ISSN: 2278 – 1323
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering &Technology(IJARCET)
Power System Stability Improvement By Using
SVC With Power System Controller
Habibur Rahman1,IliusHasan Pathan2,Harun-Or-Rashid3
 voltage profiles in the transient state and therefore, it can
Abstract—This paper presents the model of a static VAR
compensator (SVC) which is controlled externally by a newly
designed Power System Controller(PSC) for the improvements
of power system stability and damping effect of an on line power
system.The proposed PSC consists of two controllers(PID &
POD).PID parameters has been optimized by Triple Integral
Differential(TID) close loop tuning method. Both single phase
and three phase (L-L) faults have been considered in the
research. In this paper, A power system network is considered
which is simulated in the phasor simulation method & the
network is simulated in three steps; without SVC, With SVC
but no externally controlled, SVC withPower System Controller.
Simulation result shows that without SVC, the system
parameters becomes unstable during faults. When SVC is
imposed in the network, then system parameters becomes stable.
Again, when SVC is controlled externally by PSCcontrollers,
then system parameters(V,P,Q,dω,Vt) becomes stable in faster
way then without controller. It has been observed that the SVC
ratings are only 20 MVA with controllers and 200 MVA without
controllers. So, SVC with PSCcontrollers are more effective to
enhance the voltage stability and increases power transmission
capacity of a power system .The power system oscillations is
also reduced with controllers in compared to that of without
controllers. So with PSC controllers the system performance is
greatly enhanced.
Keywords—SVC, Voltage Regulator,Power System Controller,
TID Tuning, Power Oscillation Damping,MATLAB Simulink..
I. INTRODUCTION
Power system stability improvements is very important for
large scale system. The AC power transmission system has
diverse limits, classified as static limits and dynamic limits[1-
2]
.Traditionally, fixed or mechanically switched shunt and
series capacitors, reactors and synchronous generators were
being used to enhance same types of stability
augmentation[3]. For many reasons desired performance was
being unable to achieve effectively. A static VAR
compensator (SVC) is an electrical device for providing
fast-acting reactive power compensation on high voltage
transmission networks and it can contribute to improve the
Habibur Rahman:Department of EEE,Rajshahi University of
Engineering & Technology,(RUET) Rajshahi-6204, Bangladesh, Mobile No:
+8801758096759
IliusHasanPathan:Lecturer, Department of EEE, Bangladesh
University of Business & Technology (BUBT),Dhaka, Bangladesh
Mobile No:+8801914105407.
Harun-Or-Rashid: Department of EEE,Rajshahi University of
Engineering & Technology, (RUET) Rajshahi-6204, Bangladesh, Mobile
No: +8801717193348
All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET
Volume 1, Issue 9, November- 2012
improve the qualities and performances of the electric
services[3]. An SVC can be controlled externally by using
properly designed different types of controllers which can
improve voltage stability of a large scale power system. In
previous study Authors has designed aPID controller which
has tuned by Triple Integral Differential(TID) tuning
method[4]. However, in this study, With a view to get better
performance,Anew power systemcontroller(PSC) has been
designed& proposed for SVC to injects Vqrefexternally for the
improvement of power system stability. The dynamic nature
of the SVC lies in the use of thyristor devices (e.g. GTO,
IGCT)[3]. Therefore, thyristor based SVC with PID
controllers has been used to improve the performance of
2-machine power system.
II. CONTROL CONCEPT OF SVC
An SVC is a controlled shunt susceptance(B) which inject
reactive power (Qnet) into thereby increasing the bus voltage
back to its net desired voltage level. If bus voltage increases,
the SVC will inject less (or TCR will absorb more) reactive
power, and the result will be to achieve the desired bus
voltage[Fig.1].Here, +Qcap is a fixed capacitance value,
therefore the magnitude of reactive power injected into the
system, Qnet, is controlled by the magnitude of –Qind reactive
power absorbed by the TCR. The basis of the
thyristor-controlled reactor(TCR) which conduct on alternate
half-cycles of the supply frequency. If the thyristors are gated
into conduction precisely at the peaks of the supply voltage,
full conduction results in the reactor, and the current is the
same as though the thyristor controller were short circuited.
SVC based control system is shown in Fig.1[3].
Bus Bar
C.B
P.T
Vsvc
Isvc
Transformer Qnet=Qcap - Qind
SVC Controller
Inductive reactive
AVR
power absorbtion
(-Qind) Capacitive reactive
Thyristor power injection
(+Qcap)
Vulve
Pulse
generator
Reactor
Fixced Capacitor
TCR
Fig.1 SVC based control system
III. SVC V-I CHARACTERISTICS
The SVC can be operated in two different modes:
a). In voltage regulation mode (the voltage is regulated
within limits as explained below).
37
 ISSN: 2278 – 1323
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering &Technology(IJARCET)
Volume 1, Issue 9, November- 2012

