International Political Economy

Roxas, Kyle Miguel E. March 16, 2018

AB Foreign Service, FS301 Sir Jumel G. Estrañero

The Reconstruction of Marawi

Chapter I
Introduction

Marawi is officially recognized as the Islamic City of the Philippines which is a 4th
class city and capital of the province of Lanao del Sur. It is located on the northernmost
shores of Lake Lanao.1 The city that had a shadow economy was under the
longest urban battle in the modern history of the Philippines, which was called the
Marawi Siege.2 The strife between Philippine government security forces and militants
affiliated with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), including
the Maute and Abu Sayyaf Salafi jihadist groups started on May 23, 2017.3 According to
the Philippine government, the clashes began during an offensive operation in Marawi
to capture Isnilon Hapilon, the leader of the ISIL-affiliated Abu Sayyaf group, after
receiving reports that Hapilon was in the city, possibly to meet with militants of
the Maute group.4 The armed conflict lasted for five gruesome months deteriorating the
resources, businesses, investments and innocent people in Marawi. Fortunately, the city
was liberated from militant-control on October 17th.5 Nevertheless as expected from an
all out war the aftermath of the siege is downbeat. Over 400,000 people were displaced
from Marawi and nearby towns.6 The most challenging aspect now is to regain the
economic and political prowess Marawi had before this siege happened whilst ensuring
the nation that this occurrence will never take place again, the Philippine government is
in a crisis, from restoration, and reconstruction to maintaining the peace that is once
again regained from the people in the fallen city they must instill the order and
transparency of all the transactions regarding the funds allocated from local and
international bodies.
1

1
Census of Population (2015), "ARMM – Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao", Total Population by Province, City, Municipality
and Barangay, PSA, Retrieved 20 June 2016, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marawi#cite_note-ARMM-5 Accessed March 12, 2018
2
"Marawi: City destroyed in Philippines' longest urban war". Inquirer News, 19 October 2017. Retrieved19 October 2017,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marawi#cite_note-notattack-39 Accessed March 12, 2018
3
"Marawi crisis: What we know so far". The Philippine Star, 25 May 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2017, Accessed March 12, 2-18
4
"TIMELINE: Maute attack in Marawi City". ABS-CBN News, 23 May 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017, & Morallo, Audrey (23 May
2017). "AFP: Marawi clashes part of security operation, not terrorist attack". The Philippine Star, Retrieved 23 May 2017. Accessed
March 12, 2018
5
Santos, Elimor. "Duterte declares liberation of Marawi". CNN Philippines, Retrieved 17 October 2017
6
GMANEWS.COM Published July 1, 2017 11:53pm http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/616565/marawi-fighting-
displaces-nearly-400-000/story/ Accessed March 12, 2018
 Chapter II
A. Statement of the Problem

1. How can we compensate for the loss of resources because of the siege?
2. What is the Philippine Government doing to prevent the reoccurrence of this
phenomenon?
3. Will this occurrence affect the reputation of the current administration?

Chapter II
B. Methodology

Prior to their use of ISIS imagery the Maute Group were known as an extortion
gang and as a private armed group (PAG). Omarkhayyam and Abdullah Maute founded
the MG and pledged to ISIS in 2015. As we have witnessed in the Marawi crisis, the
Maute Group appears to have ad hoc alliances with other threat groups. A typical
response of armed groups against security forces is to engage in “pintakasi”, where the
goal is to seize weapons from military unit. The intent of the foreign terrorist group was
to impose its twisted idea of a caliphate globally. They mangle Islamic religious texts to
justify their brutal regime. Their alleged caliph Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi established the
caliphate from territories seized from Syria and Iraq. The so-called ISIS caliphate is not
recognized by moderate Muslims. Pro-ISIS foreign nationals appear to have been
attracted to Mindanao due to the call of ISIS propaganda. However, foreign fighter
presence is not automatically a sign of ISIS link. 7

