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315: Photonics
Energy of a Quantum: Ratio of Stimulated Emission to
𝐸 = ℎ𝑓 Spontaneous Emission:
Wave Equation for Electromagnetic (𝑑𝑁S /𝑑𝑡)PWXY 1
=
Waves: (𝑑𝑁S /𝑑𝑡)PZ[\ ℎ𝑓
exp −1
𝑐 = 𝜆𝑓 𝑘𝑇
Transition Rates: Irradiance (Intensity):
- Stimulated Absorption: 𝑃
𝐼=
𝑑𝑁L 𝐴
= −𝐵LS 𝑁L 𝜌(𝑓) Beer-Lambert’s Law:
𝑑𝑡 NOP
- Stimulated Emission: 𝐼 = 𝐼y 𝑒 {|} ~
𝑑𝑁S Intensity of Laser Light:
= −𝐵SL 𝑁S 𝜌(𝑓) 𝑔S 𝑐 S 𝐴SL
𝑑𝑡 PWXY 𝐼 = 𝐼y exp 𝑁S − 𝑁L 𝑧
- Spontaneous Emission: 𝑔L 4𝜋 S 𝑓 S ∆𝑓
𝑑𝑁S 1 Gain Coefficient:
= −𝐴SL 𝑁S 𝐴SL =
𝑑𝑡 PZ[\ 𝜏 𝑔S 𝑐 S 𝐴SL
𝛾 𝑓 = 𝑁S − 𝑁L
Thermal Equilibrium: 𝑔L 4𝜋 S 𝑓 S ∆𝑓
𝑑𝑁L 𝑑𝑁S Population Inversion:
= = 0 𝑔S
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ∆𝑁 = 𝑁S − 𝑁L > 0
𝐵X` 𝑁X 𝜌 𝑓 = −𝐵`X 𝑁` 𝜌 𝑓 − 𝐴`X 𝑁` 𝑔L
Planck Radiation Law: Stimulated Emission Cross-Section
8𝜋ℎ𝑓 f 1 Parameter:
𝜌 𝑓 = 𝑐 S 𝐴SL
𝑐f ℎ𝑓
exp −1 𝜎 𝑓 = S S
𝑘i 𝑇 4𝜋 𝑓 ∆𝑓
Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution: Threshold Gain Coefficient:
- Non-degenerate: 1 1
𝑁S 𝐸S − 𝐸L ℎ𝑓 𝛾†‡ = 𝑘 + ln
= exp − = exp − 2𝐿 𝑅L 𝑅S
𝑁L 𝑘i 𝑇 𝑘i 𝑇 Broadening Mechanisms:
- Degenerate: Δ𝑓 Δ𝜆
𝑁L = 𝑔L 𝑛L 𝑁S = 𝑔S 𝑛S =−
𝑓 𝜆
𝑁S 𝑔S 𝐸S − 𝐸L 𝑔S ℎ𝑓 - Natural Broadening:
= exp − = exp −
𝑁L 𝑔L 𝑘i 𝑇 𝑔L 𝑘i 𝑇 𝐴SL 1
∆𝑓Œ = =
Relative Population (Thermal 2𝜋 2𝜋𝜏
Equilibrium): - Collision (Pressure) Broadening:
𝑁S 𝐵LS 𝜌(𝑓) 2 2𝜋𝑑 S 𝑃𝑣
= ∆𝑓• =
𝑁L 𝐴SL + 𝐵SL 𝜌(𝑓) 𝑘i 𝑇
Einstein’s Coefficients: - Doppler Broadening:
𝐴SL 8𝜋ℎ𝑓 f
= 8𝑘i ln 2
𝐵SL 𝑐f ∆𝑓• = 𝑓y
- Non-degenerate: 𝑚𝑐 S
𝐵SL = 𝐵SL
- Degenerate:
𝑔L 𝐵LS = 𝑔S 𝐵SL
Gaussian Beam: Laser Resonators
- Gaussian Intensity: - Stability:
2𝑟 S 𝑑
𝐼 = 𝐼y exp − S 𝑔L = 1 −
𝑤 𝑟L
- Radius of Curvature: 𝑑
𝑔S = 1 −
𝜋𝑤yS
S 𝑟S
𝑅 𝑧 =𝑧 1+ 0 ≤ 𝑔L 𝑔S ≥ 1
𝜆𝑧
Refracted Beam
- Spot Size: - Snell’s Law:
S L/S
𝜆𝑧 𝑛L 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃L = 𝑛S 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃S
𝑤 𝑧 = 𝑤y 1 + Fresnel’s Laws
𝜋𝑤yS
- Electric field amplitudes ratios at
o Beam Waist: different parameters:
𝜆𝐿 𝐸›P sin 𝜃X − 𝜃W
𝑤y = =−
2𝜋 𝐸XP sin 𝜃X + 𝜃W
𝐸›Z tan 𝜃X − 𝜃W
- Rayleigh Range: =−
𝜋𝑤yS 𝐸XZ tan 𝜃X + 𝜃W
𝑧“ = 𝐸WP 2sin𝜃W 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃X
𝜆 =
𝐸XP sin 𝜃X + 𝜃W
𝜆𝐿 𝐸›Z 2sin𝜃W 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃X
