William Bruce (architect)

Sir William Bruce of Kinross, 1st Baronet (c. 1630 – 1 January 1710) was a
Sir William Bruce
Scottish gentleman-architect, "the effective founder of classical architecture in
Scotland," as Howard Colvin observes.[1] As a key figure in introducing the
Palladian style into Scotland, he has been compared to the pioneering English
architects Inigo Jones and Christopher Wren,[2] and to the contemporaneous
introducers of French style in English domestic architecture, Hugh May and Sir
Roger Pratt.[1]

Bruce was a merchant in Rotterdam during the 1650s, and played a role in the
Restoration of Charles II in 1659. He carried messages between the exiled king and
General Monck, and his loyalty to the king was rewarded with lucrative official
appointments, including that of Surveyor General of the King's Works in Scotland,
effectively making Bruce the "king's architect". His patrons included John Maitland,
1st Duke of Lauderdale, the most powerful man in Scotland at that time, and Bruce
rose to become a member of Parliament, and briefly sat on the Scottish Privy
Painting of Bruce by John Michael
Council.
Wright, c. 1664
Despite his lack of technical expertise, Bruce became the most prominent architect Born c. 1630
of his time in Scotland. He worked with competent masons and professional Blairhall, Fife,
builders, to whom he imparted a classical vocabulary; thus his influence was carried Scotland
far beyond his own aristocratic circle. Beginning in the 1660s, Bruce built and Died 1 January 1710 (aged
remodelled a number of country houses, includingThirlestane Castle for the Duke of c. 79)
Lauderdale, and Prestonfield House. Among his most significant work was his own
Occupation Architect
Palladian mansion at Kinross, built on the Loch Leven estate which he had
purchased in 1675. As the king's architect he undertook the rebuilding of the Royal Buildings Kinross House ·
Palace of Holyroodhouse in the 1670s, which gave the palace its present appearance. Hopetoun House ·
After the death of Charles II Bruce lost political favour, and later, following the Thirlestane Castle ·
accession of William and Mary, he was imprisoned more than once as a suspected Holyroodhouse
Jacobite. However, he managed to continue his architectural work, often providing
his services to others with Jacobite sympathies.

Contents
Early years
Political career
Family
Architectural works
Influences
Early works
Holyroodhouse
Country houses
Legacy
Notes
References
 External links

Early years
Little is known of William Bruce's youth, and his date of birth is unrecorded. He was probably born at Blairhall in western Fife, in
around 1630, the second son of Robert Bruce of Blairhall and Katherine Preston. He may have attended St Andrews University in
1637–1638, which would suggest that his birth date was as early as 1625.[3] The Bruces were a well-connected Episcopalian family,
strongly loyal to the king, and descended from Thomas Bruce a cousin of King Robert II, who had been granted lands in
Clackmannan and Fife.[4] Bruce's first cousin Edward Bruce was createdEarl of Kincardine in 1643.

Letters in the Earl of Kincardine's papers show that William Bruce was in exile in Rotterdam during the 1650s with his cousin,
Alexander Bruce, brother of the Earl of Kincardine. As Episcopalians, William and Alexander would have sought refuge from the
Puritan Commonwealth established by Oliver Cromwell. In Rotterdam, they were in contact with Sir Robert Moray, a soldier and
natural philosopher close to Charles II, who then resided at Maastricht. William Bruce was a merchant, based in the Scottish
community in Rotterdam, but travelling widely. He owned a ship with Alexander Bruce and John Hamilton of Grange, and was
involved in the trade of wine, coal and timber between Norway, France, England, Scotland and the Low Countries. He is recorded as
having a house and a mistress in La Rochelle.[5] He may have had a son Normand by this mistress, since in 1672 he figures as a
witness to the baptism at Holyrood of a William Bruce, son of Normand Bruce, mason.[6] Moreover, the marriage record of Normand
Bruce states that he was employed at Balcaskie.[7] In 1658, William and Alexander travelled together from Bremen overland to
Maastricht to meet Moray. Alexander Bruce and Moray were founder members of the Royal Society in 1660, and it is likely that
[5]
architecture featured in their discussions, particularly the new town hall in Maastricht that Moray had recently advised on.

