Introduction To Computer Systems

Part-I
Introduction to Computer Systems (ICS)
ELTP-CAMPUS ELTP-GROUP
EXCELLENT CAMPUS PLACEMENTS
Module Objective
EXCELLENT CAMPUS PLACEMENTS 2
What is a Computer System?
A computer system includes a computer, peripheral

devices, and software
Computer system is a device that accepts input,

processes data, stores data, and produces output
What is a Computer System? (Cont’d)
INPUT
COMPUTER SYSTEM
OUTPUT
What is a computer?
Computer refers to a Programmable electronic device used to
Store
Retrieve and,
Process data.
Input means to feed information into a computer
Words and symbols in a document
Numbers for a calculation
Pictures
Data, Information
Data is defined as the symbols, raw facts or figures that

represent people, events, things and ideas
Information is data that is presented in a format people

can understand and use
Computers store data in digital format as a series of 1s

and 0s.
Each 1 or 0 is called a bit
Eight bits is called a byte
Data Versus Information
DATA IN INFORMATION OUT
(Known Facts) (Processed Data)
What is a computer? (Cont’d)
Processing is the way that a computer manipulates data
performing calculations
sorting lists and numbers
drawing graphs
A computer processes data in a device called the central

processing unit (CPU)
A computer stores data so that it will be available for
processing
Memory is an area of a computer that holds data

that is waiting to be processed
Volatile memory
Storage is the area where data can be left on a

permanent basis
Computer output is the results produced by the
computer
Reports
Documents
Music
Graphs
Pictures
What is a peripheral device?
A peripheral device designates equipment that might be

added to a computer system to enhance its functionality
Evolution of Computer
Introduction:
This Topic gives an overview on computer evolution and and its history.
Objective:
After completing this Topic, you will be able to understand,

1. Types of Computer
2. History of Computer
Types of Computer
Before:
Computers are categorized into three main categories from least
to most powerful:
microcomputers
minicomputers
mainframe computers
Supercomputer
Today:
A computer is categorized based on its technology, function, size,
performance, and cost
Computer Categories
Today’s Computer Categories

Personal computers
Handheld computers
Workstations
Videogame Consoles
Mainframes
Supercomputers
Servers
What is a Personal Computer?
A personal computer is a type of microcomputer designed

to meet the computing needs of an individual
Desktop computers
Notebook computers
What is a tablet computer?
A tablet computer is a portable computing device

featuring a touch-sensitive screen that can be used as a
writing or drawing pad
What is a handheld?
A handheld computer is one that is designed to fit into a

pocket, run on batteries, and be used while you are holding it
Also called a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant)
Send and receive e-mail
Use maps and global positioning
Maintain expense account, contacts, to-do lists, memos, etc.
Make voice calls using cellular service
What is a handheld?
What types of computers can be classified as workstations?
Powerful desktop models designed for specialized tasks
is a high-end microcomputer designed for technical

applications
Workstations necessarily offer higher performance than is

normally seen on a contemporary personal computer,
especially with respect to graphics, processing power,
memory capacity and multitasking ability.
Workstations are often optimized for displaying and

manipulating complex data such as 3D mechanical design,
engineering simulation ,animation of images and
mathematical plots.
Is a PlayStation a computer?
A videogame system (i.e. Sony’s Playstation) is a computer, but

typically it has not been considered a computer category because
of its history as a dedicated game device that connects to a TV set
and provides only a pair of joysticks for input
Today’s videogame systems contain microprocessors that are

equivalent to those found in a fast personal computer, as they are
equipped to produce graphics that rival those on sophisticated
workstations
What is so special about a mainframe computer?
A mainframe computer is a large and expensive computer

that is capable of processing data simultaneously to many
users
Used by governments and large corporations to provide

centralized storage and processing
How powerful is a supercomputer?
A supercomputer is one of the fastest computers in the

world
Breaking codes
Modeling weather systems
Simulating nuclear explosions
What makes a computer a server?
A server serves the computers on a network by supplying

them with data
A client receives data from a server
Any computer can be a server or a client
High performance servers are needed when there is a

need for lots of users and rapid response
What’s a personal computer system?
A personal computer system consists of the following:
System unit
Display device
Keyboard
Mouse
Floppy disk drive
Hard disk drive
CD and DVD drives
Sound card and speakers
Modem
Printer
Input Devices
Keyboard Mouse – pointing device
Microphone – Digital Cameras

speech-recognition
Output Devices
Monitor
Printer
Speakers
CD/DVD Storage Devices Hard Drive
Drive
Floppy Disk Drive
Zip
Micro Drive
Drive
Tape
Jaz Drive
Drive
History of Computers?
�The First Generation (1945-55): Vacuum Tubes

