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Article 'A' is used before words beginning with a consonant or the vowels sounding like a consonant.
For Example:
University
Europe
Union
Useful thing
Above all words start from a vowel but have no use of 'an' before them.
To generalize a noun:
For Example:
A child needs love.
A car must be insured.
The words in English which start from “Alif/Aiin” in Urdu, they must have a definite use of “an” before them.
For Example:
Do you know about the Shahbaz Sharif‟s arrival in Pakistan?
The Quaid-e-Azam did a titanic struggle to achieve Pakistan.
Will you like to meet me at the airport at 5.00 PM?
The camel is the ship of dessert.
RULES
Note: Article 'The' is not used before the superlative degree when there is possessive case of noun before. For
Example : She is my best friend.
NOTE: When we mention the direction of left and right, we use 'The'
Always keep to the left
For Example
The captain seemed angry with umpire.
The commander is driving his force.
For Example
th
The 15 of the next month.
47) Before the articles of clothing as these normally prefer a possessive adjective.
For Example
She seized the child's collar.
49) „The‟ is not used before the names of diseases. Exception to the rule, ‘The’ is used before certain
diseases. For Example The measles, The mumps, etc.
PARTS OF SPEECH
NOUN
It means the names of persons, places and things. For Example: Karachi, Lahore, Watch, Hameeda etc.
1) Proper Noun:
It means particular names of persons and places. For Example: Lahore, Karachi, Hameeda etc.
2) Common Noun:
It means names of the things that are commonly used. For Example: watch, pen, fan etc.
3) Material Noun:
It means names of the things which can be converted into many other forms.
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A-Z Grammar Notes Entry Test Professor Pervez Ghafoor
For Example:
Wheat can be converted into many other forms.
Cotton can be converted into many different forms
4) Abstract Noun:
It indicates a quality, a state.
Honesty
Beauty
Poverty
5) Collective Noun:
It means the names of things which give the names of collective things. For Example: Jury, Army, Cabinet etc.
PRONOUN
It is used in place of a noun. For Example: I, we, you, they, he, she. It etc.
1) Personal Pronoun:
st
1 Person I, we
nd
2 Person You
rd
3 Person He, she, it, they
2) Relative Pronoun:
3) Interrogative Pronoun:
For Example:
Where are you going?
What are you doing?
When will you come back?
Tell me what you are doing?
Cases of Pronoun
Subjective Possessive
Or Or Objective Reflexive
Nominative Genitive Case Case
Case Case
I My/Mine Me Myself
We Our/Ours Us Ourselves
You You/Yours You Yourself
He His Him Himself
She Her/Hers Her Herself
They Their/Theirs Them Themselves
It Its It Itself
One One‟s One Oneself
Rule:
Subjective or nominative case of pronoun is used after comparative (Than).
With
For example:
To⟸ Agree
She is more intelligent than I.
She is more intelligent than he. Agree
Rule:
Subjective or nominative case of pronoun is used after helping verb.
For example:
Rule:
The possessive case of pronoun is used before the gerund.
One should do one’s duty honestly.
For example:
Whom the God love, die young.
Rule:
Possessive case is followed by possessive case.
Indefinite article is One
For example:
Her room is more spacious than mine.
Her house is more spacious than that of my friend.
For Example:
Rule:
Objective case is used when we change subjective into objective.
For example:
Mangoes are eaten by him.
Rule:
Objective case is used after between and let.
For example:
It is between you and me.
Let me do this.
Rule:
Reflexive case:
Pronoun is used reflexively after following eleven words:
Forms of Verbs:
Very pleased
For Example:
Kinds of Verbs
Transitive Verb:
It affects both subject and object.
For Example
She eats apples
He beats his brother.
Infinitive Verb:
It shows a purpose behind a certain action.
For Example
You have come here to learn.
2. Dare:
4. Had Better:
5. May:
May I come in Sir?
May you succeed.
May you live long.
6. Let:
Let me go.
Let me do this.
Let go of my arm.
7. Down:
I saw Aslam going down the street.
8. Shall:
She shall sit in the exams next year.
9. Observe:
The writer has observed the seagull's movement closely in his life.
10. Can:
Bury the hatchet if you can do this happily.
11. Saw:
I saw him breaking my pen.
Sensory Verbs:
They are related to your five senses.
For Example:
ADVERB
Types of Adverb
1. Adverb of Manner:
2. Adverb of Place
3. Adverb of Time.
4. Adverb of Frequency.
5. Adverb of Certainty.
6. Adverb of Degree
7. Interrogative Adverb.
8. Relative Adverb.
1. Adverb of Manner:
2. Adverb of Place:
Here, There, Up, Down, Near, By etc.
3. Adverb of Time:
Now, Still, Then, Morning, Evening etc.
For Example:
Then Pakistan broke into two pieces in l971 due to the unwise behavior of then leaders.
Spot I can spot her in the crowd of a million people.
4. Adverb of Frequency:
Often, Never, Always, Occasionally, Seldom, Twice etc.
Rule:
Adverbs of frequency are used immediately after noun or pronoun.
For Example:
She always speaks the 1ruth.
She occasionally comes here.
Barking dogs seldom bite.
He often comes to me.
5. Adverb of Certainty:
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A-Z Grammar Notes Entry Test Professor Pervez Ghafoor
6. Adverb of Degree:
She looks very beautiful in her bridal dress
+ive sense
Fairly You have done it fairly.
Rather They were rather clumsy looking shoes.
-ive sense
Quite You are quite right.