We all know that rebuilding Marawi after the recent hostilities means much more
than physical reconstruction. More daunting would be rebuilding lives and livelihoods. In
the face of the city economy’s recent history, this task will be extremely complex and
tricky. The immediate concern is to restore economic activity, which the months-long
fighting put to a standstill.8 Restoring and sustaining these lives of put a hinge on
restoring their jobs and livelihoods. Until this is finished it is an utmost necessity for the
government to provide for their subsistence. Like it or not, this will mean outright
subsidy by the state and its citizens who are paying tax for the displaced Maranaw’s
basic human needs of food, clothing and shelter. And failure in meeting these needs
would only fuel the disenchantment further between the government and the Filipino
people, for which esteem has already been erased with the common sentiment that it
was the government and its bombs that destroyed their homes.

The reality is, whatever the city economy was like before the conflict broke out
had been borne out of decades of evolution of what International Alert calls the “shadow
economy that has flourished in Mindanao. Banaag said the initial estimate of total needs
was placed at P49.81 billion.9 In December, Duterte turned over at least 500 temporary
shelters to displaced residents of Marawi City. Cultural conservationists to pointed out
that the Maranao architectural styles and designs should be utilized in all
reconstructions, rehabilitation, and restorations so that the indigenous Maranao
aesthetics of the city won't be lost in the tide of development. 10 In January 30, 2018, it
was announced that a military camp will be established in the city, where the old city
hall will be 'replaced' by a two-story building for military personnel, worrying
conservationists of the possibility that the old heritage structures of Marawi will be
demolished instead of being restored.11 The Department of Public Works and Highways
has also completed the site development for housing in a 9.9-hectare plot of land in
Barangay Sagonsongan. Also, Tesda allots P340M to set up training schools in Marawi
The Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (Tesda) has allotted close to
P340 million to set up training schools and offer courses to residents of war-torn Marawi
City. After spending almost P50 million for the skills training in 2017 of around 6,800
internally displaced persons in Marawi, Guiling Mamondiong, Tesda director general,
vowed on Monday that his agency would intensify its efforts to help the city get back on
its feet after the five-month siege by Islamic State-affiliated terrorist groups, more than
half (P188 million) would be used to train 10,000 residents in construction work. 12
2

Chapter III
Review of Related Literature
This part of the study will be discussing literature relevant to the research – the
rehabilitation of Marawi. This part accounts the researches, working papers, and works
that have been published by accredited scholars and researchers. All this would allow
the readers to map and position the research within the context. Moreover, this part of
the study is closely connected with demonstrating what is known in the field. It is the
knowledge of the field that allows one to identify the gap, which the research could fill.

Foreign Literature

Jean Monnet, a French Civil servant proposed The Monnet plan post civil war. It
was a reconstruction plan for France that proposed giving France control over the
German coal and steel areas of the Ruhr area and Saar and using these resources to

7 Published on June 2, 2017, http://www.securityreforminitiative.org/2017/06/02/maute-group-need-know-2/ Accessed on March 12,

2018
8
Cielito F. Habito, Inquirer.Net, http://opinion.inquirer.net/108789/rebuilding-marawi-economy, Published November 17, 2018,
Accessed March 12, 2018
9
Nestor Corrales, Inquirer.Net http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/957725/palace-p50b-needed-for-marawi-rehabilitation, Published January
9, 2018, Accessed March 12, 2018
10
"Duterte declares martial law in Philippines amid terror clashes, the battle is soon to end said Duterte". UPI. Retrieved 2017-05-24,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marawi#cite_note-GT-147, Accessed March 12, 2018
11
http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/01/30/18/govt-to-build-p400-million-military-camp-in-marawi, Accessed on March 12, 2018
12
Jovic Yee, Inquirer.Net, http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/956792/tesda-allots-p340m-to-set-up-training-schools-in-marawi, Published
Januray 2, 2018, Accessed March 12, 2018
13
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monnet_Plan, Accessed on March 12, 2018
bring France to 150% of pre-war industrial production. The plan was adopted
by Charles de Gaulle in early 1946. The plan would permanently limit capacity, and
greatly increase power. The "Monnet Plan" (1946–1950) was in effect the first five-year
plan for modernization and equipment, a plan for national economic
reconstruction which drew heavily on earlier French plans to make France the largest
steel producer in Europe. Monnet's goal was to modernize the French economy so as to
make it internationally competitive, especially versus German exports. 13 I think this can
be adapted by the Philippines in a more friendly way, we can borrow funds and
resources from other safeguarded parts of our country and bring it to the focal point of
the crisis right now, which is the rehabilitation of Marawi.

