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Dr. Debanjan Das, ECE Network Analysis: Basic Concept DSPM IIIT-NR 22
Current
Example:
A conductor has a constant current of 5 A.
How many electrons pass a fixed point on the conductor in one
minute?
Solution
Total no. of charges pass in 1 min is given by 5 A = (5 C/s)(60 s/min) = 300 C/min
300 C/min
19
1 . 87 x10 21
electrons/min
1.602 x10 C/electron
Dr. Debanjan Das, ECE Network Analysis: Basic Concept DSPM IIIT-NR 23
Voltage/Potential
Voltage- is the energy required to move a unit charge
through an element
When 1 J of work is required to move 1 C of charge,
there is a voltage of 1 volt between the terminal.
• Electric voltage, vab, is always across the circuit element or between two
points in a circuit.
– vab > 0 means the potential of a is higher than potential of b.
– vab < 0 means the potential of a is lower than potential of b.
Dr. Debanjan Das, ECE Network Analysis: Basic Concept DSPM IIIT-NR 24
Voltage
Example:
Electrical energy is converted to heat at a rate of 8 kJ/min in a
resistor and charge flowing through it at the rate of 300 C/min.
What is the voltage difference across the resistor terminals?
Solution
p 8 103 J / min
v 26.67V
i 300 C/min
Dr. Debanjan Das, ECE Network Analysis: Basic Concept DSPM IIIT-NR 25
Power & Energy
Real-life examples
Dr. Debanjan Das, ECE Network Analysis: Basic Concept DSPM IIIT-NR 26
Power
• Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy,
measured in watts (W).
dw dw dq
• Mathematical expression: p vi
dt dq dt
When power is +ve the element is absorbing energy.
absorbing supplying
Dr. Debanjan Das, ECE Network Analysis: Basic Concept DSPM IIIT-NR 27
Energy
p0
• Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in joules (J).
t t
• Mathematical expression w pdt vidt
t0 t0
28
Dr. Debanjan Das, ECE Network Analysis: Basic Concept DSPM IIIT-NR
Energy
Example:
How much energy does a 200 W electric lamp consume in 2 hr.
Solution
Dr. Debanjan Das, ECE Network Analysis: Basic Concept DSPM IIIT-NR 29
Circuit Elements
Active Elements Passive Elements
Independent Dependant
sources sources Active Element: The elements that supply
energy to the circuit
Dr. Debanjan Das, ECE Network Analysis: Basic Concept DSPM IIIT-NR 30
Independent/Dependent Source
Independent: two terminal element that maintains a specified voltage/ current independently.
Dependent: Voltage across/ current flowing through is function of other voltages/ currents in
the circuit.
Solution
Voltage v is the sum of the current-independent 10-V source and the current-
dependent voltage source vx.
Note that the factor 15 multiplying the control current carries the units Ω.
Therefore, v = 10 + vx = 10 + 15(1) = 25 V
32
Dr. Debanjan Das, ECE Network Analysis: Basic Concept DSPM IIIT-NR
Ideal and Practical Voltage Sources
“Regulation
curve” or “load
line”
Dr. Debanjan Das, ECE Network Analysis: Basic Concept DSPM IIIT-NR 33
Ideal and Practical Current Sources
Dr. Debanjan Das, ECE Network Analysis: Current Sources DSPM IIIT-NR 34
Construct a Circuit Model of a Flashlight
Dr. Debanjan Das, ECE Network Analysis: Current Sources DSPM IIIT-NR 35
Passive Elements: 1. Resistance
Resistance of a wire is determined by the resistivity of the conductor as well as the geometry:
R=ρl/A
Conductance: G=1/R
Series Resistors & Voltage Divider Parallel Resistors & Current divider
Circuit symbol
Circuit symbol
di
A single inductive coil of N turns vL
dt
Dr. Debanjan Das, ECE Network Analysis: Network Theorem DSPM IIIT-NR 40
Kirchhoff’s Law
KCL: The algebraic sum of the currents entering any node is zero. (conservation of charge)
iA + iB + (−iC) + (−iD) = 0
KVL: The algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed path is zero. (conservation of energy)
v1 + (-v2 )+ (−v3) = 0
Dr. Debanjan Das, ECE Network Analysis: Network Theorem DSPM IIIT-NR 42