page 42). This allows you to customize the column width, column header,
order, and which items are to be printed. The available items that can be printed, are the
Node ID, Northing, Easting, Elevation, Bearing, Distance, Angle Right, Angle Left,
Deflection Right, Deflection Left, and Description for both the traverse and the sideshots.
Chapter 4: Compute
Figure 4-3 Traverse / Sideshot Print Options Dialog Box
Traverse / Sideshot Print Options Dialog Box Definitions

Option Function
Node ID This displays the Node ID of each traverse or sideshot node.
Northing This displays the Northing (Y) coordinate of each node.
Easting This displays the Easting (X) coordinate of each node.
Elevation This displays the Elevation (Z) coordinate of each node.
Traverse / Sideshot Print Options Dialog Box Definitions
Option Function
Bearing This displays the direction specified for each traverse leg or sideshot. This will be
displayed in the format defined in the Eagle Point Menu.
Distance This displays the horizontal distance to each traverse leg and sideshot.
Angle Right This displays the angle between nodes turned to the right for the traverse and sideshots.
Angle Left This displays the angle between nodes turned to the left for the traverse and sideshots.
Deflection Right This displays the deflection angle between nodes turned to the right for the traverse and
sideshots.
Deflection Left This displays the deflection angle between nodes turned to the left for the traverse and
sideshots.
Description This displays the description on the traverse and sideshot nodes.
Total Printed This is the total of width for the items in the Data to Print column that are toggled on to be
Columns Used printed.
Total Printed This is the total number of columns that can be printed. This is set in the Print Setup
Columns command in the Eagle Point Menu reference manual.
Available
Save Settings This will save the print options so they do not need to be modified each time you print a
As Default traverse/sideshot report.
Least Squares Residuals Print Options

The Least Squares Residuals Print Options dialog box (Figure 4-4 on page 45) will display
when the Least Squares Residuals option is toggled on and the Print button is selected on
the Print Reports dialog box (Figure 4-2 on page 42). This allows you to customize the
column width, column header, order, and which items are to be printed. The available
items that can be printed for distance and angles are From Point, To Point, Residual,
Standard Deviation, and Standard Residual. The Adjusted Distance, Occupied Point,
Angle Right, Angle Left, Deflection Right and Deflection Left can also be printed.
Anything that has Dist. in the Data to Print column applies to a distance residual and
anything that has a Ang. in the Data to Print column applies to an angular residual.
Figure 4-4 Least Squares Residuals Print Options Dialog Box
Least Squares Residuals Print Options Dialog Box Definitions

Option Function
Dist. From Point This displays the Node ID that the traverse leg originates from.
Dist. To Point This displays the Node ID at the end of the traverse leg.
Dist. Adjusted This displays the adjusted horizontal distance of the traverse leg.
Distance
Dist. Residual This displays the computed residual value for the traverse leg.
Dist. Standard This displays the linear standard deviation for the traverse leg.
Deviation
Dist. Standard This displays the standard residual value for the traverse leg.
Residual
Chapter 4: Compute
Ang. Occupied This displays the occupied Node, or the Vertex, that the angle is being calculated from.
Point
Ang. From Point This displays the Node ID that is the backsighted point of the calculated angle.
Ang. To Point This displays the Node ID that is the foresighted point of the calculated angle.
Ang. Angle This displays the angle between nodes turned to the right.
Right
Ang. Angle Left This displays the angle between nodes turned to the left.
Ang. Deflection This displays the deflection angle between the nodes turned to the right.
Right
Ang. Deflection This displays the deflection angle between the nodes turned to the left.
Left
Ang. Residual This displays the computed residual value for the traverse leg.
Ang. Standard This displays the angular standard deviation for the traverse leg.
Deviation
Least Squares Residuals Print Options Dialog Box Definitions
Option Function
Ang. Standard This displays the standard residual value for the traverse leg.
Residual
Closure Data
CEBF5Ið14:ECD=5>Dð½ð3?=@ED5ð½ð14:ECD=5>Dð½ð3<?CEB5ð41D1
This displays the unadjusted and adjusted errors of closure for the selected traverse. The
adjusted portion is most useful when the method is None and one of the angle adjustment
options is toggled on. It gives you a quick report on whether or not the angle adjustment is
improving the precision of the survey. When the method is set to Compass, Crandall or
Transit and one of the angle adjustment options is toggled on, the system will first apply
the angle adjustment to the traverse and then apply the selected method to the angle
adjusted traverse.
Figure 4-5 Closure Data Dialog Box
Click on the Closure Data button in the Adjustment dialog box (Figure 4-1 on page 40) to
display the Closure Data dialog box. This displays the following information for both the
unadjusted traverse and the adjusted traverse in the Closure Data dialog box (sideshot).
Closure Data Dialog Box Definitions