� The Second Generation (1955-65): Transistors
� The Third Generation (1965-75): Integrated Circuits
� The Fourth Generation (1975 - ): VLSIs
� Beyond the Fourth Generation
History of Computer
First Generation
Vacuum Tube Technology for performing basic processing
Punched cards for input and output
Slow input, processing and output
History of Computer
First Generation
Machine language programs were made up of instructions written
in binary code.
This is the “native” language of the computer.
Hardware dependent: Could be performed by only one type of

computer with a particular CPU.
Machine language : Required experts to program program
Low-level symbolic languages for programming
History of Computer
Second Generation
Transistor replaced vacuum tubes
Magnetic core memories and magnetic storage devices were

more widely used
Separate I/O processors were developed along with CPU
IBM became major manufacturer
History of Computer
Second Generation
Assembly language programs are made up of instructions

written in mnemonics.
READ num1 – Mnemonics: Uses convenient alphabetic abbreviations
READ num2 to represent operation codes, and abstract symbols to
LOAD num1 represent operands.
ADD num2
STORE sum – Hardware dependent.
PRINT sum – Assemblers translate “English-like” instructions into machine
STOP code
– Still dependent on microprocessor(CPU) architecture and thus
on the hardware level (not portable)
History of Computer
Third Generation
Many transistors on a single chip (IC) enabled lower cost , faster
processors and memory elements
IC memories replaced magnetic core memories
History of Computer
Third Generation
Instructions in these languages are called statements.

High-level languages: Use statements that resemble English phrases
combined with mathematical terms needed to express the problem or
task being programmed.
Transportable: NOT-Hardware dependent.
Abstract away CPU operations (portable)
Improved readability / understanding, and comfort of

development environments
Translator programs called compilers convert HLL (C, C++, Java,

Visual Basic)
History of Computer
Fourth Generation
Still advancement in IC technology (VLSI) that is Very Large Scale
Integration
Microprocessor concept - Intel were the major companies
Parallelism, Pipelining , Cache evolved to produce high performance
Computing systems of today
History of Computer
Fourth Generation : “Problem-oriented” languages
Non-Procedural Languages :A computer language that does

not require writing traditional programming logic.
Programming language for “non-programmers”
Very High Level (VHL) languages for specific problem domains
Many are associated with specific application packages.

– Query Languages:
– Report Writers:
– Application Generators:
History of Computer
Fourth Generation
Query Languages:
Enables a person to specify exactly what information they require from
the database.
Usually embedded within database management programs.
Report Writers:
Takes information retrieved from databases and formats into attractive,
usable output.
Application Generators:
A person can specify a problem, and describe the desired results.
Included with many micro-computer programs (macros).

History of Computer
Fifth Generation
– New user interfaces (voice activation, etc.)
– New computational paradigm (parallel processing, neural network,

artificial intelligence, optical processing,gigabit networks, etc.)
– Natural-Language Processing: Languages that use ordinary

conversation in one’s own language.
– Intelligent compilers are now being developed to translate

natural language (spoken) programs into structured
machine-coded instructions that can be executed by
computers.
Structure of Computer System
What are the main high level components in a computer?
� Central Processing Unit (CPU)
� Interconnections (Bus)
Central Main
Processing Unit CPU M Memory
� Main Memory (MM)
� Input/Output devices
System Bus
ICN (Inter
Connected
Network)
D1 D2 …….. DK IO
Devices
Basic Computer Structure
Bus
A set of parallel conductors, which allow devices attached
to it to communicate with the CPU.
Parallel wires that carry several bits at a time
Carries instructions, data, addresses or commands
Unidirectional or bi-directional
Bus Types
� Control lines
These allow the CPU to control which operations the devices

attached should perform, read or write
� Address lines (Uni-Directional)
Allows the CPU to reference certain (Memory) locations within the

device
� Data lines (Bi-Directional)
The meaningful data which is to be sent or retrieved from a device

is placed on to these lines
Architecture of a simple computer
Structure of Computer System
Components in a Computer
CPU (Processor)
What is it?
Brain of the computer
Components of the CPU
Register set
Control
Arithmetic logic Unit