Foreign Literature

The European Recovery Program or ERP was an American initiative to aid

Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $13 billion (nearly $110 billion in
2016 US dollars) in economic assistance to help rebuild Western European economies
after the end of World War II. The plan was in operation for four years beginning on
April 3, 1948. The goals of the United States were to rebuild war-torn regions,
remove trade barriers, modernize industry, improve European prosperity, and prevent
the spread of Communism. The Marshall Plan required a lessening of interstate
barriers, a dropping of many regulations, and encouraged an increase
in productivity, trade union membership, as well as the adoption of modern business
procedures.14 in the sense of barricading the trade barriers we can improve this in a
more legal setting since the shadow economy of Marawi is demolished. This paves the
way to fabricate more legalized and law abiding jobs for the people before they start
another underground society. We can also improve religious relations with the people –
Maranao through ensuring that their customs and beliefs are taken seriously and will be
given the chance to prove themselves by giving them modern business procedures.

Foreign Literature

In 1991, the conflict in Sierra Leon began. After three peace agreements there
are now at last encouraging signs that the country may have started on the path to
peace and security. Disarmament, a crucial factor, was slow to get off the ground under
previous peace agreements. Now, with international diplomacy, supported by ECOWAS
and the UN, a new and hopeful attempt at disarmament is underway. At the beginning
of May the different parties – the RUF, the government, and the progovernment civil
defence forces –agreed on the immediate disarmament of all combatants. In mid-June,
4,000 had already handed in their arms, out of an estimated total of 25,000. 15 As
mentioned the 2015 study states that there are at least 500,000 weapons in Marawi and
this factor greatly affected the longevity of the war, it provided more tools to inflict
damage to both parties. And I believe that with this more and more criminals, terrorists
will be decreased in number and activity. They will not try and have a contact with the
police thus the chances that their operations will be halted.

Foreign Literature

The economic situation in Afghanistan is not the only indicator of the failure of the
country’s reconstruction. The state of security is alarming as well. The Human rights
watch report documented deaths of 2,135 civilians in the first three quarters of 2010,
which is an increase of over 10 percent when compared to the same period in 2009.
More than a decade has passed since the launch of the Operation Enduring Freedom.
Although this operation is not restricted solely to Afghanistan, it is its main area of
implementation. In this operation and the sequential reconstruction of Afghanistan, tens
of billions of dollars were detached to be spent for the country’s renovation. For
example between the years 2002 and 2011 the United States have assigned more than
$88,5 billion for Afghanistan’s reconstruction and the numbers get even higher when we
consider the contributions of other countries. Yet even now, more than ten years after
the start of the reconstruction, the country is far from what it was intended at the launch
of the Bonn Agreement on December 2001. Hence, The attempt to train soldiers and
policemen, which are to replace foreign forces when they retract, is also facing serious
difficulties and so far is thus not promising in terms of future security of the country.
Other than illiteracy and abuse, desertion is a rising problem. 24,000 soldiers, that is
roughly 15 percent, deserted in the first half of the year, which is twice as much as in
2010.16 Modifying this for our benefit is to ensure that the slow-paced process is
demolished, we should implement and conserve as soon as possible, this will also
conform to the likes of those we serve, we must keep in mind that these people have
been traumatized and solidification of support is the best way we can help them cope
with the life changing events.

