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ABSTRACT: The prediction of the axial capacity of piles has been a challenge since the beginning of the geotechnical
engineering profession. In recent years determining bearing capacity of piles from in-situ testing data as a complement
of static and dynamic analysis has been used by geotechnical engineers. The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is still the
most commonly used in-situ test and pile capacity determination by SPT is one of the earliest applications of this test.
On the other hand, the acceptance of numerical analyses in geotechnical problems is growing and finite element
calculations are more and more used in the design of foundations. In this paper, different approaches for estimating the
bearing capacity of piles from SPT data have been explained and compared with numerical method. Then, comparisons
between numerical and empirical results are presented and discussed.
Keywords: Pile, Axial capacity, Standard Penetration Test, Finite Element Method
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Int. J. of GEOMATE, June, 2013, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Sl. No. 8), pp. 560-564
Table 1 SPT direct methods for prediction of pile bearing capacity in the present study
Unit Base (Qb) and Unit
Method Remarks
Shaft (Qs) resistance
m Nb L Qb (MPa) = k Nb Nb:average of N between 10D above and 5D below
D pile base
Meyerhof
Ns: average value of N around pile embedment depth.
(1976)
Qs (kPa) = ns Ns bored piles: ns=1, k=0.012, m=0.12
driven piles: ns=2, k=0.04, m=0.4
Nb:average of N between 1D above and 3.75D
below pile base, Nb 50
Bazaraa & Qb (MPa) = nb Nb
nb= 0.06 - 0.2 ns= 2 – 4
Kurkur (1986)
Qs (kPa) = ns Ns Ns: average value of N around pile embedment
depth
driven piles and bored piles in clay: α =1
bored piles in granular soils: α=0.5-0.6
Qb (MPa)= kb Nb
driven piles in sand: kb=0.325
bored piles in sand: kb=0.325
Decourt
driven piles in clay: kb=0.1
(1995) Qs (kPa) = (2.8 Ns+10) bored piles in clay: kb=0.08
Nb: average of N around pile base
Ns: average value of N around pile embedment
depth.
Qb (MPa)= 0.385 Ngb Ngb: the geometrical average of N values between 8D
Shariatmadari above and 4D below pile base
et al.(2008) Qs (kPa) = 3.65 Ngs Ngs: geometrical average of N values along the pile
Classification
CAPACITY BY SPT (CASE STUDY) (N o. of Blow s)
Depth (m)
Graphic
PI (%)
(unified)
LL (%)
Log
Soil
second
15 cm
15 cm
15 cm
Total
first
N
12 6 6 4 4
S P -S M 5
NP
12 6 6 4 6
NP S W -S M
7
6 23 C L-M L
8
8 4 4 4
9
NP SM
15 8 7 4 10
NP SM 11
12 6 6 4 12
NP SM
13
7 4 3 3 ML 14
16 44
Fig.1 The region considered in this study 15
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Int. J. of GEOMATE, June, 2013, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Sl. No. 8), pp. 560-564
SPT (N values)
0 5 10 15 20
0
4
Depth (m)
10
12
14
16
Fig.3 Variation of SPT-N values with depth
Table 2 The bearing capacity of the bored pile by common Load (kN)
SPT-based methods (L=7m, D=1m) 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Bazaraa & Shariat 0
Method Meyerhof Decourt
Kurkur madari
value(kN) 916 1102 1700 3655 5
10
Settlement (mm)
4. VALIDATION 15
In order to validate the program, a pile load test in 20
Germany has been analyzed. The load test investigated
25
the load-settlement behavior of a single pile. The upper
4.5m subsoil consist of silt (loam) followed by tertiary 30
sediments down to great depths. These tertiary sediments 35
FEM (Present sudy)
were stiff plastic clay similar to the so-cal1ed Frankfurt 40
clay, with a varying degree of overconsolidation. The Measured (El-Mossallamy)
groundwater table was about 3.5m below the ground 45
surface. The considered pile had a diameter of 1.3 m and a Fig.5a Load – settlement curve (a comparison)
length of 9.5m. It was located completely in the
overconsolidated clay. The loading system consisted of τy (kN/m2)
two hydraulic jacks working against a reaction beam. This 0 10 20 30 40 50
reaction beam was supported by 16 anchors. These 0
anchors were installed vertically at a depth between 15 5
and 20 m below the ground surface at a distant of about 4
m from the tested pile, in order to minimize the effect of 10
Settlement (mm)
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Int. J. of GEOMATE, June, 2013, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Sl. No. 8), pp. 560-564
modelled along the pile. The generated mesh of the Fig.8 Comparison between the results obtained by
system (for pile: L=7m, D=1m) by this program is as different methods and the present study FEM
follows (Fig 6).
6. CONCLUSION
Determining the bearing capacity of piles is an interesting
subject in geotechnical engineering. The complex nature
of the embedment ground of piles and lack of suitable
analytical models for predicting the pile bearing capacity
are the main reasons for the geotechnical engineer's
tendency to peruse further research on this subject. Direct
bearing capacity predicting methods for piles are
developed based on in-situ testing data, specially SPT,
having applications that have shown an increase in recent
years.
In this study, by analyzing the pile by FEM and
comparing it with common methods, tried to find a
reasonable prediction for its bearing capacity. The results
indicate that, in this site, the bearing capacity predicted by
Fig.6 The typical mesh used in the study Bazaraa & Kurkur method is very close to the one
obtained by the finite element method (FEM). Also
The stress-settlement behavior of the pile, analyzed by the Meyerhof method underestimates and Shariatmadari
program is presented in Fig 7. method overestimates the bearing capacity of the single
pile. Therefore, 1200 kN can be a good prediction for the
8
bearing capacity of the bored pile considered (L=7m,
D=1m) in this study.
7
6 7. REFRENCES
5 [1] Eslami A & Fellenius, BH, “Pile capacity by direct
τy (kN/m2)
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Int. J. of GEOMATE, June, 2013, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Sl. No. 8), pp. 560-564
T,” Ciclo de Conferencias Internationale, Leonardo Int. J. of GEOMATE, June, 2013, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Sl. No. 8),
Zeevaert, UNAM, Mexico, 1995, pp. 85-104. pp. 560-564.
MS No. 2118 received June 15, 2012, and reviewed under
[6] Shariatmadari N, Eslami A & Karimpour-fard M, GEOMATE publication policies.
“Bearing capacity of driven piles in sands from SPT– Copyright © 2013, International Journal of GEOMATE.
applied to 60 case histories ,” Iranian Journal of All rights reserved, including the making of copies unless
Science & Technology, 2008, vol .32, pp.125-140 permission is obtained from the copyright proprietors.
[7] El-Mossallamy Y “Load-settlement behavior of large Pertinent discussion including authors’ closure, if any, will
diameter bored piles in over-consolidated clay,” be published in the June 2014 if the discussion is received
Proceeding of the 7th. International Symposium by Dec., 2013
Models in Geotechnical Engineering, Graz, Austria, Corresponding Author: Ali Hasanzadeh
1999, pp.443-450
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