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MINING COST SERVICE
Section CI
Cost Indexes & Metal Prices
October 2015
CONTENTS Compiled by Dave Boleneus
Page Page
Cost Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Metal Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Table 1: Mining and Milling Cost Index Names Table 6: Average Metal Prices . . . . . . . . . 10
and Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Historical Graphs:
Table 2: Mining and Milling Cost Indexes . . 3 Gold Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Silver Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Table 3: Consumer Price Indexes and Producer Copper Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Price Indexes (U.S. & Canada) . . 5 Lead Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Zinc Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Table 4: Mining Cost Service Indexes - Nickel Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Palladium Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Platinum Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Table 5: Mining Cost Service - Indexes -
U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
COST INDEXES
Cost indexes provide a mechanism for adjusting list the Mining Cost Service (MCS) indexes for the
outdated cost information and for tracking cost Canadian and U.S. mining industries. These are
inflation in the mining industry. Table 1 lists a variety internally generated indexes that provide a reliable
of indexes for specific mining cost centers and means for tracking the cumulative effect of cost
provides some guidance for their use. Table 2 lists inflation on mining projects.
current and historical values for the indexes. Table 3 To use the indexes for estimating the cost of an
lists U.S. Producer Price Indexes and Consumer Price item at one point in time using a known cost for the
Indexes. These are generally recognized as reliable item from another point in time, simply multiply the
measures of general inflation in the U.S. economy, and known cost times the index for the desired time divided
they serve as a comparison to the inflation experienced by the index for the time at which the cost is known.
by the mining industry. Tables 4 and 5
Example:
If a battery locomotive cost US$90,000 in 2001, what would be its estimated cost for 2006?
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2
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A Mine Labor Mine and mill operating labor NAICS Code 212 Average Hourly Earnings of Production
Workers: Mining Except Oil and Gas
B Construction Labor Mill construction labor NAICS Code 23, Average Hourly Earnings of Production Workers:
Construction
C Machinery and Equipment Machinery, heavy equipment, repair parts 112 Construction machinery and equipment
D Iron and Steel Drill bits and steel, mill balls, rods and 101 Iron and steel
liners, track
F Petroleum Products Gasoline, diesel, propane, fuel oil, 057 Petroleum products, refined
and lubricants
H Tires Tires for trucks, scrapers, loaders, etc. 07120105 Truck/Bus Tires, including off-highway
I Industrial Commodities Miscellaneous materials and supplies not Producer Price Index, 03 through 15 Industrial Commodities
otherwise covered
N Line-haul Railroads (All services) RR transportation - general 482111 Line-haul railroads transportation (Aggregate)
O Line-haul RR Freight Carload RR transportation - freight carload 4821111 Rail transportation, freight (Carload)
P Deep Sea Freight Ocean transportation 483111 Deep sea freight transportation
R Port and Harbor Operations Costs, harbor operations 488310 Port and harbor operations
NAICS North American Industry Classification System. All indexes selected are not seasonally adjusted.
TABLE 2. Mining and Milling Cost Indexes - U.S.
Source U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics Note: All indexes are subject to revision four months after original publication.