(ALU)
Components of the CPU
� Control unit – Coordinates and controls all parts of the

computer system.
� Arithmetic-logic unit – Performs arithmetic or logical

operations.
� Registers – Temporarily store the currently used

instructions and data.
CPU – Functional Units
� Fetches Instructions from memory
CPU
� Interprets the instructions
�Performs arithmetic operations
Control Unit
�Performs Logical operations
�Very high speed memory units in the CPU-
for storing very small amount of data.
ALU
Registers
What Function perform by CPU?
Fetch instructions from memory
Examine (Decode)
Execute
Execution of the Instructions
(Fetch-decode-execute cycle )
The execution process of the instruction stored in the

memory happens in three phases.
� Fetch Phase- The instructions retrieved from the

memory.
� Decode Phase: Retrieved instructions are decoded

by the CU.
� Execute Phase: Decoded instructions are

executed by the ALU.
Popular CPUs
Intel Advanced
Micro Devices
Pentium IV
Pentium III (AMD)
Pentium MMX
Cyrix Motorola (Apple)
CPU (Contd.)
Examples
Intel Processors Motorola Processors
8085
68000
8086
68020
80286
80386
68030
80486
Pentium I
Pentium II
Pentium III
Pentium IV
How to Measures speed of Processor ?
Measures of CPU performance
Million of Instructions Per Second (MIPS) - is a

measure of the speed of the processor.
Clock speed– is another metric used to measure

performance.
Floating Point Operations Per Second (FLOPS) -

is a measure of the speed of the Floating Point Unit (FPU)
which is a co-processor unit.
The Memory
What is it?
�Place to store programs and data

� Ideally, the Memory would be Fast, Large, & Inexpensive
� The maximum size of memory depends on Addressing Scheme
� 16-bit computer generates 16 bit addresses and is capable of

addressing up to 2 16 = 64 K memory locations
� Number of locations = Address space
Memory
Type of Memory
Internal Memory
Primary Memory
Secondary Memory
Memory
MEMORY
Main Cache Secondary

Registers
Memory Memory Memory
Internal External
RAM ROM
Cache Cache
Internal memory
Implemented in very high-speed devices located within
CPU
Holds currently execution instructions and few data related

items
Volatile Memory
Examples
Registers
Cache
Different types of registers
General Purpose Registers
are those which are used by the programmer to store data and
Address.
All CPUs will have one register called Accumulator(Special

Purpose Registers).
Control Registers
The special purpose registers are used by the CPU for programs
control and other purposes.
Ex.:
IR , PC, Flags Registers
Registers
Program Counter (PC)
holds the address of the next instruction to be executed
Instruction Register (IR)
holds the instruction that is currently being executed.
Memory Address Register (MAR)
holds the address of the next memory location to be used for the
data and instruction
Memory Buffer Register (MBR)
holds the currently written and read data.
Accumulator (A)
is a general purpose register used for arithmetic and logical
operations.
Registers, CPU and the memory
CPU
Control Special and control

Unit Registers
Main Memory (Generates
the signals) Program
Counter
Arithmetic MAR
and Logic
Unit Instruction
Register
MBR
General
Purpose Flags
registers Register
Fetch-decode-execute cycle
memory B memory
memory
address unit buffer
register register
(MAR) (MBR)
D
A instruction register (IR)
R
prpgram counter (PC)
instruction decoder
PC contains address of next instruction
to be executed which is moved to MAR
E circuits for generating

control signals
clock
control unit
Block diagram with essential interconnections
Fetch phase
Contents of PC are transferred to MAR
Main memory is accessed and current instruction is

fetched into MBR (Since MBR have to store the data)
Instruction is transferred from MBR to IR(Since MBR have

to store the data)
Decode phase
Opcode of the instruction is decoded
Contents of PC are incremented by 1(in case of 1 byte