Option Function
Northing Error The difference in the Northing or Y-coordinates between the last traverse point and the
closing point.
Easting Error The difference in the Easting or X-coordinates between the last traverse point and the
closing point.
Elevation Error The difference in the Elevation or Z-coordinates between the last traverse point and the
closing point.
Closure Data Dialog Box Definitions
Option Function
Closing The direction of the inverse between the last traverse point and the closing point. This can
Direction often be helpful to pick out courses to re-measure if the closure error is too large to be
acceptable.
Closing The horizontal distance of the inverse between the last traverse point and the closing
Distance point.
Traverse Length The total length of the traverse from the beginning Node to the last Node in the traverse.
This is also referred to as the perimeter.
Precision The ratio of the Traverse Length to the Closing Length.
Angular Error The difference between the surveyed closing angle that was entered in the Closing Data
dialog box (Figure 3-8 on page 32) and the angle between the reverse of the last traverse
course and the Closing Orientation direction.
Error per Angle Indicates the amount of the angular error to be applied to each angle in the traverse.
Show Error Ellipses

CEBF5Ið14:ECD=5>Dð½ð3?=@ED5ð½ýC8?Gð5BB?Bð5<<9@C5C
KEY-IN COMMAND: cX_gU\\
ICON:
The Show Error Ellipses command provides a method to compute the error ellipse when
the Adjustment method is set to Least Squares for the active file.
Chapter 4: Compute
ï This command requires the Adjustment method to be set to Least Squares.
When you select Show Error Ellipses from the Compute menu, the system performs the
error ellipse calculations for the traverse and places the ellipses accordingly.
The system calculates the standard error ellipses and then adjusts them to the Confidence
Interval specified on the Survey Adjustment Settings dialog box – Least Squares tab
(Figure 2-4 on page 17). For example, a 95% error ellipse means the probability is 95%
that the actual point position lies within the area calculated by the error ellipse parameters.
The error ellipses are then placed in the CAD graphic at the scale specified by the Error
Ellipse Scale Factor on the Survey Adjustment Settings dialog box – Least Squares tab.
The error ellipses are placed in CAD and are linked to the active file. In order to remove
the error ellipses from the file, select Erase Error Ellipses from the Compute menu.
Erase Error Ellipses
CEBF5Ið14:ECD=5>Dð½ð3?=@ED5ð½ý5B1C5ð5BB?Bð5<<9@C5C
KEY-IN COMMAND: UbQcU\\
ICON:
The Erase Error Ellipses command provides a method to remove the error ellipses
associated with the active file.
When you select Erase Error Ellipse from the Compute menu, the system searches for
error ellipses in the active Survey Adjustment file. When an error ellipse is found, the
system removes it from the CAD graphic.
This option only removes the error ellipses for the active file. If error ellipses exist in the
CAD graphic from other Survey Adjustment files, they will not be erased unless the
adjustment file they are associated with is made active.
ï This option requires the Adjustment method be set to Least Square.
Compute Chi Square Test

CEBF5Ið14:ECD=5>Dð½ð3?=@ED5ð½ð3?=@ED5ð389ðCAE1B5ðD5CD
KEY-IN COMMAND: SXYcab
ICON:
When you select Compute Chi Square Test from the Compute menu, the system displays
the Compute Chi Square Test dialog box (Figure 4-6 on page 49).
The Compute Chi Square Test command compares the original observed values to the
adjusted observations. When the computed Chi square value is smaller than the table
value it is compared to, the system considers the values to have “passed” the test.
However if the computed value is larger than the table value, the system considers the
values to have “failed” the test. During the comparison test the system tests the values at
a 5% level of significance. The pass or fail message displays at the bottom of the dialog
box.
ï This option requires the Adjustment method be set to Least Squares.
Figure 4-6 Compute Chi Square Test Dialog Box
Compute Chi Square Test Dialog Box Definitions