A B C D E F G H I
Year/ Mine Construction Machinery & Iron & Petroleum Industrial
Month Labor Labor Equipment Steel Lumber Products Explosives Tires Commodities
1965 --- 3.23 27.2 28.9 28.9 12.3 33.3 36.4 30.9
1966 --- 3.41 28.1 29.1 30.4 12.8 32.8 37.3 31.5
1967 --- 3.63 29.1 29.5 31.1 13.1 33.5 36.8 32.0
1968 --- 3.92 30.7 30.1 37.5 12.9 34.2 37.8 32.8
1969 --- 4.30 32.1 31.6 41.8 13.1 35.0 36.2 33.9
1970 --- 4.74 33.7 34.0 35.2 13.3 35.7 38.8 35.2
1971 --- 5.17 35.4 35.9 44.0 14.1 37.9 40.6 36.5
1972 --- 5.55 36.6 37.9 52.1 14.3 38.5 41.0 37.8
1973 --- 5.89 38.0 40.2 66.6 16.9 40.2 42.6 40.3
1974 --- 6.29 44.3 52.7 65.7 29.3 50.2 52.1 49.2
1975 --- 6.78 53.9 59.3 62.4 33.8 59.5 57.2 54.9
1976 --- 7.17 57.8 63.7 77.1 36.3 62.6 63.6 58.4
1977 --- 7.56 62.1 68.0 92.5 40.5 64.9 66.9 62.5
1978 --- 8.11 67.7 74.8 107.6 42.2 69.8 70.7 67.1
1979 --- 8.71 74.5 83.6 118.1 58.4 75.5 80.9 75.7
1980 --- 9.37 84.2 90.0 107.3 88.6 84.0 92.1 88.0
1981 --- 10.24 93.3 98.5 106.6 105.9 96.7 99.5 97.4
1982 --- 11.04 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1983 --- 11.36 102.3 101.3 115.0 89.9 101.1 95.7 101.1
1984 --- 11.56 103.8 105.3 110.0 87.4 103.6 93.4 103.3
1985 --- 11.75 105.4 104.8 107.4 83.2 105.0 90.5 103.7
1986 --- 11.92 106.7 101.1 108.4 53.2 103.6 88.0 100.0
1987 --- 12.15 108.9 104.6 116.1 56.8 107.3 87.7 102.6
1988 --- 12.52 111.8 115.7 112.4 53.9 109.0 92.5 106.3
1989 --- 12.98 117.2 119.1 127.1 61.2 117.6 96.3 111.6
1990 15.47 13.42 121.6 117.2 123.8 74.8 125.6 93.8 115.8
1991 15.96 13.65 125.2 114.1 125.7 67.2 132.1 95.7 116.5
1992 16.11 13.81 128.7 111.5 148.6 64.7 132.0 96.3 117.4
1993 16.08 14.04 132.0 116.0 183.4 62.0 132.6 95.3 118.9
1994 16.67 14.38 133.7 122.0 198.1 59.1 139.5 93.8 120.7
1995 17.15 14.73 136.7 128.8 178.5 60.8 144.2 93.0 125.5
1996 17.51 15.11 139.8 125.8 189.5 70.1 146.4 90.6 127.3
1997 17.85 15.67 142.2 126.5 206.5 68.0 149.1 89.0 127.7
1998 18.08 16.23 145.2 122.5 182.7 51.3 147.4 89.6 124.8
1999 18.04 16.80 147.2 114.0 196.0 60.9 144.7 88.8 126.5
2000 18.07 17.48 148.6 116.6 178.6 91.3 136.9 89.0 134.8
2001 18.22 18.00 149.1 109.7 170.1 85.3 142.8 89.5 135.7
2002 18.61 18.52 151.1 114.1 170.8 79.5 147.8 90.5 132.4
2003 19.14 18.95 153.2 121.5 170.8 97.7 156.0 93.7 139.1
2004 19.85 19.23 158.5 162.4 209.8 119.9 168.9 98.3 147.6
2005 20.20 19.46 168.3 171.1 203.6 165.0 172.5 103.3 160.2
2006 20.59 20.02 175.4 186.5 189.4 193.2 179.9 106.7 168.8
2007 20.77 20.95 179.6 201.1 170.5 214.2 184.3 110.1 175.1
2008 22.03 21.87 185.3 246.4 156.3 271.7 201.2 120.8 192.3
2009 23.39 22.66 191.0 184.0 141.4 175.5 198.1 121.6 174.8
2010 24.63 23.22 191.4 223.5 160.8 225.2 188.7 129.7 187.0
2011 25.39 23.65 197.4 253.2 160.5 298.9 201.7 149.3 202.0
2012 26.02 23.97 205.4 240.7 171.7 306.5 207.6 155.8 202.1
2013 26.56 24.22 210.7 226.4 199.8 294.7 221.0 151.4 203.0
2014 26.97 24.67 214.3 232.1 205.6 278.0 220.9 147.7 204.1
2014-Sept. 26.81 24.96 214.4 233.9 211.1 285.1 223.3 148.7 205.2