instruction or equal to the no. of bytes of the instruction
currently being executed.)
Execution phase follows ( specific to the given instruction )
Execute phase
Execute the instruction
Store the results in the memory or register (go to the fetch

phase to begin executing the next instruction)
Memory - Primary or main Memory
Main Memory
y s s
l ce
On y A c
ad or o m ry
R e em n d o
M R a e m
M
Primary memory
Implemented in high speed devices located outside CPU
Costly and volatile
Holds program contents currently being executed & small

amount of data
Example
ROM
RAM
ROM (Read Only Memory)
Contents can not be changed online – if they can be altered

at all
Widely used to store control programs
Well suited for storing fixed programs and data
Primary Memory
ROM (Read Only Memory)
MROM
PROM
EPROM
EEPROM
Programmable ROM(PROM)
� User can load data into PROM
� PROMs are more flexible & convenient
� PROMs are less expensive and fast
Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM)

� Here data can be erased and new data can be loaded
� EPROMs are capable of storing information for longer time
� While using EPROMs, memory changes and updates can be easily
made
� Drawback - For reprogramming and erasing the contents of EPROM
chip it should be physically removed
Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM)
� These ROMs can be electrically erased and programmed
� These chips need not have to be removed for Erasure
� The specific cells of EEPROM can also be erased
� Drawback - Different voltage is needed for READ, WRITE, ERASE
RAM (Random Access Memory)
RAM is now used to designate read/write memory (ROM is also random
access)
If any memory location can be accessed for READ or WRITE operation

in some fixed amount of time that is independent of location’s address
then that memory unit is RAM
Main memory is mostly of this type
Semiconductor Memories are available in a wide range of speeds
Static Memories
Memories that are capable of retaining their state as long as power is
applied are known as Static Memories
Continuous power is needed for retaining state of cell
SRAM is volatile memory
SRAM consumes very less power as the current flows only when cell is
accessed
SRAMs can be accessed very quickly
Access time is around 10 ns
Dynamic Memories
Static RAM is very fast but very costly as their cell require several transistors
DRAM cells are simple and hence less expensive
The state of the cell can not be retained permanently and hence called
DRAM
In DRAM, the information is stored in the form of charge on capacitor
DRAM is capable of storing information for only a few milliseconds
The contents of the cell should be retained for a much longer time
Periodic refreshment by restoring the capacitor charge to its full value is the
way to overcome above problem
Dynamic Memories
DRAM cell consists of a capacitor and a transistor
Information stored in cell can be retrieved correctly only if it is READ

before the charge on capacitor drops below THRESHOLD VALUE
DRAM are widely used in MAIN Memory because of its

� Low cost
� High Density
Speed, Size & Cost
Fast Memory can be achieved if SRAM chips are used, Cache Memory
can be built with SRAM technology
SRAM chips are Costly as their basic cell consists of 6 Transistors
The basic cells of DRAM are simple and less expensive but DRAM are
slower
Main Memory can be built with DRAM technology
Characteristics of Memory System
� Location: CPU, Internal (main), External (secondary)
� Capacity: Word size, Number of words
� Unit of Xfer: Word, Block
� Access Methods: Sequential, Random,Associative
� Performance: Access time, Cycle time, Xfer rate
� Physical Type: Semiconductor, Magnetic surface
� Physical Char:Volatile/non-volatile,erasable/nonerasable
Memory - Cache Memory
A memory placed between CPU and main memory
Contains a copy of the portion of main memory
Processor when needs some information first checks cache
If not found in cache, the block of memory containing the needed

information is moved to the cache
CPU
Cache
Main Memory
Why Cache?
Repeatedly executed instructions and
frequently accessed data are stored
�Concept: To exploit the locality of reference
Virtual Memory
In most modern computer, The main memory is not sufficient to accommodate
voluminous programs and data
When program is not getting accommodated completely in Main Memory then
part of the program which is not under execution is stored in Secondary storage
devices
Operating systems moves data and program between Main Memory &
Secondary device
Techniques that automatically move the data & programs into Main Memory are
called as Virtual Memory techniques
The binary addresses that the processor issues for either instructions or data are
called VIRTUAL Addresses
These addresses are converted into actual (physical) addresses by the
combination of hardware & software
Cache Memory vs. Virtual Memory
The Cache bridges the speed gap between Processor & Main Memory
The Cache is implemented in Hardware
Virtual Memory bridges the Size gap & Speed gap between Main
Memory & Secondary Storage Devices
Virtual Memory concepts are implemented by Software Techniques
Memory Organization
Processor
Virtual address
Data
MMU
Physical address
Cache
Data Physical address
Main Memory
Block transfer
Disk Storage
Virtual memory Organization
Secondary memory
Low speed
Non-volatile
Holds program not currently being executed
Holds large data
Memory - Secondary memory devices
Type Description Read Writabl Typic
able e al size
Hard Yes Yes 160