Too He is too weak to walk.
Enough
7. Interrogative Adverbs:
Where, When, Why How
Too
For Example:
8. Relative Adverb:
When, Where, Why etc.
For Example:
Adjective
It adds to the meaning of noun or pronoun.
Tall, Beautiful, Dull, Small, Steady, intelligent etc.
For Example:
She looked beautiful in her bridal dress.
He looks handsome in his wedding dress.
Degrees of Adjectives
1. Positive Degree:
This degree is used for a person when there is no one other in comparison.
For Example:
He is a handsome boy
She is a wise girl.
Rule:
Adjective is modified by 'enough' or 'too'.
For Example:
She is wise enough to take this decision.
He is cleverer enough to adapt himself to the next situation.
He is too lazy to do this job.
2. Comparative Degree:
This degree is used for comparison.
For Example:
She is more intelligent than he.
Rule:
Comparative degree is followed by comparative degree usually 'The'
For Example:
The more you get, the more you want
The more you go high, the more you feel cold.
3. Superlative Degree:
Of is used in this degree.
For Example:
Ali is the best student of my class.
Rule:
Double superlative cannot be used in the same sentence.
For Example:
Article 'The' is not used when there comes possessive case of pronoun before it.
For Example:
He is my best teacher.
She is my best friend.
The following words give superlative sense: Ideal, Perfect, Unique, Worldwide etc.
Kinds of Adjectives:
Of Quality:
Good, Light, intelligent, Golden, Heavy, Square etc.
Demonstrative:
This, That, Those
For Example:
This is a book.
Distributive:
Each, Every, Either, Neither, None etc.
Quantitative:
Some, Any, No, Few, Many, Much
Interrogative:
Which, What, Whose, etc.
For Example:
Conjunction
It does the work of connecting phrases, clauses etc.
But, If, Therefore, Though, While, Because, Neither, Nor etc.
Rule :
Double conjunction cannot be used in the same sentence'
For Example:
Due to:
For Example:
He did not come to college due to illness.
Owing to:
On an account of:
For Example:
He could not fulfill his desire on an account of poverty.
Since:
For Example:
Since you did not work hard, you will fail. (Right)
When you do not work hard you will fail. (Wrong)
Preposition
It maintains the continuity of a sentence. For Example
A cat fell into a well.
In/Into:
On/Upon :-
On It shows the things at rest.
A book is lying on the table.
A cat is sitting on the table.
In/At:
In It is used before the names of countries and big cities.
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A-Z Grammar Notes Entry Test Professor Pervez Ghafoor
In/Within:
form.
Until/Unless:
In/On/At:
In It is used before weeks, months and years.
She will take admission to PMC in 2004.
By:
It is used to change active into passive. It is used before all the automobiles.
He came to college by bus.
He came by train.
From /To:
„s/of:
Mutual/Common:
Mutual It is shared by two persons.
He is our mutual friend.
Mutual affection is shared by two persons.
They have mutual affection.
To preposition
The high court issued order for his release.
6. Attack
Our forces attacked India last night
America appreciates attack on terrorism
7. Resemble
She resembles her mother.
Noun
8. Conduce(Verb)
Hard work conduces a brilliant success.
9. Observe
Conducive
1. Tour On tour.
2. Picnic On picnic.
3. Trip On trip.
Interjection
It shows a sudden rush of emotions or feelings. i.e., Hurrah!, oh!, Oh!, AIas!, Aah!, Auch !, Ooh!
What shot?
What luck?
What weather?
Co-Relatives
Miscellaneous Mistakes
Rule:
The following adverbs will be used immediately after subject
For Example: Adverbs of frequency:
Barking dogs; seldom bite.
He often comes to me.
I frequently visit here.
Rule:
The following sentences give a singular thought.
Slow and steady wins the race.
Horse and carriage is on the road.
Rice and curry is my favorite dish.
Rule:
As well as is used to show too interest or vocation.
He is a musician as well as a painter. (wrong)
He is a musician as well as painter. (right)
I love my motherland. (wrong)
I love my mother country. (right)
Bear in mind. (right)
Keep in mind. (wrong)
RuIe:
The following adjectives are always used in the end of a sentence.
Comparison
Fetal illness (Wrong)
I lived there for a day. (wrong) I stayed there for a day. (right)
I have come to know that he is going abroad (wrong) I have leant that he is going abroad. (right)
She has learnt the letters of alphabets. (wrong) She has learnt alphabets. (right)
The horse is lame by one leg. (wrong) The horse is lame of one leg. (right)
This mango is very sweeter than the other. (wrong) This mango is much sweeter than the other.
(right)
Fish is good to be digested. (wrong) Fish is good to digest. (right)
Make an injury to a person. (wrong) Do an injury to a person. (right)
Please excuse me for giving me you trouble. (wrong) Please excuse me for the trouble I give you.
(right)
A man is good in health. (wrong) A man is in good health. (right)
On seeing the lion, she felt very much afraid (wrong) On seeing the lion, she felt too much afraid.
(right)
I am reading in sixth class. (wrong) I am in the sixth class.(right)
Difference between some and any:
Some It gives affirmative (+ive) sense.
I gave him some fruit.
General Words
1. Alms 2. Assets
3. Annals 4. Scissors
5. Tidings 6. Drawers
7. Nuptials 8. Trousers
9. Bellows 10. Cards
11. Spectacles 12. Thanks
13. Tactics 14. Tongs
15. Billiards 16. Riches
17. Breeches 18. Pincers
19. Glasses