Option Function
Traverse The system displays the description associated with the active Survey Adjustment file.
Description
Chi Square The system displays the computed value for the active Survey Adjustment file.
Compute Value
Chi Square The system displays the tabular value for the active Survey Adjustment file.
Tabular Value
Print Click on this button to bring up the Print Reports dialog box (Figure 4-2 on page 42). The
toggle for Chi Square Test is on. Click on OK to send the report to the printer.
Chi Square Statistic

The Chi Square Statistic is calculated using the following equation:
Chapter 4: Compute
m
∑ vi pi
2 2 2
χ =
i=1
4.1
where:
χ = Chi
m = Number of Observation Equations
v = Residual Values from the V matrix
P = Corresponding weight from the P matrix
The Chi square value is compared to the value in a statistical table at the 5% level. If the
computed value is less than the table value, the test passes indicating good
measurements. Otherwise, the test fails indicating possible errors or invalid standard
deviations.
Update Graphics
CEBF5Ið14:ECD=5>Dð½ð3?=@ED5ð½ýE@41D5ð7B1@893C
KEY-IN COMMAND: e`TQdUWb

The Update Graphics command provides a method to move the adjusted traverse points
and sideshots to a new location based on the last computed adjustment.
When the Update Graphic option is selected from the Compute menu, Survey
Adjustment automatically updates the CAD graphic associated with the highlighted file.
If the traverse Nodes are connected with lines, the lines will also be adjusted.
ï In a closed traverse, there will be two Nodes at the same coordinates after the graphics
have been updated. If you want to remove the Node from the CAD graphic, you can use
the Erase Nodes command in the Survey menu of the COGO product.
SURVEY
ADJUSTMENT GLOSSARY
OF
TE R M S
Angular Standard Deviation
This value represents the default for the angular
standard deviation in seconds. This value should
represent your best guess of a value that should cover
two-thirds of the angular adjustments required to
adjust the traverse. For example, if you think that two-
thirds of the angles will be adjusted by 8 seconds or
less, use 8 as the Angular Standard Deviation default.
This is only used in conjunction with the Least
Squares method.
Chi Square Analysis

This is a statistical goodness-of-fit test. It compares
the actual adjustments to the linear and angular
standard deviations that were entered for the courses
of the traverse. Other factors, such as the degrees of
freedom and confidence interval will also affect the
results of the analysis. It is only available when using
the Least Squares method.
Closing Angle
The closing angle balances the angles of the traverse.
The angle is calculated from two directions. The first is
the backsight direction taken from reversing the last
course in the traverse. The second direction is from
the closing point to the foresighted direction. The
intersection of the two creates the closing angle.
Typically, there is no point set in the CAD graphic at
the intersection of these two lines.
Glossary of Terms 51
Closing Orientation
This is the closing foresight Node or direction from the closing point. As you finish a
survey by occupying the closing point and backsighting the previous traverse point, the
closing orientation represents the direction or Node ID you turned the closing angle to.
It is used to calculate angular closure during an angle balance or the Least Squares
Adjustment method.
Closing Point
This is the beginning traverse Node (in a closed type traverse) or other established
Node (control point) in the project that you want the last traverse point to be adjusted
to.
COGO Batch File

This is a file that was recorded using batch processing during one or more COGO
commands. It can be used to record manually entered field notes through any of the
traverse commands in COGO, then taken into Survey Adjustment for editing,
adjustment, and generation of reports.
Compass Rule Adjustment Method

This adjustment method applies the distribution of the correction for the traverse
according to the proportion of the length of the line to the total length of the traverse.
Confidence Interval
This is the percentage of probable occurrences that fall within the interval. This value
may be expressed graphically as an error ellipse. All probable occurrences of the
corrected location within the specified confidence interval would be bounded by the
error ellipse. The larger the error ellipse, the greater the confidence interval.
Crandall Adjustment Method

This adjustment method applies the distribution of the correction for the traverse using
the Least Squares method to the length of each line only. The directions of each line
are held fixed.
Data Collection File

