Half Wave

Rectifier
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 "a$le *f Contents
+ectifier
,alf -ave +ectifier
athematical /nalysis
!C value of current
+ value of current
fficiency
+ipple factor
eak 'nverse 3oltage

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Rectifier:
+ectification is the process of converting /C to !C. "he circuit which is
used for this purpose is known as rectifier. +ectifiers are of two types
1. ,alf wave rectifier
2. ull wave rectifier
'n a half wave rectifier% !C is availa$le at its output terminals during one
half cycle of the /C input% whereas in a full wave rectifier !C is o$tained
during $oth half cycles of the /C input.

,alf wave rectifier using diode

/ssem$le the half wave rectifier circuit using &5 (unction diode as shown
in image617. "erminal / in the secondary is connected to the  section of
the diode and the other end 5 is connected to # terminal through load +8 .

'mage617

'mage627

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• "he /C is supplied across the primary of a transformer.
• !uring one half of the cycle% / is positive with respect to #. "his
makes the &5 (unction diode to conduct as it is forward $iased and
the current flows through the load +8 as shown in the image627.
• !uring the ne9t half cycle the point / is negative with respect to #.
'n this state% the diode does not conducts $ecause it is reverse $iased
and hence no current passes through + 8.
• "hus current passes through the + 8 only during positive cycles.
,ence this circuit is known as half wave rectifier.

'mage6:7

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athematical /nalysis

8et 3 i= 3 p sin ω t −−−(1) $e the input voltage to the rectifier% whereVp

is the peak input voltage. -hile the diode is conducting% let id $e the
current flowing through the circuit and Vd $e the voltage across the diode.

8et us consider the ohmic resistance of the secondary of transformer as

negligi$le and applying Kirchoff;s voltage law to the closed circuit% we
have

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 3i < 3d = id +8

< id +f = id +8

where +f is the forward resistance of the diode.

3i= i d ( + f + + 8 )−−−(2 )

Comparing 617 and 627% we get

3 p sin ω t = i d ( + f + + 8 )

i d = ' m sin (ω t )

3p
where ' m = is the peak current.
+ f ++ 8

'f the resistance of the diode is negligi$le compared to + 8 % then

3
' m=
+8

or a half wave rectifier% we have

'd =
{
' m sin ω t for 0 < ω t < π
0 for π < ω t < 2 π }
!C value of current6Idc7
rom the image6:7% it is seen that the output current is not steady $ut
contains fluctuations despite of $eing a !C current. "he average value of
this fluctuating !C current can $e calculated as follows

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 2π
1
' dc =
2π
∫' d d (ω t )
0

[∫ ]
π 2π
1
=
2π
i d d (ω t )+ ∫i d d (ω t )
0 π

π
1
=2 π ∫ i d (ω t )
d
0
>∵ id<0 in the range  to 2]
π
= ( )∫ 1
2π 0
' m sin ω t d (ω t )

'm π
= [−cos (ω t ) ]0
2π

'm
'
∴ dc =
π

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+ value of output current6Irms7

√
2π
1
' rms=
2π
∫ i d (ω t ) 2
d
0

√
π 2π
1
=
2π
[ ∫ i d (ω t )+∫π i d (ω t )]
0
2
d
2
d

√
π
1
=
2π
∫i
0
2
d d (ω t )

√
π
1
=
2π
∫' 2
m sin
2
ω t d (ω t )
0

>∵ id<0 in the range  to 2]

√
2
'm ω t sin2 ω t π
= [ − ]
2π 2 4 0

√
2
'm π
=
2π 2

√
2
'm
=
4

'm
'
∴ rms =
2

'
∴ rms > ' dc

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fficiency of a half wave rectifier6 7

*utput !C power
η= 9 100?
'nput /C power

2π
1
'nput /C power iac < ∫ ( instantaneous power ) d (ω t )
2π 0

1 2π
iac =
2π
∫ e 9 i d (ω t ) d
0

2π
1
=
2π
∫ i ( + ++
d f 8 ) 9 i d d (ω t )
0

2π
+f + + 8
=
2π
∫ i d (ω t )
0
2
d

=( + f + + 8 ) ' 2rms

( +f + + 8 ) ' 2m
∴ iac =
4

2
*utput !C power odc= ' dc + 8

2
'm + 8
odc=
π2

odc
+ectifier efficiency < 9 100?

iac

2
'm + 8 4
= 2
9 9 100?
π ( + f + + 8 ) ' 2m

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 40.@ + 8
= ?
+ f ++ 8

'f +f AA +8% < 40.@?

'f +f < +8% < 20.:?

+ipple factor6r7
/t the output of half wave rectifier% periodically varying components are
still present even though we have achieved a unidirectional current. ilters
are used in the rectifier to reduce the varying components. / measure of
the varying component is given $y the ripple factor as follows

; ;
' rms  rms
r= =
' dc  dc

where ';rms and ;rms represent the + value of ripple current and voltage
respectively.

'nstantaneous value of ripple current ' ; < id – 'dc

√
2π
1
'
;
rms =
2π
∫i ;2
d (ω t )
0

√
2π
1
=
2π
∫ ( i −'
0
d dc )2 d (ω t )

√
2π
1
=
2π
∫ ( i − 2i '
0
2
d d dc +' 2dc ) d (ω t )

Bsing euations

√
2π 2π
1 1
' dc =
2π
∫
0
' d d (ω t ) D ' rms=
2π
∫i 2
d d (ω t )
0

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we have%

;
' rms= √( ' 2
rms − 2'2dc + ' 2dc )

=√ ( ' 2rms− ' 2dc )

+ipple factor is given $y

;
' rms
r=
' dc

√
( ' 2rms − ' 2dc)
= 2
' dc

√( )
2
' rms
= −1
' dc

√( )
'm / 2 2

= −1
' m /π

√( ) −
2
π
∴ r= 1
2

∴ r =1.21

"he a$ove calculation shows that the + value of the ripple e9ceeds that
of the !C potential of the output. "his shows that the half wave rectifier
without a filter is relatively a poor device for converting /C into !C.
eak 'nverse 3oltage
't is defined as the ma9imum voltage applied across the diode when the
diode is reverse $iased. 'n the case of half wave rectifier% the ma9imum
voltage across the diode when it is not conducting is eual to 3 p% the peak

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input voltage.

Full Wave & Half Wave Rectifier

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