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1. Introduction
2. The Barkhausen criteria for oscillation
3. The phase shift oscillator
4. Colpitts and Hartley oscillators
5. Quadrature/Wien bridge oscillators
6. Cross-coupled oscillators
7. Relaxation oscillators
8. The 555 timer
1
7.1 Introduction
Oscillator: signal-generating circuit which produces its
own periodic signal.
Types of oscillators:
• Sinusoidal oscillators produce (nearly) sinusoidal outputs
• Relaxation oscillators operate by alternately charging an
discharging an energy storage element (capacitor)
Applications:
Clock generation for timing
Frequency synthesis
Voltage controlled oscillators
Carrier generation for FM/AM transmission
2
7.1 Introduction
Time duration for modern science:
(femto) fs (10-15 s) to
13.799±0.021)×109 years (~440 x 1015 s)
Accuracy of atomic clock ~ 10-14
Achievable accuracy of purely Wristwatches need an
electronic circuits ~ 10-3 accuracy of ~ 10-6
A. Sheikholeslami, “A capacitor Analogy – Part 3,” IEEE Solid-State Circuits Mag., pp. 7-8, 51, Winter 2017.
4
7.1 Introduction
+- + -
- +
Quartz resonator
8
7.2 The Barkhausen criteria for oscillation
Let us consider the frequency 2 for which (2)=2N, N
xo A( s)
Af ( s )
xs 1 A( s) ( s) xs xi xo
Amplifier A
xi(t)
1
t Frequency-
selective
xf(t) a<1 xf network
t
a=1 Aβ jω2 π 1 stable Af (j2) finite
t
Loop gain
9
7.2 The Barkhausen criteria for oscillation
xo A( s)
Af ( s )
xs 1 A( s) ( s)
http://wikieducator.org/Sinusoidal_Oscillator
Thermal noise
Switching noise
What about the start
up of the oscillator?
Stored energy (L, C)
10
7.3 The phase shift oscillator
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/worksheets/opamp10.html
H j j [o]
Vi Vo 2
180
1
120
90
Vo j 2
H j ;
Vi j 1 RC
2
j 180o arctan RC RC 3 RC
11
7.3 The phase shift oscillator
Each block
Vo j 2
H j ;
Vi j 1 RC
2
j 180o arctan RC
Each block
Gain=1 Gain=1 Gain=1
Phase=2/3 Phase=2/3 Phase=2/3 2
H j RC 1;
3
3 2
1
12
7.3 The phase shift oscillator
Vi Vo
14
7.3 The phase shift oscillator
15
7.3 The phase shift oscillator
16
Problem: Determine the voltage transfer characteristic of the limiter shown
in Fig (a). Use the Von model
(1)of the diode
iD
iD
+ -
vD
(2) vD
vON
D1 D2 vo vA vB
OFF OFF -RF/R1 vI R3 R4
+V - -V -
R 2 +R 3 R 4 +R 5
R2 RF R2 RF
v I -v ON v I <v ON
R 2 +R 3 R1 R 2 +R 3 R1
17
7.4 Colpitts and Hartley oscillators
http://www.expertsmind.com/learning/hartley-oscillator-assignment-help-
7342873628.aspx
http://www.davidbridgen.com/Colpitts.htm
18
7.4 Colpitts and Hartley oscillators
Colpitts oscillator – simplified analysis (lossless
inductor & constant base voltage)
1. Open the loop at node VX;
2. Calculate the transfer function Vy/Vx (s);
3. Make s=j;
4. Verify the requirements for oscillation, i.e.
|Vy/Vx(josc)|>1 (Barkhausen criteria)
Io=GmVx
Gm R C1 C2
+ Gm+1/R
R=1k
I=0 Vx
19
A tough problem: Given the scheme of the Colpitts
oscillator, check whether the formulas below are correct
1 1
L 1;
2
osc
C1 C2
Gm R C1 C2
C2
L Vy Gm+1/R
Vo C1
Io=GmVx
+
R
I=0 Vx
20
7.5 Quadrature/Wien bridge oscillators
Quadrature oscillator
21
7.5 Quadrature/Wien bridge oscillators
22
7.5 Quadrature/Wien bridge oscillators
20.3 10
G 3
10
3+1%
Amplitude 5.8V
23
7.6 Cross-coupled oscillator
MOSFET model
24
7.6 Cross-coupled oscillator
VDD=4.7 mV VDD=3.7 mV
25
8.1. Relaxation oscillators
VO2
I1 VH
C1 I2
VL
Constant-current
oscillator VA VB VO1
Alternately charge and
discharge a capacitor I 2 I1
I1
between two threshold levels. C1
VB C1
VA
Analysis:
VO2=VHI2 ON VH
VO2=VL I2 OFF
VL
26
8.1 Relaxation oscillators
Problem: Draw the waveforms of VO1 and VO2 and determine the frequency of the relaxation
oscillator given below. What should be Vbias in order to have VO3 exhibit a phase shift of one-
quarter (90o) cycle with respect to VO2?