2014-Oct. 26.95 24.93 214.5 230.5 205.0 260.2 213.3 144.6 201.9
2014-Nov. 27.15 24.81 214.9 226.3 201.0 240.2 220.1 144.4 198.9
2014-Dec. 27.00 24.83 214.9 224.0 200.3 204.1 229.3 144.7 195.0
2015-Jan. 26.92 24.86 216.6 222.4 202.5 162.7 231.2 146.4 189.8
2015-Feb. 27.31 24.66 216.5 209.2 200.1 169.5 229.5 145.2 189.6
2015-Mar. 27.47 25.02 216.6 205.2 195.7 181.9 228.7 145.7 190.0
2015-Apr. 26.57 25.14 216.7 200.9 194.2 178.3 228.4 145.5 189.3
2015-May 26.81 25.17 216.7 198.3 190.1 203.4 226.5 145.8 191.8
2015-Jun. 26.43 25.17 216.7 200.3 192.2 204.8 225.4 145.8 193.2
2005-July (P) 26.62 25.22 217.3 197.9 196.4 200.9 228.6 145.5 192.4
2015-Aug. (P) 26.52 25.35 217.3 192.1 192.0 188.6 226.1 145.4 190.3
2015-Sept (P) 27.26 25.15 217.3 190.0 185.3 163.3 225.6 145.2 187.5
2015-Oct. (P) --- 25.57 217.3 181.6 186.5 161.8 225.4 138.6 186.3
Note: Beginning with the August 2005 update, the bases for the Mine Labor and Construction Labor indexes are changed to conform to new U.S. Bureau of
Labor Statistics’ occupational classifications which were developed to conform to NAICS standards. The values listed for these indexes in the August
2005 and subsequent updates are not compatible with values listed in previous updates. Data for NAICS Code 212, Average Hourly Earnings of
Production Workers: Mining, Except Oil and Gas, prior to 1990 is not available.
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TABLE 2. Mining and Milling Cost Indexes - U.S. (continued)
Source U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics Note: All indexes are subject to revision four months after original publication.
J K L M N O P Q R
Transportation
Line-Haul Line Haul
Year/ Electric Industrial Natural Railroads RR Freight Deep Sea Inland Water Port and Harbor
Month Power Chemicals Coal Gas (All services) (Carload) Freight Freight Operations
1965 21.2 27.7 17.5 --- --- --- --- --- ---
1966 21.1 27.9 17.9 --- --- --- --- --- ---
1967 21.1 28.4 18.7 --- --- --- --- --- ---
1968 21.3 28.6 19.4 7.6 --- --- --- --- ---
1969 21.6 28.4 21.1 7.7 26.7 --- --- --- ---
1970 22.5 28.6 28.1 7.9 29.1 --- --- --- ---
1971 24.8 28.9 34.0 8.4 32.7 --- --- --- ---
1972 26.2 28.7 36.2 9.0 33.7 --- --- --- ---
1973 28.0 29.3 40.8 9.8 34.5 --- --- --- ---
1974 36.4 43.0 62.2 11.6 40.0 --- --- --- ---
1975 44.3 58.7 71.2 16.1 45.3 --- --- --- ---
1976 47.9 62.2 68.9 21.8 49.8 --- --- --- ---
1977 54.3 63.5 72.8 30.8 53.2 --- --- --- ---
1978 59.1 64.0 80.4 36.5 56.9 --- --- --- ---
1979 64.5 74.9 84.3 47.6 65.0 --- --- --- ---
1980 77.8 91.9 87.4 63.3 75.9 --- --- --- ---
1981 89.2 103.1 93.0 82.1 87.4 --- --- --- ---
1982 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 93.7 --- --- --- ---
1983 103.1 97.3 100.5 106.6 95.0 --- --- --- ---
1984 108.4 96.8 102.2 106.1 99.3 --- --- --- ---
1985 112.8 96.0 102.2 102.9 99.9 --- --- --- ---
1986 114.5 91.5 100.8 89.6 100.7 --- --- --- ---