b). In VAR control mode (the SVC susceptance is kept The SVC doesnot have any controller unit. Machine & SVC
constant). parameters has been taken from reference[5].The complete
From V-I curve of SVC, From Fig.2[3], simulink model of SVC with power system controller is
V=Vref+Xs.I,: In regulation range(-Bcmax<B<Bcmax) shown in Fig.4. To maintain system stability after faults, the
V=I/Bcmax, ,: SVC is fully Capacitive(B=Bcmax) transmissionline is shunt compensated at its centre by a
V=1/Blmax, : SVC is fully inductive(B=Blmax) 200MVAR Static VAR Compensator (SVC) with power
Blmax system controller. Thetwo machines are equipped with a
SVC operating point v hydraulic turbine and governor (HTG) [Fig.6],excitation
Vref
dv system, and power system stabilizer (PSS). Another machine
Isvc-base is swing generator.PSS is used in the model to add damping
Xslope=dv/Isvc-base
Bcmax
to the rotor oscillations of the synchronous machine by
controlling its excitation current[2]. Any disturbances that
Isvc occur in power systems due to fault, can result in inducing
Capacitive(+) 0 Inductive(-)
electromechanical oscillations of the electrical generators.
Fig.2 Steady state(V-I) characteristic of a SVC Such oscillating swings must be effectively damped to
maintain the system stability and reduce the risk of stepping
IV. POWER SYSTEM MODEL out of synchronism.
This example described in this section illustrates modelling
of a simple transmission system containing 2- hydraulic V. SIMULATION RESULTS
power plants[Fig.3]. SVC has been used to improve transient The load flow solution of the above system is calculated and
stability and power system oscillations damping. The phasor the simulation results are shown below. Two types of faults:
simulation method can be used. A single line diagram A. single line to ground fault &B. Three phase fault have
represents a simple 500 kV transmission system is shown in been considered.
Fig.3[5].
M1 500/13.8kv A. single line to ground fault
13.8/500KV M2
1000MVA Consider a 1-phase fault occurred at 0.1s & circuit breaker is
D/Yg Yg/D 5000MVA
350km 350km opened at 0.2s (4-cycle fault),Without SVC, the system
fault B2 voltage, power & machines oscillates goes on
950MW B1 B3 4046MW unstable[Fig.(5,8,10)]. But if SVC(without controller) is
SVC 5000mw applied then voltage becomes stable within 3s [Fig.7],power
Power System Controller
becomes within 3s[Fig.9] & machines oscillation becomes
stable within 4.5s [Fig.11]. All results has been summarized
Fig.3 Single line diagram of 2-machine power system in table-I.
2
A 1000 MW hydraulic generation plant (M1) is connected to Va
a load centre through a long 500 kV, total 700km
Vb
transmission line. A 5000 MW of resistive load is modelled 1.5
Vc
as the load centre. The remote 1000 MVA plant and a local
generation of 5000 MVA (plant M2) feed the load. A load
Bus Voltages

flow has been performed on this systemwith plant M1 1

generating 950 MW so that plant M2 produces4046 MW.
The line carries 944 MW which isclose to its surge 0.5
impedance loading (SIL = 977 MW).To maintain system
stability after faults, the transmissionline is shunt
compensated at its centre by a 200MVAR Static VAR 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Compensator (SVC). time,t
Fig.5 Bus voltages in p.u for 1-phase fault(without SVC)
m B1 L1 350 km B2 L2 350 km B3 m
Pm Pm
A A a aA aA A a aA a A A
B B b bB bB B b bB b B B
Vf _ Vf _
C C c cC cC C c cC c C C
M1 1000 MVA 1000 MVA 5000 MVA M2 5000 MVA
V-I Measurement
A
B
C