disk Placed along with the computer GB
Usually not portable.
Floppy Portable. Yes Yes 1.44
disk Smaller sizes compared to Hard MB
Disk.
CD Portable devices. Yes No 650
ROM Read only devices MB
CD •Similar to CD ROMs except that it is also Yes Yes 650

Read/ used to write the information on to the MB
Write special CD ROM
• Read Write type.
Comparison of different types of memory
( speed, location, cost, volatile/nonvolatile)
Storage type Implementation Features Contents Example
Internal Memory Very high speed devices, Holds Registers, Internal

located within CPU; instructions Cache memory
Expensive, and Volatile. under execution
Very costly, hence limited and few data
in size. related items
Primary Memory High speed devices (but Entire(almost) RAM (volatile),

slower than the internal program ROM (Non
CPU registers) located contents being volatile), External
outside CPU, Less costly executed; holds Cache Memory
compared to internal small volume of
memory. Usually larger in data
size
Secondary Memory Low speed, Non-volatile, Programs not Hard Disk,
Low cost. currently being Compact
Huge in size. executed; holds Disks(CD), Floppy
large volume of disks
data
Memory Hierarchy
�Overallgoal : to obtain the highest possible average access speed while

minimizing the total cost of the entire memory system
• Registers
• Cache
• Main Memory
• Magnetic Disk (Disk Cache)
•Characteristics of the hierarchy
• Decreasing cost / bit
• Increasing capacity
• Increasing access time
• Decreasing frequency of access of memory by CPU
Memory hierarchy
Memory hierarchy in a computer system
Magnetic
tapes
I/O DMA Main
processor memory
Magnetic
disks
Registers Cache
memory
CPU
Buffers
Why Buffers?
A memory area used to bridge the speed mismatch

between the CPU and I/O devices
What devices have buffers?
Keyboard, Printers
What is a file?
A file is a named collection of data that exists on a storage

medium
A data file contains data such as the text for a document
An executable file contains the programs or instructions that tell

a computer how to perform a specific task
A filename extension indicates a file’s contents
EXE
DOC
What is a Program ?
� Sequence of statements/instructions stating how to

perform a task
What are these statements written in ?
Programming ways
Machine Language
Assembly Language
High Level Language(HLL)
What is a Software ?
Set of programs to perform a task
Type of software ?
Application software
System software
What is application software?
Application software is a set of one or more computer
programs that helps a person to carry out a task
Create, edit, and print documents
Manage money accounts
Create and edit home movies
Create and edit graphics
Application software is typically used by people
Ex.
Banking, Payroll etc.
Application Software
Two types of application programs:

Horizontal applications
Vertical applications
Horizontal Applications
Horizontal applications are used across divisions of a company
and are popular with consumers.

Personal Productivity Internet
Word Processing Web Browsers

Spreadsheets E-Mail
Address Books Home/Education
Multimedia/Graphics
Personal Finance
Desktop Publishing Tax Preparation
Photo Editing Reference
3D Rendering Games
Vertical Applications: Tailor Made Programs
Vertical applications are used for specialized fields.
Types of vertical applications:

Billing programs
Inventory tracking programs
Point of Sale software
Custom software
What is System software?
System software is a set of one or more computer

programs that helps a system to carry out a task
Ex.
Compilers, Assemblers, Loaders, Linkers,