1987 111.9 95.5 97.1 79.5 100.1 --- 100.0 --- ---
1988 112.6 106.8 95.4 77.4 104.8 --- 103.3 --- ---
1989 116.2 114.8 95.5 82.0 106.4 --- 106.3 --- ---
1990 119.6 113.2 97.5 80.4 107.5 --- 113.1 100.0 ---
1991 128.1 111.8 97.2 79.1 109.3 --- 119.5 99.2 ---
1992 129.6 109.3 95.0 80.6 109.9 --- 116.4 97.7 ---
1993 130.6 110.4 96.1 84.7 110.9 --- 115.9 95.8 ---
1994 129.2 114.3 96.7 78.8 111.8 --- 114.4 98.5 ---
1995 130.8 128.4 95.0 66.6 111.7 --- 113.3 114.6 ---
1996 131.6 126.7 94.5 91.2 111.5 100.0 114.1 109.9 ---
1997 130.8 126.4 96.3 101.7 112.1 100.4 113.1 105.9 ---
1998 130.0 121.4 93.6 83.9 113.4 101.4 116.7 106.8 ---
1999 128.9 118.9 90.7 91.2 113.0 100.5 134.0 111.2 ---
2000 131.5 129.1 87.9 155.5 114.5 101.9 155.8 117.9 ---
2001 141.1 128.4 96.2 171.8 116.6 104.1 172.2 123.4 ---
2002 139.9 127.3 99.8 122.5 118.9 106.3 185.8 120.6 ---
2003 145.8 141.7 99.9 214.5 121.4 109.0 219.9 124.7 100.0
2004 147.2 162.8 109.2 245.9 126.5 114.7 225.9 131.0 102.4
2005 156.2 188.5 116.8 335.4 139.6 128.1 231.9 151.4 105.9
2006 172.8 212.4 126.5 280.3 151.6 139.2 233.3 182.9 108.8
2007 180.4 226.4 130.7 273.8 157.2 144.0 230.0 186.1 114.9
2008 189.1 274.6 161.7 344.0 175.5 160.8 258.3 218.3 117.7
2009 190.6 234.1 182.5 160.0 165.6 152.7 218.8 211.4 120.5
2010 193.1 269.2 189.5 185.8 174.3 160.6 244.8 217.4 127.7
2011 203.5 324.7 207.1 171.4 189.4 174.5 253.8 235.9 134.7
2012 209.6 306.9 211.4 117.9 197.9 182.9 249.9 245.7 139.9
2013 203.7 301.2 208.1 153.9 204.2 189.0 249.2 237.5 144.4
2014 218.0 288.9 199.9 182.4 208.0 192.6 262.5 234.7 148.4
2014-Sept. 225.1 293.1 196.5 162.8 208.4 193.1 262.3 249.7 148.9
2014-Oct. 217.0 284.6 195.9 160.4 207.9 192.5 261.5 254.6 150.1
2014-Nov. 210.7 275.1 196.7 155.1 207.7 192.7 261.1 249.8 150.1
2014-Dec. 213.9 263.4 198.0 170.5 206.8 191.6 260.9 235.1 150.1
2015-Jan. 222.4 242.0 198.0 127.6 206.5 192.1 259.9 232.7 150.1
2015-Feb. 221.1 242.4 196.0 114.7 204.0 190.0 267.4 229.5 150.1
2015-Mar. 218.2 244.7 198.5 115.8 200.5 186.2 268.1 228.6 150.1
2015-Apr. 213.3 245.5 195.8 101.1 201.0 187.0 269.2 227.4 151.7
2015-May 217.0 248.5 197.9 101.0 200.7 186.5 269.1 222.4 151.7
2015-Jun. 237.2 251.2 196.2 108.8 200.1 185.6 263.2 223.0 151.7
2015-July (P) 237.7 247.3 195.7 110.6 201.3 186.8 262.7 223.8 151.7
2015-Aug. (P) 237.0 249.1 189.4 113.0 199.3 185.5 261.5 223.1 151.7
2015-Sept.(P) 234.3 238.1 191.0 104.5 198.2 184.6 263.5 248.6 152.7
2015-Oct. (P) 218.4 237.3 190.4 102.6 197.1 183.8 263.3 251.0 155.2
Note: As of July 2005, the rail transportation indices for metallic ores, non-metallic ores and coal were discontinued. These were replaced
by the index for line-haul railroads (all services) and the index for line-haul railroads - freight (carload). P-Preliminary
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TABLE 3. Consumer Price Indexes and Producer Price Indexes (U.S. & Canada)
Source U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (U.S.), and Statistics Canada.