Foreign Literature

The deaths of about 150 Shi'ite worshippers in Baghdad and Karbala on March
2—Iraq's bloodiest day since Saddam Hussein's fall—have overshadowed the release
of the interim constitution. Urging for calm, leaders said the suicide bombs and mortar
attacks were intended to ignite a civil war. Over the last several months, the Wilson
Center's Conflict Prevention Project and Middle East Program have focused their
programming on the important role of women in Iraqi reconstruction. Iraqi women, from
those involved in city councils to members of the national Governing Council, have
shown extraordinary ability and dynamism throughout the various Wilson Center events.
During her presentation, Berwari reported that nearly one year after the start of the war,
Iraqi ministries are functioning, laws regulating business and finance have been
established, markets are flourishing, and oil production has reached pre-war levels.
Nonetheless, the Coalition and the Iraqi people face formidable obstacles that threaten
a peaceful transition to democracy. As the devastating attacks on the Shi'ite holy day of
Ashoura illustrate, the Coalition has been unable to ensure a safe and secure
environment within Iraq. Life has not returned to "normal" in Iraq—a general feeling of
unease pervades the country. Economic investment remains low and normal routines of
life have been altered to accommodate long lines at gas pumps and security
checkpoints. In places where kidnappings occur frequently, children must be
accompanied to schools, while women are escorted to the market and have taken to
donning abayas in an effort to become less visible. Despite these obstacles, Minister
Berwari remains committed to encouraging the security, growth and well being of her
country. Berwari's ministry is responsible for all municipal services, except for electricity
and telecommunications; it is responsible for safe drinking water and environmental
sanitation, municipal roadwork including traffic controls, and urban planning, land
management, and zoning.17 This hits close to home because it is a conflict arisen from
religious contempt, one that stems from the collision of government and church. We
must take into consideration their way of accommodating this conflict towards the path
of peace. They still strive to preserve their morality by enduring all these hard bound
problems, safe keeping their humanity by supporting change, accepting a female leader
to spearhead a revival of a fallen city.
3

Local Literature

The post-disaster period can be categorized into three phases: moving from
immediate Relief, through Recovery, to Reconstruction. Known to be one of the
strongest storms in Philippine history, Yolanda caused widespread destruction. There
were up to 19,000 dead or missing, 28,690 injured and 4,095,280 displaced. Some 16.1
million people were affected across six regions. Total cost of infrastructure and
agriculture damages was estimated at about Php39.8 billion. The need to beef up its
monitoring and accounting of Yolanda funds is urgent, IBON observed, as only the
DSWD has in place a system of keeping track of its expenditures, while other
departments have not shown any plans to do so. Moreover, the self-proclaimed pro-
poor Duterte administration is challenged to fast-track Yolanda rehabilitation and
reconstruction lest the survivors become poorer and hungrier than they already were
14
Carew, Anthony (1987). Labour Under the Marshall Plan: The Politics of Productivity and the Marketing of Management Science.
Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-2553-2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Plan, Accessed on March 12, 2018
15
Bart Kuiter (Sierra Leone Delegation) & Linda Hales (DG Development, Brussels), the Courier ACP-E, july-august 2001,
http://ec.europa.eu/development/body/publications/courier/courier187/en/en_076.pdf, Accessed March 12, 2018
16
Tomáš Váňa, Published 11.12.2012, http://www.globalpolitics.cz/clanky/why-has-post-war-reconstruction-in-afghanistan-not-
succeeded, Accessed March 12, 2018
17
Published March 4, 2004, Accessed March 12, 2018, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/post-post-war-reconstruction-iraq
even before the super-typhoon struck, said IBON. The Department of Social Work and
Development (DSWD) and United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian
Affairs (UNOCHA) have also reported Php1.17 billion in local and foreign donations and
US$865 million in foreign funding, respectively, for Yolanda-stricken areas. But
congruent to government agencies’ low overall weighted accomplishment, IBON
research found communities of survivors who were still jobless or underemployed. Many
are also still living in weak temporary shelters, in relocation sites with insufficient or no
utilities and social services, or in calamity-prone areas that still lack evacuation
centers.16 Let us exhaust our resources for the betterment of our economy, make do
with what we have, make sure that no political head will take it into their advantage
instead for the people who are in dire need of help.