This is a file that was downloaded or imported through Data Collection. You may
select this file to process an adjustment or print reports if there is enough survey data
in the file to generate traverse information. The original file must contain raw
instrument information, including turned angles and distances, occupied stations, etc.
A coordinate file, by itself, does not provide the information needed to process in
Survey Adjustment. The file is the Formatted file which is generated from reducing
the information through Data Collection.
Degrees of Freedom
This is a value that is determined by subtracting the number of unknowns from the
number of observations. It is used to impact the outcome of a Chi Square Analysis.
Elevation Adjustment Method

This adjustment option applies the distribution of the elevation correction for the
traverse so that each Node along the traverse will receive an equal elevation
adjustment without regard to the length of the course between the Nodes.
Error Ellipse
When processing using the Least Squares Adjustment method, the possible instances
of the corrected location may be approximated by an ellipse. This best represents the
possible distribution of error that can exist at each Node location. The dimensions of
the ellipse is further determined by the confidence interval of the Chi-Square test and
the error ellipse scale factor.
Least Squares Adjustment Method

This adjustment method applies the distribution of the correction for the traverse so
that the sum of the weights of the measurements multiplied by their corresponding
squared residuals is minimized. It simultaneously adjusts the angular and linear
measurements based upon the theory of probability. A closing angle is required to
successfully use the Least Squares Adjustment method.
Least Squares Residuals

These values represent the amount each measurement was adjusted to achieve the
final adjusted traverse. The sum of the square of these residual errors are minimized
through a Least Squares adjustment.
Linear Standard Deviation

This setting represents the default value for the linear standard deviation in working
units (feet or meters). This value should represent your best guess of a value that
should cover two-thirds of the traverse lengths required to adjust the traverse. For
example, if you think that two-thirds of the traverse lengths will be adjusted by 0.05 or
less, use 0.05 as the Linear Standard Deviation default value. Individual standard
deviations can be applied to each measurement.
Node
The text and symbol that are placed into the CAD graphic (or external database) that
identify points (northing, easting, elevation coordinate triplets) to reference within
various products.
Glossary of Terms 53
Proportional Elevation Adjustment Method
This adjustment option applies the distribution of the elevation correction based on the
proportion of the traverse length to the whole traverse length. This results in the Nodes
at the end of the longer traverse legs receiving more of a correction then the Nodes at
the end of the shorter legs.
SDMS Format
This format is based on the AASHTO Survey Data Management System for recording
and processing survey data. The structure is based on two-character labels or data
tags that are assigned to various bits of survey information. The information is then
grouped by what surveying activity was used to record the information.
Transit Adjustment Method