Note: All indexes are subject to revision by the Bureau of Labor Statistics or Statistics Canada four months after original publication. P-Preliminary
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TABLE 4. Mining Cost Service (MCS) Indexes - CANADA
Surface Mine Underground Mine Mill
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TABLE 5. Mining Cost Service (MCS) Indexes - U.S.
Surface Mine Underground Mine Mill
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METAL PRICES
Average prices for copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold and Nickel - LME cash
silver are compiled in Table 6. All of the current
prices are from Platt's Metals Week, published by The Gold - Engelhard Industries unfab.(U.S.) and
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York. The London Final
historical prices are from a variety of sources as listed
in the notes at the end of the table, and do not Silver - Engelhard Industries unfab.(U.S.)
necessarily represent the same markets as those used average and LME PM Fix
for the current data.
A variety of market prices are established daily for Palladium - Engelhard Industries unfab. (U.S.) and
each of the metals listed, for various markets and London PM Fix
grades of the metals. In selecting the price listings to
quote in Table 6, we directed our attention to the needs Platinum - Engelhard Industries unfab. (U.S.) and
of the mining project evaluator who wants current and London PM Fix
historical values to use for cash flow projections. This
led to selection of the price quotes that are most Copper smelters generally base their payments on
commonly referenced in smelting and refining LME prices, while some in the U.S. may use either
contracts, because this is where the values of the LME prices or U.S. producer prices. Most lead and
proposed mine's products are determined. By zinc smelters worldwide now use LME prices. While,
consensus of opinion among a variety of ore traders the majority of nickel smelters worldwide use the
and project evaluators, we settled on the following LME cash price for cathode nickel. Precious metal
markets and grades to track in Table 6: refiners use either London or U.S. prices, as there is
generally little difference between them. For base
Copper - U.S. Copper Transaction and London metals, however, the difference may be quite
Metal Exchange (LME) Grade A cash significant, as illustrated by the following set of
graphs.
Lead - North American Market and LME Pure
Lead cash
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METAL PRICES (continued)
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10
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1969 47.90 66.24 14.93 13.09 14.65 12.96 1.05 41.51 41.10 1.79 1.80 --- --- --- ---
1970 58.20 62.96 15.69 13.76 15.32 13.42 1.29 36.41 35.90 1.77 1.77 --- --- --- ---
1971 52.00 48.49 13.89 11.52 16.13 14.08 1.24 41.25 40.80 1.55 1.54 --- --- --- ---
1972 51.20 48.53 15.03 13.68 17.75 17.13 1.35 58.60 58.10 1.69 1.68 --- --- --- ---
1973 59.50 80.86 16.29 19.47 20.66 38.55 1.49 97.81 97.20 2.56 2.54 --- --- --- ---
1974 77.30 93.13 22.53 26.83 35.95 56.13 2.00 159.74 159.10 4.71 4.68 --- --- --- ---
1975 64.20 56.08 21.53 18.73 38.96 33.76 1.87 161.49 161.10 4.42 4.45 --- --- --- ---
1976 69.60 63.92 23.10 20.46 37.01 32.38 2.08 125.32 124.80 4.35 4.39 --- --- --- ---
1977 66.80 59.44 30.70 28.00 34.39 26.71 2.04 148.31 147.77 4.62 4.64 --- --- --- ---
1978 66.50 61.88 33.65 29.86 30.97 26.88 1.89 193.55 194.21 5.40 5.42 --- --- --- ---
1979 93.30 90.07 52.64 54.52 37.30 33.59 2.96 307.50 305.85 11.11 10.99 --- --- --- ---
1980 102.40 99.25 42.46 41.21 37.43 34.47 2.96 612.56 614.63 20.63 20.96 --- --- --- ---
1981 84.21 79.35 36.53 33.30 44.56 38.34 2.71 459.64 459.72 10.52 10.45 --- --- --- ---
1982 72.80 67.14 25.54 24.66 38.47 33.74 2.18 375.91 375.79 7.95 7.97 --- --- --- ---
1983 76.53 72.13 21.68 19.27 41.39 34.73 2.18 424.00 424.18 11.44 11.43 --- --- --- ---
1984 66.85 62.45 25.55 20.12 48.60 40.46 2.16 360.66 360.44 8.14 8.12 148.30 --- 357.74 ---
1985 66.97 64.27 19.07 17.84 40.37 36.23 2.26 317.66 317.27 6.14 6.18 106.50 --- 292.69 ---
1986 66.05 62.28 22.05 18.43 38.00 34.19 1.76 368.24 367.51 5.47 5.47 117.57 117.00 465.50 464.99
Copyright © October 2015 InfoMine USA, Inc.