In 1659, Bruce acted as a messenger between General Monck, Cromwell's commander-in-chief in

Scotland, and the exiled King Charles II. A passport survives, issued to Bruce by Monck in
September 1659, and giving him permission to remain in Scotland until his "returne to
Holland,"[8] and it appears that the messages he brought from Charles persuaded Monck to march
his army to London, a decisive event in the Restoration.[9] The nature of their communications is
not known, although it would appear that Moray selected him for the task.[5] Sir Robert Douglas
stated that Bruce "painted the distress and distractions" of Scotland before the General, and
."[10]
suggested to him "the glory that would be acquired in restoring the royal family

General George Monck, Political career

painted 1665–1666 from
Following the restoration, William Bruce was appointed Clerk to the Bills in 1660,[11] and Clerk
the studio of Sir Peter
Lely of Supply to the Lords in Council in 1665. Both were lucrative positions, involving collection of
fees, from Parliament in the first case, and from petitioners to the Court of Session in the latter.
Meanwhile, Sir Robert Moray had established himself as a courtier and scientist at Whitehall,
Duke of Lauderdale, Secretary for Scotland.[5]
London, and employed Bruce as a trusted messenger between Whitehall and the

Moray later served on the Treasury Commission for Scotland, as did Alexander Bruce, now Earl of Kincardine. Bruce reported to this
Commission as a revenue collector, and benefited from the patronage of its members.[5] The Commission had responsibility for the
King's Works, and in 1667 Bruce was appointed Superintendent and Overseer of the Royal Palaces in Scotland. Four years later he
was made Surveyor General of the King's Works in Scotland, with a salary of £3600 Scots (£300 Sterling, or £ 45,000 in 2018), for
the purpose of rebuilding Holyroodhouse.[1] In March 1671, Bruce was part of a syndicate which bought the rights to collect taxes
over a five-year period, paying £26,000 Sterling (£ 3.9 million in 2018) for the privilege. As such, it would appear that Bruce was not
[5]
only the architect of Holyroodhouse, but one of the principal financiers of the £21,000 project.

As a key figure of the Restoration administration, William Bruce became close to other Stuart loyalists, who included such powerful
patrons as the Duke of Lauderdale, Lord Haltoun, and the Earl of Rothes.[12] In 1667, he undertook his first building work for Lord
Rothes, overseeing the extensions to Leslie House, and later worked on several of Lauderdale's properties, concurrently with

Holyroodhouse.[5] In 1668 he was created a .[1]

Holyroodhouse.[5] In 1668 he was created aBaronet of Nova Scotia.[1]

From 1669 to 1674 Bruce sat in the Scottish Parliament as shire commissioner for Fife,
and from 1681 to 1682 as a shire commissioner forKinross.[13] From April 1685 to May
1686 he reached the peak of his political career, as a member of the Privy Council of
Scotland.[13] But, in 1674, he became embroiled in factional rivalry between his patron
Lauderdale, and his rivals the Duke of Hamilton and the Earl of Tweeddale. His actions,
which apparently included passing information to Hamilton, invoked the fury of the
Duchess of Lauderdale, who tried to persuade her husband to deprive Bruce of his
offices. Bruce survived, although his relationship with his patron was damaged.[5]
Lauderdale described him as "the bitterest factionalist partie man of his quality in all
Scotland".[14] This breakdown resulted in Bruce's eventual dismissal as Surveyor
[5]
General of the King's Works, on the false pretext that Holyroodhouse was finished.
John Maitland, 1st Duke of
Bruce's earnings from his offices had made him a wealthy man, even by the standards of Lauderdale, by Sir Peter Lely.
his patrons.[15] This wealth allowed him to purchase the Balcaskie estate in 1665, and to Lauderdale was the most
powerful man in Scotland, and
extend the house and gardens. In 1675 he purchased the larger estate of Loch Leven,
Bruce benefited from his
Kinross, from the Earl of Morton, which brought him the hereditary sheriffdom of patronage.
Kinross-shire.[13] In the late 1670s Bruce took on his first architectural projects for
entirely new houses.[5]