This adjustment method applies the distribution of the correction for the traverse
according to the proportion of individual course’s latitude and departure to the
arithmetical sum of the latitudes and departures of the entire traverse.
Weights
This is the reciprocal of the square of the standard deviation. You can apply a smaller
standard deviation to measurements that you feel are stronger, as they will be
assigned larger weights and will not be adjusted as much as the smaller weighted
measurements.
INDEX
A B
Acceptable Tolerance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Backsight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 34, 36
Active File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Backsight Node ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 26, 29
Active File, Edit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 balances, angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Adjusted Traverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 batch file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Batch File Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Adjustment Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Bearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Closure Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 bearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Least Squares Residuals Print Beginning Node ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Bringing Data into Survey Adjustment . . . . . . . 3
Printed Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Traverse/Sideshot Print Options . . . . . . . . 43 C
Adjustment Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Chi square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Adjustment Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Chi Square Compute Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Adjustment Methods and Options . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Chi Square Statistic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Adjustment Options Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Chi Square Tabular Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Ang. Angle Left . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Chi Square Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Ang. Angle Right . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Chi Square Statistic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Ang. Deflection Left . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Chi Square test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Ang. Deflection Right . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Closed Traverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Ang. From Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Closed Traverse Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Ang. Occupied Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Closed Traverse Information . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Ang. Residual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Closing Angle for Closed Traverse
Ang. Standard Deviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Ang. Standard Residual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
closed traverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 50
Ang. To Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Closed Traverse Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Closed Traverse Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Angle balances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Closing Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Angle Left . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Closing Angle for Closed Traverse
Angle Right . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Closing Angle for Open Traverse Diagram . . . . 5
Angles Closed Traverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Closing Angle for Self-contained Traverse
Angles Open Traverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Angular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 25, 27, 28
Closing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Angular Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 47
Closing Data Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Angular Standard Deviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Closing Data Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Angular standard deviation . . . . . . . . . 22, 37, 42
Closing Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 47
Arc Length, maintain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Closing Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 47
azimuth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Closing Information . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 30, 35, 36
Closing Information Dialog Box . . . . . . . . 30
Index 55
Closing Information Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 E
Closing Node ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Closure Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 46 Easting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21, 34, 36, 43
Closure Data Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Easting Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30, 46
Closure Data Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Edit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
COGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Edit Active File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
COGO Batch File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21, 34, 36, 43
Compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Elevation Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30, 46
Compass Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Elevations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Compute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Elevations Equal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Elevations Proportional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Compute Chi Square Test . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Erase Error Ellipses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Entry By Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Show Error Ellipses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Entry By Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Update Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 View Entry Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Compute Chi Square Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Entry By Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Compute Chi Square Test Dialog Box . . . 49 Closing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Compute Chi Square Test Dialog Box . . . . . . 49 Closing Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Entry By Nodes Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Adjustment Methods and Options . . . . . . . 2 Modify Sideshot Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Bringing Data into Survey Adjustment . . . . 3 Modify Traverse Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 New Sideshot Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
Sample Traverses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 New Traverse Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Confidence Interval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 New Traverse Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Crandall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Entry By Nodes Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Crandall Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Entry by Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Entry By Object Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Entry By Object Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
D
Erase Error Ellipses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Erase Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
Data Collection File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Error Ellipse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
data collector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Error per Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31, 47
Define By . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Deflection Left . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 F
Deflection Right . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Degree of Curve, maintain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 File Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 12
Delete Survey Adjustment File . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Foresight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Delete Traverse/Sideshot Node . . . . . . . . 21, 35 Foresight Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Delta Angle, maintain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Foresight Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 44 Foresight information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 34, 36 Foresight Node ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Display Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 35, 36, 41 From/ To Node ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
Dist. Adjusted Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 From/To Node ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Dist. From Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Dist. Residual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 G
Dist. Standard Deviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Geometric directional value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Dist. Standard Residual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Dist. To Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 I
Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 34, 36, 44
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
L New Survey Adjustment File
Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Least Squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 14, 35 QuickSteps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Least Squares Residuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 New Survey Adjustment File Dialog Box . . . . . 11
Least Squares Residuals Print Options . . . . . . 44 New Traverse Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Least Squares Residuals Print Options New Traverse Node Dialog Box
Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Least Squares Residuals Print Options QuickSteps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 New Traverse Node Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Least Squares Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 New Traverse Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Linear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 25, 27, 28 New Traverse Nodes Dialog Box . . . . . . . 24
Linear Standard Deviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 QuickSteps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Linear standard deviation . . . . . . . . . . 22, 37, 42 New Traverse Nodes by Object . . . . . . . . . . . 34
New Traverse Nodes Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . 24
M New Traverse/Sideshot Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Maintain Arc Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Node ID . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 24, 26, 32, 34, 36, 43
Maintain Degree of Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 None . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Maintain Delta Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Northing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 34, 36, 43
Maintain Middle Ordinate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Northing Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 46
Maintain Radius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Number of Iterations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Maintain Tangent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Manage Survey Adjustment Files . . . . . . . . . . 10 O
Manage Survey Adjustment Files Occupied Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Occupied station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
New Survey Adjustment File . . . . . . . . . . 11 Open Traverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Print File Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Closing Angle for Open Traverse
Manage Survey Adjustment Files Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Open Traverse Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Middle Ordinate, maintain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Open Traverse Information . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Modify Sideshot Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 open traverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Modify Sideshot Node Dialog Box . . . . . . 29 Open Traverse Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
QuickSteps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Open Traverse Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Modify Sideshot Node Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . 29
Modify Survey Adjustment File . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
P
Modify Traverse Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Modify Traverse Node Dialog Box . . . . . . 28 P matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
QuickSteps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Precision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 47
Modify Traverse Node Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . 28 Prepare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Modify Traverse/Sideshot Node . . . . . . . . 21, 35 Edit Active File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
multiple adjustment files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Manage Survey Adjustment Files . . . . . . 10
multiple boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Survey Adjustment Settings . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Print . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 49
N Print File Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Print Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
New Sideshot Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Print Reports Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
New Sideshot Nodes Dialog Box . . . . . . . 26 Printed Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
QuickSteps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Print Reports Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
New Sideshot Nodes Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . 26
New Survey Adjustment File . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 11
Index 57
R Transit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Transit Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Radius, maintain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 traverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Traverse Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
S Traverse Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31, 47
Sample Traverses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Traverse Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25, 26
Closed Traverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Traverse Node ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Open Traverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 traverse, closed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Self-contained Traverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 traverse, open . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Save Settings As Default . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Traverse/Sideshot Print Options . . . . . . . . . . .43
Scale Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Traverse/Sideshot Print Options
SDMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3 Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
SDMS (AASHTO) File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Traverse/Sideshot Print Options
Selection Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 26 Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Self-contained Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Traverse/Sideshot Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Self-contained Traverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 traverses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Closing Angle for Self-contained Traverse Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 21, 32, 34, 36
Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Self-contained Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 U
Show Error Ellipses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Unadjusted Traverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Sideshot Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Update Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
Sideshot information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Sideshot Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 26
V
Sideshot Node ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Sideshots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 V matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
Standard deviation, angular . . . . . 22, 35, 37, 42 View Entry Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Standard deviation, linear . . . . . . . 22, 35, 37, 42 View Entry Information Dialog Box . . . . . .36
Standard Deviations . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 35, 37, 42 View Entry Information Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . .36
Survey Adjustment File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Survey Adjustment Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 W
working units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22, 35, 37
Options Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Survey Adjustment Settings – Least
Squares Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Options Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Survey Adjustment Settings – Least Squares
Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Survey Adjustment Settings Dialog Box –
Adjustment Options Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Survey Adjustment Settings Dialog Box –
Least Squares Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
T
Tangent, maintain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
topographical surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Total Printed Columns Available . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Total Printed Columns Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Survey Adjustment