Local Literature

This report summarizes the just-in-time advice provided by the World Bank to the
government of the Philippines (GoP) immediately after Typhoon Haiyan. The Bank
helped the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) develop the
Reconstruction Assistance on Yolanda (RAY) plan, providing recommendations and
sharing international good practice on key aspects of recovery and reconstruction,
including institutional arrangements for recovery implementation, use of remote damage
assessment, resilient recovery, and reconstruction of housing, buildings, roads, and
other infrastructure. The report is divided into six chapters: 1. Rapid Damage
Assessments: Using Remote Sensing Technologies and Risk Information to Help
Determine Preliminary Reconstruction Needs 2. Buildings and Infrastructure: Good
Practices for Resilient Reconstruction 3. Housing: Lessons Learned from Large-Scale
Housing Reconstruction Programs 4. Building Back Better: Restoring Key Sectors,
Local Economy, and Livelihoods 5. Roads and Bridges: Enabling Operational Continuity
of Lifelines for Evacuation and Post - Disaster Response 6. Institutional Structures:
Good Practices and Options for Effective Planning and Implementation of
Reconstruction and Recovery. International experience shared through the engagement
includes lessons learned from community driven reconstruction in Indonesia and
Pakistan; shelter and housing recovery in Haiti; emergency reconstruction in Turkey;
resilient infrastructure and hurricane contingency planning in Florida; resilient
reconstruction of buildings in California, Haiti, Japan, and Turkey; remote damage
assessment in Pakistan; and resilient road and highway management in East Asia and
New Zealand.19 We could learn from this by adapting different styles from different
countries, taking into account that we are different in many ways as we are similar, we
could modify these techniques to give the best and most promising results to our
natives.
Local Literature

Access to basic health services,including reproductive health,were provided

through mobile medical teams, transitional health posts, emergency health units and
barangay (the lowest administrative unit in the Philippines) health stations. Regular
disease surveillance has prevented outbreaks. Nutrition screening enabled treatment of
malnourished IDP children in the largest evacuation centres and in 16 barangays; food
supplements and therapeutic feeding were integrated intofood assistance
programmes.Water delivery and testing, construction and maintenance of latrines and
drainage systems,and hygiene promotion activities have improved water and sanitation
conditions in evacuation centres and transition sites. Most education services have
resumed and 95 per cent of IDP schoolchildren have been tracked. Humanitarian
partners also continue to assist local authorities to ensure dignified relocation of IDP
families to transition sites and fast-track the construction of temporary shelters. Regular
monitoring, prevention and response activities have not adequately improved the
protection of IDPs, especially women and children, who continue to be exposed to
violence, abuse and exploitation. Communication with communities through regular
mobile information sessions and community consultations needs to be improved.The
city government and humanitarian organizations have provided information on available
services. However, many IDPs, particularly those remaining in evacuation and transit
centers, are unaware of how they will be supported to find a durable solution.20

Local Literature

Rebuilding fishing communities and fisheries, Post-Haiyan reconstruction in the

Philippines, Relevant national government departments and agencies have been
engaging development partners, local government units and agencies and the private
sector in their sectoral rehabilitation plans. However, despite existing laws and policies
on participatory and transparent governance, the Presidential Assistant for
Rehabilitation and Recovery (PARR), former Senator Panfilo Lacson, together with
those government agencies involved in the response, have yet to establish a clear
participatory mechanism to ensure that affected communities, especially women and
men fisher folk in coastal communities, are able to effectively participate in the
development and implementation of RAY. To help start this process, NGOs for
Fisheries Reform (NFR), with the support of Oxfam and other civil society partners,
organized consultations and focus group discussions (FGDs) among fishing
communities in typhoon-affected provinces to gather views, insights and
recommendations from community members on the government’s reconstruction
programme.21
Local Literature