27
8.1 Relaxation oscillators
IO
VCC VC
IO
Ro
28
8.1Relaxation oscillators
IO
VCC VC
IO
Ro
29
8.1Relaxation oscillators
IO
VCC VC
IO
Ro
30
8.1Relaxation oscillators VO2
R-C relaxation VH
oscillator
VL
VA VB VO1
VB
VB-VA
VA
R2
VCC
R1 R2
VH
VL
31
The Negative Resistance
Unstable GH A 1 Gi G f
A 1 G f Gi
segment
32
Problem: Derive the i-v and vo-v
characteristics of the negative vo
resistance assuming that A Ri
Ri R f
vo
vo Avd A vo v if - Esat
vo Esat ;
i GH v vo GH R f / Ri if - Esat
v / Esat
;
(i) A vo v if - E v / E ;
sat
sat
(ii) vo - Esat if vo v 0 - Esat
v / ; i GH v Esat
if -Esat v / ;
(iii) vo Esat if vo v 0 Esat
v / ; i GH v Esat
if Esat v / .
vo i
(iii) Esat (ii)
(i) (i)
Esat
Esat v/
Esat v/ Esat
Esat (ii) (iii)
33
Problem: Compare the two circuits shown below as regards the input
impedance. Draw the complete transfer function Vo vs VIN, including saturation
of the op amp. Assume A
+
-
https://www.maximintegrated.com/en/app-notes/index.mvp/id/1868
34
The Astable Multivibrator
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/square.html
35
Triangular-Wave Generator
T1 VTH VTL
RC L
T2 VTH VTL
RC L
36
Triangular-to-sine wave conversion
Voltage transfer characteristic
of the sine-wave shaper
Sine-wave
shaper
37
Triangular-Wave Generator
http://www.maximintegrated.com/en/app-notes/index.mvp/id/4362
38
8.2The 555 Timer
Introduced in 1972 by Signetics Corp.
Inventor: Hans Camenzind
Most popular IC : More than 1 billion
parts sold in 2003.
More than 1 billion units produced
/year (2012).
39
8.2The 555 Timer
Texas Instruments
40
8.2The 555 Timer
One-shot timer
VCC
T1 R1C1 ln (1)
VCC Vref
RB
Vref VCC
RA RB
RB
T1 R1C1 ln 1
R A
R1= 9.1 k
C1= 0.01 F
One-shot timer
Problem: Show that T11.1R1C1
43
8.2The 555 Timer
Comp1
Inverter
Comp2 R-S flip-flop Output
stage
44
8.2 The 555 Timer
R C
vf 1
C Ao vo
2
R
R1 R2
ideal
1
R C Z1(s)
3
2 Ao vf
vs
R2
R C
R1
Z2(s) 46
vs +
v
Af o
G G vo
vs 1 G(s )
+
Z 2 (s )
(s ) vf
Z1 (s ) Z 2 (s )
RCs 1 R feedback
Z1 (s ) ; Z 2 (s )
sC RCs 1 network R2
G=1+
(s) R1
sRC GsRC
β(s)= 1-Gβ(s)=1-
s 2 R 2C2 +3sRC+1 s 2 R 2C2 +3sRC+1
s 2 R 2C2 +(3-G)sRC+1
1-Gβ(s)=
s 2 R 2C2 +3sRC+1 G=3 the circuit oscillates
at o 1 RC
If G=3 (R2=2R1) the circuit oscillates at o 1 RC.
To ensure that oscillations will start, R2=2R1+ (roots of
1-G(s) should lie in the RHP).
Note that (s)=1/3 for s=j/RC.
In a practical design, include op amp non-idealities
47
Appendix 7.2
Oscillator powered from a thermoelectric generator
An interesting application of ULV oscillators
1 uA
48
The thermoelectric effect
The Seebeck effect The Peltier effect
49
Problem: Suppose that VT/T=25 mV/K and that RT = 5 .
What is the maximum power that can be extracted from the
TEG for T=1K and T=4K?
50
Appendix 7.2
Oscillator powered from a thermoelectric generator
VDD=22.2 mV
T ≈24 ◦C
Colpitts oscillator:
first prototype
24 // NMOS
Zero-VT (ALD 1108)
thermoelectric generator
VT=59 mV, IS=11.2 uA
51
Appendix 8.1
Clocked S-R flip-flop
The SR flip-flop
0 0
52
A. B. Grebene, Bipolar and MOS Analog Integrated Circuit Design, Wiley, 2003.
A. S. Sedra and K. C. Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, any edition.
R. C. Jaeger and T. Blalock, Microelectronic Circuit Design, McGraw-Hill, New
York, any edition.
R. Mancini (editor-in-chief), Op Amps for Everyone, Texas Instruments.
http://www.ieee-uffc.org/frequency-control/learning-vig-tut.asp
L. O. Chua, C. A. Desoer, and E. S. Kuh, Linear and Nonlinear Circuits,
McGraw Hill, 1987.
M. P. Kennedy and L. O. Chua, “Hysteresis in electronic circuits: a circuit
theorist’s perspective,” International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications,
vol.19, no.5, pp. 471-515, Sep./Oct.1991
53