13 .8 kV/500 kV 13 .8 kV/500 kV
A
B

C
A
B

Pm m Fault Breaker
A
B
C

Machine Load m Pm
Vref

SVC1 Signals 5000 MW Pref2

SVC
TV
1 Pref Vf
m

Vf Pref 1 dw1
dw1 Vqref * Vt 1
Pref1 del (dw) Vt 1 Vt 2 (pu) Bus Volt
dw2 Turbine &
Turbine & dw2 Vpos. seq. B1 B2 B3 B4
<B (pu)>
<Vm (pu)>
Regulators M 2
Regulators M 1 del(dw)
Vabc Vabc VPQ P B1 B2 B3 B4 (MW )
Phasors Iabc dw. Measurements
Iabc SVC Q B1 B2 B3 B4 (Mvar )
Bus Power ,P
powergui dw
Power System Controller
Bus Power ,Q

Fig.4 Complete simulink model of 2-machine power system

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 ISSN: 2278 – 1323
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering &Technology(IJARCET)
Volume 1, Issue 9, November- 2012

wref
1 Pm
d_theta 1 Pref pm 1
2
wref
Pref we 1
Pe0 gate Pm
vs _qd
dw
d_theta
Re HTG
1 m wm
|u| Vt 1 1 vref
m Im
dw Vref 1 vd
Peo Demux Vf 2
vq Vf
Machines w1 dw Vs tab
vs tab
Measurement dw 1
Demux Multi -Band PSS EXCITATION

Fig.6 PSS, HTG and excitation system block diagram for machine 1.

0.02
1.1
dw

Speed Deviation
1
0.9
0.01
Bus Voltages

Va
0.8 Vb
Vc
0.7 0
0.6
0.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 -0.01
time,t 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Fig.7 Bus Voltages in p.u for 1-phase fault (with SVC) time,t
2000
Power
Fig.11 Speed oscillations for 1- phase fault(with SVC)
1000 B. Three phase fault
During 3-phase faults, If no SVC is applied then system
0 voltage & machines speed deviations becomes unstable But
Power ,P

when SVC(without controller) is applied then the system

voltage becomes stable within 5s [Fig.12] & machines speed
-1000 deviation becomes stable within 5s [Fig.13].

-2000
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
time,t
Fig.8 Bus power,P in MW during fault (Without SVC)
2000

1500

1000
Power,p

Fig.12 Bus Voltage(Va) in p.u for L-L phase fault

500

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
time,t
Fig.9 Bus Power(P)in MW for 1-Ø faults(with SVC)
0.07
dw
0.06

0.05

0.04
Fig.13 Machines speed deviation for L-L fault
Speed Deviation

0.03

0.02
VI. DESIGNE OF POWER SYSTEM CONTROLLER(PSC)
0.01
The proposed Power system controller consists of two parts,
0
A. Proportional Integral Derivative(PID) controller which is
-0.01
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 tuned by Triple Integral Differential(TID) method[4], B.
time,t
Power Oscillation Damping(POD) controller. PID controller
Fig.10 Speed deviation for 1- phase fault(without SVC) takes input as machines angular speed deviation & get an
39
All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET
 ISSN: 2278 – 1323
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering &Technology(IJARCET)
Volume 1, Issue 9, November- 2012