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Survey Adjustment

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Survey Adjustment by Eagle Point Software

Adjustment Methods and Options

Bringing Data into Survey Adjustment

Figure 1-1 Open Traverse Diagram

Open Traverse Information

Initial occupied station 1

Initial backsight Node 100

Closing Point 101

Foresight Node 102

Closing Angle 5-101-102

Figure 1-2 Closing Angle for Open Traverse Diagram

Figure 1-3 Closed Traverse Diagram

Closed Traverse Information

Initial occupied station 1

Initial backsight Node 100

Foresight Node 100

Closing Angle 6-7-100

Figure 1-4 Closing Angle for Closed Traverse Diagram

Figure 1-5 Self-contained Traverse

Initial occupied station 1

Initial Backsight Node 6

Closing Angle 6-1-2

Figure 1-6 Closing Angle for Self-contained Traverse Diagram

KEY-IN COMMAND: cQ]Q^

Figure 2-1 Manage Survey Adjustment Files Dialog Box

Manage Survey Adjustment Files Dialog Box Definitions

´ CG: COGO batch processing file.

´ SA: Survey Adjustment file.

New Survey Adjustment File

Figure 2-2 New Survey Adjustment File Dialog Box

New Survey Adjustment File Dialog Box Definitions

Print File Options

KEY-IN COMMAND: cQUTYdVY\U

Survey Adjustment Settings

KEY-IN COMMAND: cQcUd

Survey Adjustment Settings Dialog Box – Adjustment Options Tab Definitions

Survey Adjustment Settings – Least Squares Tab

Survey Adjustment Settings Dialog Box – Least Squares Tab Definitions

KEY-IN COMMAND: TUV^_TU

Figure 3-1 Entry By Nodes Dialog Box

´ SS: Sideshot information

´ FS: Foresight information

New Traverse Node

Figure 3-2 New Traverse Node Dialog Box

New Traverse Node Dialog Box Definitions

New Traverse Nodes

Figure 3-3 New Traverse Nodes Dialog Box

New Traverse Nodes Dialog Box Definitions

Figure 3-4 New Sideshot Nodes Dialog Box

New Sideshot Nodes Dialog Box Definitions

Modify Traverse Node

Figure 3-5 Modify Traverse Node Dialog Box

Modify Traverse Node Dialog Box Definitions

Figure 3-6 Modify Sideshot Node Dialog Box

Modify Sideshot Node Dialog Box Definitions

Figure 3-7 Closing Information Dialog Box

Closing Information Dialog Box Definitions

ï If only a direction was recorded, then this value will be N/A.

To perform an adjustment or an angle balance on the traverse, a closing point is required.

Figure 3-8 Closing Data Dialog Box

Closing Data Dialog Box Definitions

KEY-IN COMMAND: TUV_RZ

Figure 3-9 Entry By Object Dialog Box

Entry By Object Dialog Box Definitions