1.

Heart Disease

2. Lung Disease

3. DM

 Definition

Do you know diabetes mellitus? What is diabetes mellitus? Diabetes mellitus is a disease or

body disturbance that occurs due to body’s pancreas can’t produce insulin so the blood

glucose level increases. This disease is also defined as a metabolic disorder which is caused

by many factors that shows signs and symptoms such as, continually hyperglycemia and

carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolic disorder. This disease is caused by the insulin that

doesn’t work in the blood so it can make some complications on body organs. Diabetes

mellitus is commonly abbreviated to DM.

 Causing

The cause of diabetes mellitus is classified into two factors, internal factors and external

factors. The internal factors that causing diabetes mellitus are heredity and obesities.

Heredity is related to this example, if in a family there is a person with diabetes, the child

may suffer diabetes too. Obesities people have high risk to diabetes mellitus because excess

body’s fat absorbs insulin, so it’s causing insulin deficiency which is resulting hyperglycemia.

Whereas external factors that causing diabetes mellitus is the uncontrolled life style. Now,

there are many people with uncontrolled life style in the world. It is reflected by some

activities such as, diet without considering the nutrient, lack of exercise, and stress

continues to increase.

 Preventing
 Type 2 DM is considered a preventable disease, and people with prediabetes can prevent a

progression to diabetes by losing weight, eating a healthy diet, and exercising. A

combination of daily aerobic exercise and resistance training (twice a week) is very

beneficial for maintaining blood sugar control.

 Treatment

 Control blood sugar

 Control blood preasure

 Diet protein 0,8gr/days

 Sports regularly

 Give a medicine tablet

 Give the injections of insulin

4. HIV

 Definition

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system, the body's

natural defense system. Without a strong immune system, the body has trouble fighting off

disease. Both the virus and the infection it causes are called HIV. White blood cells are an

important part of the immune system. HIV infects and destroys certain white blood cells

called CD4+ cells. If too many CD4+ cells are destroyed, the body can no longer defend itself

against infection.

 Caused

 Most people get the virus by having unprotected sex with someone who has HIV.
 Another common way of getting it is by sharing drug needles with someone who is
infected with HIV.
 The virus can also be passed from a mother to her baby during pregnancy, birth, or
breastfeeding.
 Prevention

 Practice safer sex. Use a condom every time you have sex (including oral sex) until you
are sure that you and your partner aren't infected with HIV or other sexually
transmitted infection (STI).
 Don't have more than one sex partner at a time. The safest sex is with one partner who
has sex only with you.
 Talk to your partner before you have sex the first time. Find out if he or she is at risk for
HIV. Get tested together. Getting tested again at 6, 12, and 24 weeks after the first test
can be done to be sure neither of you is infected. aUse condoms in the meantime.
 Don't drink a lot of alcohol or use illegal drugs before sex. You might let down your
guard and not practice safer sex.
 Don't share personal items, such as toothbrushes or razors.
 Never share needles or syringes with anyone.
 Treatment

Make healthy lifestyle choices

 Eat a healthy, balanced diet to keep your immune system strong. Heart-healthy eating

can help prevent some of the problems, such as high cholesterol, that can be caused by

treatment for HIV.

 Learn how to deal with the weight loss that HIV infection can cause.

 Learn how to handle food properly to avoid getting food poisoning. For more

information, see the topic Food Poisoning and Safe Food Handling.

 Exercise regularly to reduce stress and improve the quality of your life. Take steps to

help prevent HIV-related fatigue.

 Don't smoke. People with HIV are more likely to have a heart attack or get lung cancer.

Cigarette smoking can raise these risks even more.

  Don't use illegal drugs. And limit your use of alcohol.

5. Renal Failure