Operating System, Utilities
What is operating system?
A program which acts as an interface between the user and

the computer and provides an environment in which a user
can execute programs
What is operating system?
The three different perspective of the operating system are
� User View : An interface between the hardware and the

user
� Programmer View : It is a collection of system calls
� System’s View : Collection of system programs, which

controls the way in which the computer system functions. It
can also be termed as a resource manager.
Operating System: Functions
Operating System performs two major functions:
1. Resource Manager
2. Virtual Machine
OS as Resource Manager:
A computer system consists of many hardware and software
resources. OS acts as a manager of these resources among
one or many users.
OS as Virtual Machine:
OS provides a virtual image of the computing system to the
user. Users think that Computer is a machine that understands
English like commands. But actual hardware only understands
0s and 1s.
The Operating System (OS): The Computer’s Traffic Cop
The functions of the operating system are:

Starting the computer
Managing programs
Managing memory
Handling messages from input and output devices
Enabling user interaction with the computer
RESOURCE EXAMPLES MANAGERS
Memory Primary, Memory management

Secondary
Processors CPU,I/O processors Process management
Peripherals Tape,Printer,Termi Device management

nal
Information Files,data File management
Operating System Objective
Two main Objectives of OS
� Convenience
� Efficiency
Starting the Computer
Booting – The process of loading or reloading the

operating system into the computer’s memory.
The booting processes are:

Cold boot – Loads the OS when the power is turned on.
Warm boot – Reloads the OS when the computer is already on.
Starting the Computer
The step-by-step booting process:

I. The BIOS (basic input/output system) and setup program
II. The power-on-self-test (POST)
III. The operating system loads
IV. System configuration
V. System utilities loads
VI. Users Authenticated
Step 1: The BIOS and Setup Program
ROM (read only memory) – Permanent and unchanging memory

BIOS (basic input/output system) – The part of the system software
that includes the instructions that the computer uses to accept input
and output
ROM loads BIOS into the computer’s memory.
Step 2: The Power-On-Self-Test (POST)
POST (power-on-self-test) – A series of tests conducted on the

computer’s main memory (random access memory or RAM),
input/output devices, disk drives, and the hard disk.
BIOS conducts a Power-On-Self-Test (POST) to check the

input/output system for operability.
The computer will produce a beeping sound and an error message

will appear on the monitor if any problems are encountered.
Step 3: The Operating System (OS) Loads
BIOS searches for the OS.
Settings in the CMOS�complementary metal-oxide

semiconductor�determine where to look for the OS.
� The operating system’s kernel is loaded into the computer’s memory.
� The OS takes control of the computer and begins loading system

configuration information.
Step 4: System Configuration
Registry – A database that stores information about
peripherals and software
Driver – A utility program that makes peripheral devices

function properly
The system is configured from the operating system’s

registry.
Drivers are loaded into memory.
Step 5: System Utilities Loads
System utilities are loaded into memory.
Volume control
Antivirus software
PC card unplugging utility
Step 6: Users Authentication
Authentication or user login occurs.
User name
Password
The user interface starts, enabling user interaction with

computer programs.
Operating Systems (Type of os) - Evolution
Serial processing
Here each job is processed one after another serially.
As a job arrives it is processed completely before picking
up the next one.
Batch processing
Here jobs with similar requirements are batched
together and run through the computer as a group.Thus a
batch operating system reads a stream of separate
jobs,each with its own control cards that predefine what the
job does,feed the batches one after another and send the
output of each job to the appropriate destination.
Multiprogramming
Here the OS keeps several jobs in memory at a

time.When a job is waiting for an I/O operation in its course
of execution,the CPU is switched to another job and the
process continues till the first job finishes waiting and get
back the CPU.Thus CPU utilization is maximized in this
case.
- Multitasking : Multitasking or Time sharing is a logical

extension of multiprogramming.Multiple jobs are executed
by the CPU switching between them.
Multiprocessing system
In this a computer hardware configuration that includes

more than one independent processing unit. The term
multiprocessing is generally used to refer to large
computer hardware complexes found in major scientific or
commercial applications.
� Networked computing system (Network Operating
System)
In this a collection of physical interconnected computers.