Following the accession ofJames VII in 1685, Bruce gradually fell from favour, and
was distrusted by the new regime.[1] After the Revolution of 1688, and the accession
of William of Orange as King, he was once again at odds with his Protestant rulers,
and he refused to take up his seat in Parliament. As a staunch Episcopalian, Bruce
was considered a potential Jacobite threat.[16] In 1693 he was briefly imprisoned in
Stirling Castle for refusing to appear before the Privy Council. He was incarcerated
again at Stirling in 1694, and from 1696 inEdinburgh Castle.[17] Bruce was expelled
from parliament in 1702, his seat passing to his son John Bruce. Despite these
imprisonments, he continued his architectural work, indeed the 1690s and 1700s
were his most prolific years.[3] Bruce was imprisoned at Edinburgh Castle again in
1708 and was only released a short time before his death, at the beginning of
1710.[17]

He was buried in the family mausoleum at Kinross Kirk. The ruins of the church still
stand beside Kinross House[1], the mausoleum remains intact in the churchyard.
Dating from 1675 it is probably by William Bruce in design, initially to house his
parents.
The Bruce family vault, old Kinross
Bruce's surviving account books show purchases of books on music, painting and churchyard
horticulture, as well as numerous foreign-language works, suggesting that William
Bruce was a learned man. He studied horticulture extensively, and applied his
knowledge of the subject in his own gardens at Kinross. He was a friend of James Sutherland of the Edinburgh Botanic Garden, and
may have known John Evelyn and other English horticulturalists.[3]

Family
Around 1660 William Bruce married Mary Halkett, daughter of Sir James Halkett of Pitfirrane, Bt.
They had two surviving children:

Sir John Bruce, 2nd Baronetof Kinross, (before 1671 – 19 March 1710) married Christian Leslie, widow of the
Marquess of Montrose and daughter of the Duke of Rothes. He left no issue.
 Anne, upon whom Sir William had entailed his estates if her brother failed to leave issue. She married twice, with
issue to both husbands.[18]
After the death of his first wife, Sir William Bruce married Magdalen Scott, widow of an Edinbur
gh merchant called George Clerk, in
1700. They had no issue. Magdalen lived until 1752, and gained a reputation as a Jacobite, establishing a Jacobite cell at her home in
Leith Citadel.[19]

Architectural works

Influences
The Netherlands provided William Bruce with many of his
influences. He was in the Low Countries at a time when Italian
Classicism was the height of fashion, and similarities have been
observed between Bruce's work, particularly Holyroodhouse, and
such buildings as the Amsterdam City Hall (1648–65), the work of
Jacob van Campen, and Maastricht's City Hall (1659–64), by Pieter
Post.[5][20] Alexander Bruce had married a Dutch woman with
The south front of Balcaskie, showing the near-
family ties to the House of Orange, and it seems likely that he
symmetrical facade, and Italian terraces
provided links to the Dutch artisans who worked on some of Bruce's
projects.[5]

Bruce was certainly familiar with northern France, and in 1663 he made a further "foreign journey" at the behest of Lauderdale,
although his itinerary is unknown.[1] Whether by visit or through studying engravings, he knew several notable French houses
including Vaux-le-Vicomte, Blérancourt, and the Chateau de Balleroy, the last the work of French architect François Mansart. These
modern French designs, incorporating features then unknown in Scotland, such as the double-pile of major rooms in two enfilades,
[21]
ranged back-to-back, were also influential on Bruce's designs.

