IC Engine Operating Parameters

Shyam Sunder Yadav

Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering

BITS Pilani
January 16, 2018
Shyam Sunder YadavAssistant Professor MechanicalICEngineering
Engine Operating Parameters 1 / 19
 Table of contents
1 Engine parameters
2 Piston speed
3 Cylinder volume
4 Compression ratio evolution
5 Work and Power
6 Mean effective pressure
7 Power and Torque
8 Engine efficiency
9 Air fuel ratio and Sp. fuel consumption
10 Sp. power, Sp. volume, Sp. weight

Shyam Sunder YadavAssistant Professor MechanicalICEngineering

Engine Operating Parameters 2 / 19
 Engine Parameters
Avergae piston speed
Bore, Stroke, Bore to Stroke ratio
Dispalcement and clearance volumes, Compression ratio
Work and Power
I Indicated, Brake
I Gross, Net and Pump work
Mean effective pressure
I Indicated, Brake
I Gross, Net and Pump
Torque and Power
Air–Fuel ratio, Fuel–Air ratio
Specific fuel consumption
I Indicated
I Brake
Engine efficiency
Shyam Sunder YadavAssistant Professor MechanicalICEngineering
Engine Operating Parameters 3 / 19
 Piston Speed

2SN
TDC
Average piston speed: U p = 60 m/s
Piston speed range: 5–20 m/s, Race
cars: 35 m/s
Diesel engines operate at lower piston
BDC speeds
Piston speeds are limited by inertia,
frictional wear and tear, Air flow inside
engine
A range of crank rpms can exist for a
given piston speed

Shyam Sunder YadavAssistant Professor MechanicalICEngineering

Engine Operating Parameters 4 / 19
 Piston Speed
√
s = acosθ + l 2 − a2 sin2 θ
∴ Up = dsdt =
dθ 1
−asinθ dt − 2√l 2 −a 2 sin2 θ
∗ a2 2sinθcosθ dθ
dt
TDC ω
Since U p = 4aN = 4a 2π , we get
Up
= − π2 sinθ 1 + √Rcosθ
 
Up 2 −sin2 θ
with
R = l/a : 3–4 for small engines
BDC
: 5–10 for large engines

Shyam Sunder YadavAssistant Professor MechanicalICEngineering

Engine Operating Parameters 5 / 19
 Cylinder Volume

Displacement or Swept volume:

Vd = VBDC − VTDC
TDC Total Engine Displacement
2
I VD = n πB4 S where n is the no. of
cylinders
I For model aeroplanes: VD = 0.1 cm3
BDC I For automobile engines: VD = 1–8 L
I For ship engines: VD > 20 L
Clearance volume: Vc = VTDC
VBDC Vc +Vd
Compression ratio: rc = VTDC
= Vc
I For SI engines: 8–12
I For CI engines: 12–24
I Engines with superchargers and
turbochargers have lower compression
ratio

Shyam Sunder YadavAssistant Professor MechanicalICEngineering

Engine Operating Parameters 6 / 19
 Cylinder Volume

TDC
Cylinder volume at any crank angle is :
2
V = Vc + πB4 (l + a − s)
Non-dimensional volume: VVc =
√
BDC 1 + rc 2−1 R + 1 − cosθ − R 2 − sin2 θ
 

Combustion chamber surface area:

A = Ach + Ap + πB(l + a − s)
2
= Ach + πB4 + πBS

√  2 R + 1 − cosθ −
R 2 − sin2 θ

Shyam Sunder YadavAssistant Professor MechanicalICEngineering

Engine Operating Parameters 7 / 19
 Evolution of Compression Ratio Over Time

From: AMANN, C.A., “Power to Burn” ,Mechanical Engineering, ASME, vol.

112, no. 4, pp. 46-54, 1990.

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Engine Operating Parameters 8 / 19
 Bore to Stroke Ratio

Bore: Cyl. inner dia., 0.5 cm – 0.5 m

TDC Bore to Stroke ratio B
S: 0.8–1.2
Square engine: B = S
Under square: S > B
BDC Over square: S < B
For a given Vd :
I Under square ⇒ Less combustion
chamber surface area, Less heat loss
but higher piston speed and frictional
losses
I Over square ⇒ More heat loss but
less frictional losses

Shyam Sunder YadavAssistant Professor MechanicalICEngineering

Engine Operating Parameters 9 / 19
 Work and Power
Force due to gas pressure
R on the
R moving piston
R generates the work in
an I.C. engine W = Fdx = PAp dx = PdV
R
Specific work: w = Pdv , Units: kJ/kg
Pressure itself varies with piston position depending upon the stroke

Area inside the curve

gives what is called the
Pressure, P

Indicated work
Actual work available at
the crankshaft is called
Brake work
Volume, V
Friction and parasitic loads like due to oil pump, AC, supercharger,
alternator, radiator fan etc. reduce the work available at crankshaft
Brake specific work: wb = wi − wf
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Engine Operating Parameters 10 / 19
 Work and Power
The upper loop of the indicator diagram consisting of compression
and power strokes where output work is generated gives the gross
Indicated Work

