Step 2- recognize the electrodynamic and waves applications

Deibi Fabián Muñoz Arias

Cod: 1061754163

Group: 203058_46

Tutor: Omar Leonardo Leyton

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OPEN AND DISTANCE - UNAD

Bordo (Cauca)

March 2018
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Each student in the group has to answer the following questions using academic references
to support the research:

1-.) Explain the practical application of the loss tangent with an example.
Calculate the loss tangent of the dry soil at a frequency of 10 kHz. Calculate again at 100MHz.

Solution:
The dry soil parameters are𝜎 = 10−4 𝑠𝑚⁄𝑚 ∈𝑟 = 3
There is the lost tangent to 10 kHz
𝜎 10−4
tan(𝛿) = = = 60
𝜔 ∈ 2𝜋 ∗ 107 ∗ 3 ∗ 1 ∗ 10−9
36𝜋
Which gives an angle of losses of:δ = tan−1 (60) = 89°
When you change the frequency to 100MHz, you get:
𝜎 10−4
tan(𝛿) = = = 0 − 006
𝜔 ∈ 2𝜋 ∗ 108 ∗ 3 ∗ 1 ∗ 10−9
36𝜋
δ = tan−1(0.006) = 0.3°

2.-) what kind of information give us the propagation velocity in electromagnetic waves
propagation?
The velocity of propagation can be measured as the time necessary for a zero crossing or a
maximum of the signal to occur again at the same point in space.

3.-) Explain how an electromagnetic wave behaves in free space, perfect dielectrics and good
conductors.

Maxwell's equations give rise to harmonic solutions which were first found by James Clerck
Maxwell in 1884. Based on these solutions Maxwell predicted the existence of electromagnetic
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waves and discovered that signals can be transmitted over long distances without necessarily
having physical means for transmission.
In the year of 1887, Einrich Hertz discovered the waves predicted by Maxwell and showed that
electricity can be transmitted in the form of electromagnetic waves, which propagate at the speed
of light and have many of their properties.
This is the principle of wireless telephony, radio, TV, telemetry, among many other wonders of
modern life.
It is possible to find equations that describe the behavior of fields in free space in the absence of
volumetric load or electric conduction currents, under these conditions, Maxwell's equations are
reduced.

4.-Using the electromagnetic spectrum, explain the practical application of every type of
radiation.

Gamma rays have shorter wavelengths than R-Xs. These are the most energetic photons.
Although they do not have a clear lower limit for their wavelength, it is usually accepted that they
are in the frequency range: 3 EHz <f <30 ZHz They are used in astronomy to study objects or
regions of high energy and, in general, in research of high energy physics. Also as radiotherapy of
some types of cancer, with the well-known "cobalt bomb".
X-rays are used to see through some objects and not others, taking advantage of the difference in
absorption between different matter (medical diagnoses, for example). Also in high energy physics
and astronomy - black holes and neutron stars emit R-X, allowing its study. Its frequency is
conventionally accepted: 30 PHz <f <50 EHz
Ultraviolet rays are EM radiation whose wavelength is shorter than the violet end of the visible
spectrum. This part of the spectrum corresponds to frequencies: 750 THz <f <300 PHz The sun is
a very important source of ultraviolet radiation. This type of radiation, artificially created has
applications such as, sterilization of instruments and certain equipment, germicidal lamps for
swimming pools or other environments, tanning lamps, etc.