Copper: U.S. prices - 1930 to 1980, New York weighted average refinery copper, from U.S. Bureau of Mines Minerals Yearbooks; 1981 to 2013, U.S.
producer cathode, (Metals Week); 2014 to present, U.S. Copper Transaction (an all-in price including Comex HG plus the New York Dealer
Premium (Metals Week).
London prices - 1950 to 1956, high grade, from Metallstatistik (published by Metallgeschellschaft), using exchange rates from International
Financial Statistics of the Intl. Monetary Fund; 1956 to 1987, high grade copper, from U.S. Bureau of Mines Mineral Yearbooks; 1988 to present,
LME Grade A cash, (Metals Week).
Lead: U.S. prices - 1930 to 1980, New York common lead, from U.S. Bureau of Mines Mineral Yearbooks; 1981 to 2013, U.S. prices - North American
Producer delivered, (Metals Week); 2014 to present, North American Market (an all-in price, Metals Week).
London prices - 1932 to 1980, common lead, from U.S. Bureau of Mines Mineral Yearbooks; 1981 to present, LME pure lead cash, (Metals Week).
Zinc: U.S. prices - 1930 to 1980, Prime Western grade, East St. Louis; 1981 to 1990, North American Producer high grade delivered, from U.S. Bureau
of Mines Mineral Yearbooks; 1991 to present, North American Producer SHG, (Metals Week).
London prices - 1930 to 1990, Prime Western grade, from U.S. Bureau of Mines Mineral Yearbooks; 1991 to present, LME SHG cash, (Metals
Week).
Nickel: 1930 to 1978, North American producer cathode, from U.S. Bureau of Mines Mineral Yearbooks; 1979 to 1990, LME cash, from U.S. Bureau of
Mines Mineral Yearbooks; 1991 to present.
London prices - LME cash, (Metals Week).
Gold: U.S. prices - 1930 to 1933, Mint price for legal coinage value; 1934 to 1968, price controlled under Gold Reserve Act of Jan. 31, 1934, from U.S.
Bureau of Mines Mineral Yearbooks; 1968 to 1990, Engelhard Industries quote, from U.S. Bureau of Mines Mineral Yearbooks from Metals Week,
1991 to present, Engelhard Industries unfab. (Metals Week).
London prices - 1930 to 1980, Bank of London, from The Gold Information Center, by Timothy Green, Consolidated Gold Fields, PLC.; 1980 to
present, London Final, (Metals Week).
Silver: U.S. prices- 1930 to 1990, average New York , Handy & Harman, from U.S. Bureau of Mines Mineral Yearbooks; 1991 to 2003, average New
York, Handy & Harman, 2004 to present New York, Engelhard unfab. (Metals Week). From 1947 through 1960 the U.S. Treasury price for newly
Copyright © October 2015 InfoMine USA, Inc.
Palladium: U.S. prices - Johnson Matthey, North America 1983 to 1989, and Engelhard Industries unfab. 1989-present, (Metals Week).
London prices - London pm fix, 1986-June 2015, (Metals Week); London Metal Exchange, LME LBMA(PM), July 2015-present.
Platinum: U.S. prices - Johnson Matthey, North America 1983 to 1989, and Engelhard Industries unfab. 1989-present, (Metals Week).
London prices - London pm fix, 1986-June 2015, (Metals Week); London Metal Exchange, LME LBMA(PM), July 2015-present.
Platt's Metals Week is published by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York.
LME, London Metal Exchange.