𝑤 𝑧“ = 2𝑤y = =
𝜋 𝐸XZ sin 𝜃X + 𝜃W cos (𝜃X − 𝜃W )
o Confocal Parameter: - Amount of reflected and refracted
𝑏 = 2𝑧“ light in various planes of
- Beam Divergence: incidence:
𝑤 𝜆 nL 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃X − 𝑛S 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃W
𝜃= = 𝑟P = = 𝑡P − 1
𝑧 𝜋𝑤y nL 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃X + 𝑛S 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃W
- Relations: 2 nL 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃X
𝑡P = = 𝑟P + 1
𝑧S + 𝑧L = 𝐿 nL 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃X + 𝑛S 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃W
𝑧“ S nS 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃X − 𝑛L 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃W
𝑅 𝑧S = 𝑧S 1 + = 𝑏S 𝑟Z =
𝑧S nL 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃W + 𝑛S 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃X
𝑧“ S 2 nL 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃X
𝑅 𝑧L = 𝑧L 1 + = 𝑏L 𝑡Z =
𝑧L nL 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃W + 𝑛S 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃X
Coherence Reflectivity:
- Coherence Time: 𝐸›P
𝑟P =
𝜏• = 1/Δ𝑓 𝐸XP
- Coherence Length: 𝐸›Z
𝑐 𝑟Z =
𝐿• = 𝑐𝜏• = 𝐸XZ
∆𝑓 Reflectance:
Laser Mode (longitudinal mode) 𝐸›P S
- Resonance frequency: 𝑅P = = 𝑟PS
𝑚𝑣 𝐸XP
𝑓= 𝐸›Z
S
2𝐿 𝑅Z = = 𝑟•S
𝐸XZ
- Reflection at normal incidence: - Relative Refractive Index:
𝑛S − 𝑛L S 𝑛P
𝑅 = 𝑅P = 𝑅Z ≈ 𝑛›º =
𝑛S + 𝑛L 𝑛O
Transmittance and Transmittivity: - Polarizability of the Particle:
𝑛W 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃W 𝑛±S
𝑇 = 𝑡S −1 S
𝑛X 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃X 𝑛OS 𝑛›º −1 f
𝛼= S 𝑎f = S 𝑎
Lambert’s Law: 𝑛± 𝑛›º + 2
+2
𝐼 = 𝐼y 𝑒 {Ÿ 𝑛OS
𝐼(𝑙) - Magnitude of Wave Vector:
𝑇= 2𝜋𝑛O
𝐼[
𝑘=
Beer’s Law: 𝜆
𝐼 - Scattering Cross-Section:
ln = 𝜀𝑐𝑙 8𝜋𝑘 ¸ 𝛼 S
𝐼y 𝜎± =
Absorbance: 3
S
𝐼y 𝜀𝑐𝑙 8𝜋𝑎S 𝑥 ¸ 𝛼 S 𝑛›º −1
A = log ≈ 𝜎± = S 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑎
𝐼 2.303 3 𝑛›º + 2
A = 2 − log %𝑇 - Scattering Efficiency:
𝐼 S
8𝑥 ¸ 𝑛›º −1
%𝑇 = ×100% 𝜎± =
𝐼y 3 𝑛›º S
+ 2
Optical Density: Reduced Scattering Coefficient:
𝐴
𝑂𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝜇P¼ = 𝜇(1 − 𝑔)
𝐿 Optical Depth:
Size of Scattering Parameter P