Radiación visible. -
Electromagnetic waves whose frequencies are between 4.6 x 1014 Hz and 6.7 x 1014 Hz constitute
a region of the spectrum that is of special importance to us, since this radiation is capable of
stimulating human vision, since it deals with the light waves or light. This is a very narrow region
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of the spectrum, so our eyes are not able to perceive most of the radiation that makes up the
spectrum.
The lower frequencies of the visible radiation give us the sensation of the red color. - By increasing
the frequency of the waves we will have successively, those corresponding to the colors orange,
yellow, green, blue, indigo, and at the end of the visible region, the color violet.
The Infrared covers the part of the spectrum from approximately 300 GHz (1 mm) to 385 THz
(780 nm). It is divided into three regions:
 Far infrared 300GHz <f <30THz
The lower part of this range can be qualified as a microwave.
 Average infrared 30THz <f <120THz
 Near Infrared 120THz <f <385THz
Typical applications of infrared rays are found in astronomy, industry, medicine, etc.
The lasers are EM radiation in the range, generally, of the visible spectrum (He-Ne laser of 638
nm, Nd-YAG laser of 1.06 mμ, etc.), although they can also be located in infrared (CO2 laser of
30 μm) and even in the ultraviolet.
Specific characteristics of laser light is that it is a monochromatic, coherent and collimated light.
The applications are innumerable. In dentistry and other medical-surgical specialties, for readers-
recorders of CD's and DVD's, etc.
Radio ondas o Radio Frecuencia (RF) refer to the portion of the EM spectrum in which EM
waves can be generated by alternating currents that feed an antenna Radios waves are used for data
transmission, via modulation, television, mobile phones, wireless networks, commercial
broadcasting stations, amateur radio, microwave ovens, etc.
Las bandas ELF, SLF, ULF y VLF, en conjunto, se conocen como Audio Frecuencia (AF).
ELF son usadas por la armada de USA para comunicarse con submarinos sumergidos. La banda
VLF también se usa con el mismo propósito, pero cuando la nave se encuentra cerca de la
superficie (a unos 20 m o menos).
SLF es típica en líneas de transporte y distribución (50 o 60 Hz). 10 KHz es frecuente en
radionavegación (banda VLF). Cocinas de inducción trabajan en el rango de 25-40 KHz (bandas
VLF-LF).
Las bandas LF (onda larga), MF (onda media), HF (onda corta) y VHF (FM radio y TV),
son vulgarmente conocidas como Radio Frecuencia (RF). Además de en radiodifusión, otras
aplicaciones son calentamiento por histéresis dieléctrica – soldadura, fusión y reblandecimiento
de plásticos- (13,56 MHz - 27,12 MHz - 40,68 MHz), calentamiento por inducción, etc.
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UHF, SHF y EHF, popularmente se conocen como Microondas (MO). La telefonía móvil (GSM,
DCS y UMTS 14) opera en esta franja del espectro frecuencial. Otras aplicaciones: hornos
microondas (2,45 GHz), radares para control policial de tráfico (10 GHz), radares de aeropuertos
(15-100 GHz), Wi-Fi 15, etc.

5.- What is the refraction index and what kind of information give us about the
electromagnetic waves behavior?
The refractive index of a substance is the ratio between the speed of light in vacuum and the phase
velocity of an electromagnetic signal in a specific medium. It is represented by the letter.
The inverse of the refractive index is also a characteristic parameter of the different
Means of propagation and is called speed factor:

Because the phase velocity in any medium is less than the speed of light in vacuum, the refractive
index of a substance is always an amount greater than or equal to 1.

6. - What is a plane wave and a non-plane wave and where are they used? What is a magnetic
and a nonmagnetic medium and where are they used? Why do we use plane waves to explain
practical models associated to electromagnetic phenomenon?

Plane wave

By extension, the term is also used to describe waves that are approximately flat in a localized
region of space. For example, a source of electromagnetic waves such as an antenna produces a
field that is approximately flat in a far field region. That is to say that, at a distance far from the
source, the waves emitted are approximately flat and can be considered as such electrodynamics
are used to easily model the behavior of the wave.

Non-plane wave

Magnetic medium

It is a device that stores information in the middle of magnetic waves. Magnetic media are hard
drives, 3 1/2 "discs, audio cassettes or cassettes.
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REFERENCIAS

Paz, A. (2013). Electrodinámica y ondas, capítulo 6. Electromagnetismo para ingeniería

electrónica. Campos y ondas. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Facultad de ingeniería. Cali,
Colombia. Sello editorial Javeriano. Recuperado de
http://vitela.javerianacali.edu.co/bitstream/handle/11522/3277/Electromagnetismo_ingenieria_el
ectronica_Parte9Capitulo6.pdf?sequence=12&isAllowed=y

Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press. 513-519.
Retrieved from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct
=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_513

Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Loss Tangent [Video]. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13139