Wide Open Part

Throttle Throttle
Pressure, P

Pressure, P
Ignition
Ignition

Exhaust
opens Exhaust
opens

TDC BDC TDC BDC

Sp. Volume, v Sp. Volume, v

The lower loop consisting of exhaust and suction strokes absorbs work
from the engine and contributes to pump work
Net indicated work: wi,net = wi,gross + wpump
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Engine Operating Parameters 11 / 19
 Work and Power
Engines with superchargers and turbochargers can have intake
pressure greater than exhaust pressure giving a positive pump work
Superchargers increase the net indicated work but add to friction
work since they absorb power from crankshaft
wb Wb
Mechanical efficiency: ηm = wi,net = Wi,net

Supercharged
or turbocharged
Pressure, P

Ignition

Exhaust
opens

TDC BDC
Sp. Volume, v

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Engine Operating Parameters 12 / 19
 Mean Effective Pressures
We observed that the pressure inside the cylinder varies continuously
An average or mean effective pressure is defined by W = Pmep ∆V
This gives: Pmep = VWd

If indicated work, indicated mean

wi
effective pressure Pimep = ∆v
Wide Open
wi,gross wi,net
Throttle Pimep,gross = ∆v , Pimep,net = ∆v
Pressure, P

Ignition If brake work is used, brake mean

wb
Exhaust
opens
effective pressure Pbmep = ∆v
Pump mean effective pressure:
wpump
Ppmep = ∆v , (can be -ve)
TDC BDC Friction mean effective pressure:
Sp. Volume, v Pfmep = w∆v
fric.

Pimep,net = Pimep,gross + Ppmep Pbmep = Pimep,net − Pfmep

Pbmep = ηm ∗ Pimep,net
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Engine Operating Parameters 13 / 19
 Mean effective pressures

Mean effective pressures are good parameters for comparing engines

with regard to design since these are independent of engine size and
speed
I If torque is used for comparison, a bigger engine will always look better
I If power is used for comparison, rotation speed becomes important and
needs to be considered
These give an idea of how much friction is present in the engine, how
good is the breathing capacity of the engine, how much pressure is
producing the useful work at the crankshaft
Typical values of Pbmep for S.I. engines: 700 kPa–900 kPa
Typical values of Pbmep for C.I. engines:
I 850 kPa–1050 kPa (for naturally aspirated)
I 1000 kPa–1200 kPa (for turbocharged)

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Engine Operating Parameters 14 / 19
 Power and Torque
Fuel power: ṁf ∗ C .V . where C.V. is the calorific value of the fuel ≈
42 MJ/kg
Pimep Ap S(no. of cycles per min.)n
Indicated power: 60 Watt
I Pmep = mean effective pressure, Ap = piston area
I S = stroke length, n = no. of cylinders
I no. of cycles per min = N2 for 4 stroke engine, N for 2 stroke engine
Pimep Ap SNn
∴ Indicated power: 120 for four stroke engine
Pimep Ap SNn
60 for two stroke engine
Pbmep Ap SNn
Similarly Brake power: 120 for four stroke engine
Pbmep Ap SNn
60 for two stroke engine
Torque can be calculated from: Brake power = ωT = 2πNT 60
Pbmep Vd Pbmep Vd
From above two points: T = 2π (2 stroke), T = 4π (4
stroke)
Friction power = Indicated power - Brake power
Shyam Sunder YadavAssistant Professor MechanicalICEngineering
Engine Operating Parameters 15 / 19
 Engine efficiencies

Indicated power
Indicated thermal efficiency: ηi = ṁf ∗C .V . ≈ 35–45 %
Brake power
Brake thermal efficiency: ηb = ṁf ∗C .V . ≈ 30 %
Mechanical efficiency: ηm = wwi,net
b
= WWi,net
b
= ηηbi ≈ 90 %
Q̇c
Combustion efficiency: ηc = ṁf ∗C .V . ≈ 95–98 %
Thermal efficiency of actual cycle
Relative efficiency: ηrel. = Air-standard efficiency of ideal cycle
Volume of air induced at A.T.P.
Volumetric efficiency: ηv = Displacement volume

= (ṁa )ideal = (ρṁ

(ṁa )actual a )actual
a Vd N/2
for a 4 stroke engine

Shyam Sunder YadavAssistant Professor MechanicalICEngineering

Engine Operating Parameters 16 / 19
 Air fuel ratio and Specific fuel consumption

ṁa
Air–Fuel ratio (A/F) = ṁf
ṁf
Fuel–Air ratio (F/A) = ṁa
ṁf
Specific fuel consumption: sfc = Power
ṁf
Indicated specific fuel consumption: isfc = Indicated Power
ṁf
Brake specific fuel consumption: bsfc = Brake Power
isfc
Mechanical efficiency: ηm = bsfc

Shyam Sunder YadavAssistant Professor MechanicalICEngineering

Engine Operating Parameters 17 / 19
 Sp. power, Output per displacement, Engine sp. volume,
Engine sp. weight

Brake power
Specific power = Piston area
Brake power
Output per displacement = Total displacement volume

Engine specific volume = Total displacement

Brake power
volume

Engine specific weight = Engine weight

Brake power

Shyam Sunder YadavAssistant Professor MechanicalICEngineering

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 Thank you all for the attention...
Any questions?

Shyam Sunder YadavAssistant Professor MechanicalICEngineering

Engine Operating Parameters 19 / 19