Rehabilitation, recovery and reconstruction programs in the Philippines are hindered by

recurrent disasters, a lack of financial resources, and the politicization of the process.
Linking immediate relief with longer-term recovery and disaster risk reduction remains
one of the most persistent challenges of the aid sector globally, largely because of
continued under-funding of recovery programs confirmed by the post-Typhoon Haiyan
experience where less than half of the $788m needed for recovery had been received
six months after the disaster. Long-term post-disaster assessments reveal the
numerous gaps and challenges of the recovery process. Health, especially mental
health, was overlooked; thousands remained without permanent settlement 3; millions
were once again living in “unsafe” zones; and politicization of the process affected
vulnerable groups such as internally displaced people. Despite these problems,
reported optimism for recovery is high. Optimism is a powerful aspect of coping capacity
and the onus is therefore on the government, local and international organizations to
stay committed to their promises and to ensure that disaster affected populations do not
lose hope and drive to overcome the impacts of disasters.22
4

Chapter IV
Presentation, Interpretation and Analysis

The analysis started from assessing the damages reported by news sources then
continued to the evaluation of all the actions presented by the government to aid and
secure the damages that has taken place in the city of Marawi. And then the research
tackled the effects of the siege, following the indicators: Employment/Livelihood, Trade
activities, Mental and Physical Health, Religious conservatory, Security Threats,
Implications of internal warfare between neighbors and Tourism. These all constitutes to
the state of Marawi.

How can we compensate for the loss of resources because of the siege?

This is only a plausible possibility if the government ensures that every single
peso from foreign investors and the allocated fund is used for the betterment and
development of the livelihood and modernization of the facilities will also constitute to a

4
18 http://yolanda.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Yolanda-CRRP.pdf, Accessed March 12, 2018
19
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/743291468283536255/Philippines-Support-to-Post-Yolanda-Haiyan-Reconstruction-
and-Recovery-Planning-Summary-of-knowledge-briefs, Accessed March 12, 2018
20
https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/PUBLICATIONS/pidsdps1721.pdf, Accessed March 12, 2018
21
file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Eden/My%20Documents/Downloads/bn-fisheries-reconstruction-philippines-recovery-
1200214-en.pdf, Accessed March 12, 2018
22
http://currents.plos.org/disasters/article/resilience-and-disaster-trends-in-the-philippines-opportunities-for-national-and-local-
capacity-building/
faster recovery of lost resources, it will stem mainly from the hard work exerted by the
locals and the government.

What is the Philippine Government doing to prevent the reoccurrence of this

phenomenon?

In the recent events it has greatly proven that our security prowess was not
able to keep up with our economic growth and the evolution of civilization, hence the
incapability to defend our own territories without the help of foreign states and the
tremendous loss of our people. President Rodrigo Duterte has made impeccable
changes in his military regiment, promulgating that we have been complacent in the
face of conflict, we have been useless for our own nation, failing to protect and
forego peace that was promised by the government. I think the US-RP military
trainings will be of big help in this revolving security force, it will help the PH greatly if
we keep this up, adapting tactics from a first world country is never wrong if it is
proven to be useful. Also, the current and future governments should never make
the same mistake of letting suspicious underground economies rest, they should
diminish new found evidences leading to these results. We must guarantee our
people that there is always a peaceful resolve in all conflicts.

Will this occurrence affect the reputation of the current administration?