English influence is also visible in his work. His country houses took the compact Anglo-Dutch type as their model, as introduced
into England by Hugh May and Sir Roger Pratt, but with Continental detailing, such as the rustication on the facade at Mertoun.[22]
Roger Pratt's Coleshill House of 1660 is often cited as a model for Bruce's Kinross House. Konrad Ottenheym concludes that Bruce
employed an "international style", which was fashionable in France, Holland, and England, and that he was pivotal in disseminating
this style in Scotland.[20]

Early works
Bruce's early work involved advising clients and rebuilding existing houses, rather than designing new buildings from scratch.
Panmure House and Leslie House (seat of the Earl of Rothes) had been projects of the king's master mason John Mylne. At Panmure,
although Bruce has been credited with the design in the past, the works were overseen by Alexander Nisbet, although Bruce did
design the gates and gate piers.[23] At Leslie, Bruce oversaw the works after Mylne's death, and probably made his own amendments.
Panmure was demolished in the 1950s, and only a small part of Leslie House remains standing, following a fire in the 18th
century.[24] Bruce later advised theDuke of Queensberry regarding his plans forDrumlanrig Castle.[25]

Bruce also worked on his own property at Balcaskie, Fife, which he bought in 1665, and which does survive intact, although with
later alterations. He doubled the L-plan house to a near-symmetrical U-plan, and may have built the curving wing-walls and linking
pavilions. Gifford, however, attributes these to a later building phase.[26] The curving walls, a form later seen at Hopetoun, were a
new innovation if Bruce did carry them out, possibly inspired by the work of the Italian Gian Lorenzo Bernini.[27] In the gardens he
laid out parterres and stepped "Italian" terraces, with a vista leading the eye to the Bass Rock, all inspired by French baroque gardens
such as Vaux-le-Vicomte.[27] Internally, Bruce created a new layout of rooms, and it was for his continental-inspired internal
[28]
planning, as much as his exterior design, that he was sought after as an architect.

The main front of Thirlestane Castle, largely as
Bruce remodelled it
In 1670 the Duke of Lauderdale commissioned Bruce to remodel
Thirlestane Castle, his 16th-century tower house in the Border
country. Bruce, working with King's master mason Robert Mylne,
extended the building with new corner pavilions and a new entrance,
and re-planned the interior. Lauderdale continued to employ Bruce,
often working closely with Lord Haltoun, Lauderdale's brother,
during the 1670s, on his homes at Brunstane near Edinburgh, and
Lethington (later renamed Lennoxlove), as well as commissioning a
design for new gates at his English property, Ham House, near
London, in 1671. At Ham Bruce may have had further involvement
with the remodelling works going on there, under the direction of the
English architect William Samwell.[29] While engaged at Thirlestane,
Bruce also designed the nearby Lauder Kirk, his only complete
church. One of very few 17th century cruciform-plan churches in
Scotland,[3] it may have been inspired by François Mansart's similar
church at Balleroy in France.[30]

Holyroodhouse
William Bruce's appointment as Surveyor General of the King's
Works in Scotland was made chiefly for the purpose of rebuilding the
palace of Holyroodhouse. Aside from this project, he only carried out
minor repairs to Edinburgh and Stirling Castles, and to the
fortifications on the Bass Rock.[31] Charles I had intended to extend
and rebuild Holyroodhouse, and plans had been drawn up in the
1630s. Nothing was done however, and in 1650 the palace was burnt
out, destroying all but the west range. Bruce was contracted to design
and oversee the works, with Robert Mylne acting as contractor.
The entrance front of Holyroodhouse, as designed
Bruce's plans were drawn up by Mylne, as Bruce himself apparently
[32] by Bruce
lacked the technical skills of architectural drawing.

Charles II criticised Bruce's initial plans for the internal layout, and
an improved scheme was eventually approved. Construction began in July 1671, and by 1674 much of the work was complete. Bruce
built a second gothic tower to mirror the existing one built by James V between 1528 and 1532, and created the courtyard block in a
restrained classical style.[1] A second phase of work started in 1676, when the Duke of Lauderdale ordered Bruce to demolish and
rebuild the main west façade, resulting by 1679 in the screen wall, topped by a carved imperial crown, which forms the main
entrance.[33]

Also in 1676, Bruce drew up plans for the completion of Heriot's Hospital in Edinburgh, which had been started in the 1620s. His
[34]
design, for the central tower of the south façade, was eventually executed in 1693.