error signal & POD controller takes input as line voltage &  16 8 
GC ( s )  0.075 * K cr Pcr S  S 2  2 4  ..…..(9)
Pcr S 
line current & after damp out the oscillation it also gives as
error signal. Finally, the proposed power system controller  Pcr S
2
takes input as all parameters of power system network i.e. 0.075 * K cr Pcr  Pcr S 3  4 
GC ( s )   
Vabc,Iabc,dω& it gives an error signal(Vqref) which injects SVC  P S  ………….(10)
for improvement of power system stability. S  cr 
2
A. Designed of PID Controller 3  0.2S 3  4 ……………..................(11)
GC ( s )   
PID controller is tuned by the proposed Triple Integral S  0.2 * S 
Differential(TID) tuning methods.The PID controller has
three term control signal, 2
E(s) 3  0 .2 S 3  4  U(s)
 
d 3 e(t ) + S  0.2 * S 
Kp
Ti 
u ( t )
.....(1)  K p e(t)  e (t ) dt  K T
p d -
dt 3
In Laplace Form,
U(s)  …………….…..(2)
1  Fig.16 PID controller Tuning parameters
 K p 1  3
 Td S 3 
E(s)  Ti S  1 1 0.2s 0.2s 1
dw1 3 2
s 0.2s3+4 0.2s3+4 u dw.
2 Reciprocal Saturation
Integretor Transfer Fcn 1 Transfer Fcn 2
dw2 1 Gain
del (dw)

Fig.14 PID controller is in proportional action Fig.17 Internal Structure of PID controller with dω input
B. Designed of POD Controller
The Power Oscillation Damping Controller takes input as
Vabc ,Iabc& it convert it as power. If no faults has occurred
then switch remains open. But when fault occurred then
Fig.15 Determination of sustained oscillation (Pcr) switch becomes closed & after filtering or dampout
oscillation, it also gives an error signal & finally two error
For selecting the proper controller parameters, TID Tuning signal has been added & this is Vqref.
Method is described below.
Vabc
In this method, the parameter is selected as Ti=∞,Td=0. 1 Vabc
1
1 Vqref *
Using the proportional controller action[Fig.14]only increase PQ 2/3 In Mean 100 -1 Saturation 1
2 Iabc 0.1
Kp from 0 to a critical value Kcr. At which the output first Iabc
Active Power Mean Value Gain 1 LeadLag
exhibits sustained oscillations[Fig.15]. Thus the critical gain Measurement (linear ) Lowpass highpass

Kcr& the corresponding period Pcr are experimentally

determined.It is suggested that the values of the parameters Fig.18 Internal Structure of POD controller
Kp Ti Td should set according to the following formula same C. Power System Controller(PSC)
as Zieglar-Nicles methods[4]. The proposed Power System Controller consists of both two
Kp=0.6Kcr , Ti=0.5Pcr , Td=0.125Pcr controllers(PID & POD)[Fig.19] which injects Vqref in
Notice that the PID controller tuned by proposed TID tuning SVC[Fig.20]& further improve the power system stability.
methods rules as follows, From Eq.2,
 1  1 1 0.2s 0.2s 1
………...………….(3)
G 
C ( s )  K p 1  3
 Td S 3  dw1 3
s 0.2s3 +4 0.2s3 +4 u
3
dw.
 Ti S  2
dw2 2 Gain Integretor Transfer Fcn 1 Transfer Fcn 2 Reciprocal Saturation

 1  del (dw) 1
GC ( s )  0.6K cr 1 
............(4) 3
 0.125Pcr S 3  Vabc Vqref *
 0.5 Pcr S  3 Vabc
1
Saturation 1

2 PQ 2/3 In Mean 100 -1

 P S3  4 4 Iabc 0.1
 0.075 * K cr Pcr S  cr
GC ( s)…………....(5) 2

 Iabc Mean Value LeadLag
 Pcr S  Active Power
(linear )
Gain 1
Lowpass highpass
Measurement
It’s found that, Pcr=0.2s &Kcr=200[Fig.5]. So,
2 Fig.19 Internal Structure of Power System Controller(PSC)
0.075 * 200 * 0.2  0.2S 3  4  …….........(6)
GC ( s )    dw1
 0.2 * S 
dw1
S Vqref *
A

C
Vref

del (dw) 1 SVC

 4 2
dw2 dw2
4
m

GC ( s)  0.075K cr Pcr S  S 2  2 *
...(7) S ( )  del(dw)