The operating system of each of the interconnected
computers must contain, in addition to its own stand-
alone functionality, provisions for handing communication
and transfer of program and data among the other
computers with which it is connected.
Operating Systems - Examples
GUI
� Windows 98 Windows CE
� Multi-user
� Linux UNIX Windows 2000
� Multiprocessing
• Multitasking
� UNIX Windows 2000
• Multithreading is the ability of an operating system to execute the
different parts of the program, called threads, simultaneously.
• Network OS
� Windows 2000 Novell Netware
Exploring Popular Operating Systems: A Guided Tour
WINDOWS XP MAC OS
UNIX
MS-DOS LINUX
MS-DOS
Developed for IBM PCs in 1981
Uses command-line interface
Use is diminishing
Microsoft Windows
Click to view each Windows version (1985-2001)

Windows
Windows
Windows
Windows
Windows
Windows
3.x2000
ME
NT
XP
2.0
95
98
(1990-1992)
1.0(1998)
(1995)
(2001)
(1993)
(1987)
(2000)
(1985)
(2000)
Windows XP
Released in 2001 by Microsoft
XP is short for “experience”
Uses the same underlying code for

all versions
Replaces all previous versions of
Windows
Three versions:
Windows XP Home Edition
Windows XP Professional
Windows XP Server
Windows NT
Designed for client/server

systems
Two components:
Windows NT Workstation
Windows NT Server
Oriented to business needs
Offers security, remote

administration, directory
services, and a Web server

Windows CE
System used in PDAs or palmtops
Runs simplified versions of Windows programs
Data can be transferred to PCs
Includes handwriting and voice recognition
MAC OS
Created in 1984
First OS to use graphical

user interface
Easiest operating system

for beginners
A new version, Mac OS X,

was released in 2000
UNIX
Developed by AT&T in 1970s
Included first preemptive

multitasking system
Developed concepts of file

management and path names
Facilitates client/server networking
Widely used by corporations
Linux
Developed in 1991 by
UNIX
Open-source code –
Available for all to see
and use
Competes with
Windows and MAC-OS
Powerful and free
Growing acceptance
System Utilities: Tools for Housekeeping
System utilities are programs that help the operating system
manage the computer system’s resources.
Types of utilities:
Backup software
Antivirus software
Disk scanning
Disk defragmentation
File management
File-searching software
File compression
Firmware
Firmware
Software embedded in hardware during manufacture
Examples
Home appliances
Intelligent printers
Thank You!

Introduction To Computer Systems

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Introduction To Computer Systems

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Part-I

Introduction to Computer Systems (ICS)

A computer system includes a computer, peripheral

Computer system is a device that accepts input,

Computer refers to a Programmable electronic device used to

Input means to feed information into a computer

Words and symbols in a document

Numbers for a calculation

Data is defined as the symbols, raw facts or figures that

Information is data that is presented in a format people

Computers store data in digital format as a series of 1s

Each 1 or 0 is called a bit

Eight bits is called a byte

DATA IN INFORMATION OUT

(Known Facts) (Processed Data)

Processing is the way that a computer manipulates data

sorting lists and numbers

A computer processes data in a device called the central

Memory is an area of a computer that holds data

Storage is the area where data can be left on a

A peripheral device designates equipment that might be

After completing this Topic, you will be able to understand,

Today’s Computer Categories

A personal computer is a type of microcomputer designed

A tablet computer is a portable computing device

A handheld computer is one that is designed to fit into a

Also called a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant)

Send and receive e-mail

Use maps and global positioning

Maintain expense account, contacts, to-do lists, memos, etc.

Make voice calls using cellular service

Powerful desktop models designed for specialized tasks

is a high-end microcomputer designed for technical

Workstations necessarily offer higher performance than is

Workstations are often optimized for displaying and

A videogame system (i.e. Sony’s Playstation) is a computer, but

Today’s videogame systems contain microprocessors that are

A mainframe computer is a large and expensive computer

Used by governments and large corporations to provide

A supercomputer is one of the fastest computers in the

Modeling weather systems

Simulating nuclear explosions

A server serves the computers on a network by supplying

A client receives data from a server

Any computer can be a server or a client

High performance servers are needed when there is a

Floppy disk drive

Hard disk drive

CD and DVD drives

Sound card and speakers

Microphone – Digital Cameras

Floppy Disk Drive

�The First Generation (1945-55): Vacuum Tubes

Punched cards for input and output

Slow input, processing and output

Hardware dependent: Could be performed by only one type of

Machine language : Required experts to program program

Low-level symbolic languages for programming

Magnetic core memories and magnetic storage devices were

Separate I/O processors were developed along with CPU

IBM became major manufacturer

Assembly language programs are made up of instructions