If it does the effect will be of a minimum impact, hence the conflict stemmed
since the past governing heads. It will be of importance that the conflict is finally
resolved and in the hands of the current President. It will show a more lion hearted
country, a country that will do everything and anything to preserve peace for its people.

Chapter V
Summary

It was a conflict that stemmed from the illegal conformity of these terrorists that
caused hundreds of thousands innocent lives, years of history, millions of investments,
and a horrific event to learn from. The Maute and Abusayaff groups together with the
foreign vigilantes ISIS, wrecked havoc in the city of Marawi to cause disaster was to put
a dent to the governing prowess in this state. It wanted attention from the international
stadium, a spotlight showcasing their capabilities, wanting more recruits to join and
pursue their own sovereignty. Fortunately, after five gruesome months the siege finally
ended, with a lot of lives and hungry stomachs to recuperate it was still hard for the
country, but a learning pedestal nevertheless. We should smile and cry at the same
time when reliving these moments, because it was due to our incompetence that this
came be, we were complacent enough to tolerate these terroristic actions for years, we
were too soft hearted, if only the previous governments decided to enact the captivity of
these people then we might have had a shorter bloodshed. But now that we are past
that let us shed light into what is more important, the rehabilitation of the fallen city, like I
have said we should exhaust our resources, all the funding and investment coming from
foreign aids to its full potential. Let us be humane and be emphatic enough to not let
these people undergo more hardships.

Recommendation
It should be in our great interest to provide our utmost assistance, may it be from
prayers to actual government actions, we should entitle them to a better and peaceful
life. The focal point in this research is that we failed to capture the safeness and
humanitarian way of living to our people, we suspected that there were a shadow
economy but we still did not act as fast and as early as we can, let us be perceptive
enough to learn from this. Never again should this happen, connect all our powers for
the betterment of life.

Chapter VI
References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marawi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marawi
http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/05/24/marawi-crisis-timeline.html
https://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/marawi-rehabilitation-needs-comprehensive-plan-
multilateral-coordination
http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/tag/marawi-rehabilitation
http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/962140/search-for-bombs-delays-marawi-rehab
http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/955669/duterte-orders-soldier-farmers-deployed-to-help-in-
marawi-rehab
http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/956792/tesda-allots-p340m-to-set-up-training-schools-in-
marawi
http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/957725/palace-p50b-needed-for-marawi-rehabilitation
http://opinion.inquirer.net/108789/rebuilding-marawi-economy
http://www.mindanews.com/top-stories/2017/06/marawi-crisis-affecting-investors-
confidence-on-mindanao-biz-leader/
http://pia.gov.ph/news/articles/1002769
http://www.sunstar.com.ph/baguio/opinion/2017/05/25/villanueva-marawi-effect-543862
http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/economy/612873/economic-impact-of-
mindanao-martial-law-limited-says-moody-s/story/
http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=TopStory&title=economists-look-
beyond-marawi-siege&id=147271
http://opinion.inquirer.net/104381/economic-risk
http://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/business/2017/06/28/economic-boom-seen-after-
marawi-crisis-550056
https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/07/13/marawi-crisis-ml-slowing-down-davao-economy-
tourism/
http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/905089/marawi-evacuees-boost-economy-of-nearby-town
https://explorable.com/different-research-methods
https://research-methodology.net/research-methods/
https://research-methodology.net/research-methodology/research-approach/inductive-
approach-2/
https://www.rappler.com/nation/189895-yolanda-marawi-rehabilitation-lessons
http://cnnphilippines.com/videos/2017/11/08/Marawi-rehab-officials-No-repeat-of-
Yolanda-mistakes.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monnet_Plan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Plan#cite_note-5
https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/post-post-war-reconstruction-iraq
http://www.globalpolitics.cz/clanky/why-has-post-war-reconstruction-in-afghanistan-not-
succeeded
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http://yolanda.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Yolanda-CRRP.pdf
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file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Eden/My%20Documents/Downloads/bn-
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