 Pcr S 2
Pcr S 2  Vabc Vabc <B (pu)>
<Vm (pu)>

dw.
Iabc Iabc
B & V
dw
2
 
Power System Controller
……….…...(8) 4
G 
C ( s )  0.075 * K cr Pcr S  S 
 Fig.20 SVC with Power System Controller (PSC)
Pcr S 2 
 

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 ISSN: 2278 – 1323
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering &Technology(IJARCET)
Volume 1, Issue 9, November- 2012
-3
x 10
VII. SIMULATION RESULTS 2
Machines Speed Deviations,dw
The network remains same [Fig.4],just simple SVC is 1
replaced by power system controlled SVC[Fig.20)]. During

Speed deviation,dw
fault ,machines speed deviation(dω)& Line voltage(Vabc) , 0
Line current(Iabc) are always monitored by power system
controller & taking input of those oscillation, after processing -1
as shown in Fig.19, it reduces damping of power system
oscillation& helps SVC to improve stability. Two types of -2
faults has been considered: A. Single line to ground fault and 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
time
B. Three phase L-L fault.
Fig.25 Machines speed deviation for 1-Ø fault(with PID)
A. Single line to ground fault
B. Three phase fault
During 1-phase faults, if PSC is used as SVC controller then,
During 3-phase faults, If PSC is used as SVC controller then,
the system voltage becomes stable within 0.65s with 0%
the system voltage becomes stable within 1.3s [Fig.26] &
damping [Fig.21] &Power (P,Q) becomes stable within 0.6s
Both power (P,Q) becomes stable within 0.5s& 0.7s
[Fig.22,23] &Machines terminal voltage(Vt) becomes stable
[Fig.27,28].Machines terminal voltage(Vt) becomes stable
within 0.45s [Fig.24]& dω becomes stable at 0.99s[Fig.25].
within 0.3s [Fig.29]&dω becomes stable at 0.99s[Fig.30].
Va
1.5 1.2
Vb
Vc 1
0.8
Bus Voltage

1
Bus Voltages

0.6 Va
Vb
0.4
0.5 Vc
0.2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
time,t 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
time
Fig.21 Bus voltage in p.u for 1-Ø fault (with PSC)
2500 Fig.26 Bus voltages in p.u for L-L fault (with PSC)
Pa(MW) 2500
2000 Pa(MW)
Pb(MW)
2000 Pb(MW)
1500
1500
Bus Power,P

1000
1000
Bus Power,P

500 500
0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
time,t
-500
Fig.22 Bus power,P in MW for 1-Ø fault (with PSC) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
5000 time,t
Fig.27 Bus power, P in MW for L-L fault (with PSC)
4000 1500
Qa
3000 1000 Qb
Qc
2000 500
Power, Q
Power,Q

1000 0

0 -500
-1000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 -1000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
time,t time,t
Fig.23Bus Power,Q for 1-Ø fault in MW(with PSC) Fig.28 Bus power, Q in MVAR for L-L fault (with PSC)
1.4
Vt1
1.1
1.2 Vt2
1
Terminal Voltage

1
0.9
Terminal Voltage

Vt1 0.8
0.8
Vt2
0.6
0.7
0.4
0.6
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
time,t 0.2
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Fig.24 Machines terminal voltage for 1-Ø fault(with PSC) time,t
Fig.29 Machinesterminal Voltage for L-L fault(with PSC)
41
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 ISSN: 2278 – 1323
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering &Technology(IJARCET)
Volume 1, Issue 9, November- 2012
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x 10
2 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Machines speed deviation ,dw
Author’s would like to thanks specially to Dr. Md. Rafiqul
1
Islam Sheikh, Professor & Head, Dept. of EEE, RUET for
Spped deviation,dw

0 providing his innovative ideas, encouragement & observation

for completing this research.
-1
REFERENCES
-2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 [1] AmitGarg ,”Modeling and Simulation of Static VAR Compensator for
time Improvement of Voltage Stability in Power
Fig.30 Machines speed deviation for L-L fault(with PID) System”ISSN:2249-071X,Vol.2,Issue-2
[2] Ali M. Yousef “Transient stability Enhancement of multi machine
using Global deviation PSS” Journal of Engineering sciences, Faculty
VIII. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS of Engineering, Assiut University, Vol. 32-No.2 April 2004 pp.
The performance of the proposed Power System Controller 665-677
with SVC has been summarized in the table-I. In table-I, α [3] A.E.Hammad “Analysis of power system stability enhancement by
static var compensator”, IEEE PWRS, vol 1, no. 4, pp. 222-227.
(infinite time) means the system is unstable, SVC rating in [4] Habibur, Dr. Fayzur, Harun,”Power SystemStability Improvement
MVA. The network is simulated in three steps; without SVC, By Using SVC With TID Tuned PID Controller”,IJARCET,
With SVC, SVC with proposed Power System ISSN-2278-1323 (online), India,Vol:1,Issue:8, October-2012,Pp.
Controller(PSC). 93-98.
[5] " MATLAB Math Library User's Guide", by the Math Works. Inc.
Table-I
Performance ofproposed Power SystemController(PSC) AUTHOR’S BIOGRAPHIES

1-Øfault (Stability L-L fault

Md.Habibur Rahmanhas completed his bachelor
time) (Stability time)
of Science in Electrical & Electronic Engineering in
Contr SVC Volt P,Q dω& volt P,Q dω Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
oller Rating Vt & (RUET),Rajshahi-6204,Bangladesh. The author’s
Vt has total number of eight publications in
differentInternational Journal& one text book on
No 200 α α α α α α
MVA power system stability (ISBN:978-3-659-24701-9)
SVC which has published in LAP lambert, Germeny. Habibis interested to
SVC 200 3s 3s 4.5s 5s 5s 5s research in the field of stabilization of power system, FACTS devices,
SVC+ 20 0.99s 0.5s 0.8s Genetic Algorithm, Fuzzy Logic.
MVA & 1.3s & &
PSC 0.9s 0.6s 0.3s
0.45s 0.7s
Md. IliusHasanPathanreceived the B.Sc. in
Electrical & Electronic Engineering in Rajshahi
IX. CONCLUSION University of Engineering & Technology(RUET),
Rajshahi-6204,Bangladesh in 2011.Currently, He
This paper presents the power system stability improvement is a Lecturer of Electrical Engineering department
i.e. voltage level, machine oscillation damping, real & at Bangladesh University of Business &
reactive power in a power system model of SVC without or Technology(BUBT),Dhaka, Bangladesh. His
teaching and research areas include power system
with proposed Power System Controller for different types of and Industry, FACTS devices, power electronics, process control, PLC
faulted conditions. PSC is also a very efficient controller application,Power systems planning, operation & optimization & Smart
then others for SVC to enhance the power system stability. Grid.
From above results, this proposed Triple Integral
Differential(TID) close loop tuning method for selecting PID Md. Harun-Or-Rashid has completed his bachelor
controller parameters& POD ,In combine,Power System of Science in Electrical & Electronic Engineering in
Controller may be highly suitable as a SVC controller Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
(RUET), Rajshahi-6204 ,Bangladesh. The author’s
because of shorter stability time, simple designed, low cost has total number of eight publications in different
& highly efficient controller. Rather that, If PSC controller is International Journal & one text book on power
used then only small rating of SVC becomes enough for system stability (ISBN: 978-3-659-24701-9) which
stabilization of robust power system within very shortest has published in LAP lambert, Germeny. Harunis
interested to research in the field of stabilization of power system, FACTS
possible time for both steady state & dynamic conditions. devices, Genetic Algorithm, Fuzzy Logic.
These proposed Power System Controller can be applied for
any interconnected multi-machine power system network for
stability improvement.
These controller can be applied to another FACTS devices
namely SSSC, STATCOM, UPFC whose controllers may be
controlled externally by designing different types of
controllers which also may be tuned by using different
algorithm i.e. Fazzy logic,ANN, Genetic algorithm, FSO etc.
for both transient and steady state stability improvement of a
power system.

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