Country houses
His first commission for a new building was for the construction of Dunkeld House, and came from the Earl of Atholl in 1676.[1] The
house had been badly damaged in 1654, during the civil war, and Bruce was given the task of building its replacement. (The house
fe House (1679), which burned down in 1957.[35]
was later demolished). Another early full-scale commission was for Moncrief

In 1675, Bruce bought the estate of Loch Leven from the Earl of Morton. The estate included an old manor near Kinross, as well as
the ruins of Loch Leven Castle, famous as the jail of Mary, Queen of Scots. After carrying out repairs on the old manor, and
beginning to lay out the gardens, Bruce began work on his new home, Kinross House, in 1686, employing master mason Thomas
Bauchop. The Palladian building bears some resemblance to Roger Pratt's Coleshill House of 1660 (demolished), but with features
 Bruce derived from French sources. These features, ultimately classical and Italian in
origin, include the rusticated basement stonework, and the giant order of corinthian
pilasters, the latter possibly deriving from Bernini's first designs for the Louvre.[36]
Following Bruce's fall from favour, he found himself increasingly in debt, which
delayed the completion of the house until 1693.[37] Kinross was one of the earliest
Palladian-style country houses in Scotland, and was recognised as one of the finest
buildings in the country; Daniel Defoe described it as "the most beautiful and regular
piece of Architecture in Scotland", and Thomas Pennant called Kinross "the first good
house of regular architecture in North Britain".[38]

East front of Kinross House, seen

through the garden gate

Despite William Bruce's fall from political favour, and his

intermittent imprisonment, he continued to practice. During the
1690s he completed Hill of Tarvit (1696), Craighall (1697–99) in
The west front of Hopetoun, which was designed
Fife, and Craigiehall (1699) near Edinburgh. The latter, built for the by Bruce for Charles Hope. The east front was
Marquess of Annandale, still stands, and is used as the British enlarged and remodelled by William Adam.
Army's Scottish headquarters. From 1698 he was working on a new
house for the young Charles Hope, later first Earl of Hopetoun.
Hopetoun House, near Edinburgh, was completed in 1702, and represents Bruce's grandest country house design. The master mason
was again Thomas Bauchop, and the inspiration was again Anglo-Dutch, with French rustication. The bulk of Bruce's work is now
obscured by 18th century remodelling, carried out by William Adam.[39] Bruce was commissioned again by Hopetoun in 1708, to
build a private aisle at Abercorn Kirk. The Hopetoun Loft overlooks the interior of the kirk, and connects to a retiring room with an
oval "squint" giving a view of the pulpit.[40]

In 1702 Bruce was commissioned by the burgesses of Stirling to design a new tolbooth for the town. Bruce provided only sketch
plans, which were executed by local masons between 1703 and 1705. Bruce's last country houses were Harden House (now known as
Mertoun House), built for the Scotts in the Borders, and his smallest house, Auchendinny in Midlothian. His final work, in around
1710, was for Nairne House, for the Jacobite Lord Nairne. The house was not completed until two years after Bruce's death, and the
extent of his involvement is unclear. Nairne House was demolished in 1760, although the cupola was retained and installed on the
roof of the King James VI Hospital in nearbyPerth.[41]

Legacy
Although Daniel Defoe called Bruce "the Kit Wren of North Britain",[42] for his role as the effective founder of classical architecture
in that country, Gifford suggests he is more comparable to Hugh May and Roger Pratt in his achievements. Like May and Pratt, he
popularised a style of country house amongst the nobility, encouraging the move away from the traditional "tower house", which
came to be perceived as increasingly anachronistic, towards a more continental, leisure-oriented architecture.[1] Sir John Clerk of
Penicuik named Bruce as "the chief introducer of architecture in this country",[25] while to Colen Campbell, compiler of Vitruvius
Britannicus, he was "justly esteem'd the best Architect of his time in that Kingdom".[43] His work was a major influence on the
design of country houses in the 18th century, an influence which was spread through the masons and draughtsmen he worked with,
including Mylne and Bauchop, James Smith, and Alexander Edward.[44] At Kinross his deliberate alignment of the main vista on the
ruins of Lochleven Castle suggested to Howard Colvin "that Bruce, like Vanbrugh, has a place in the prehistory of the
picturesque".[25]

Notes
1. Colvin, p.172–176
2. Fenwick, p.xv
3. Dunbar, pp. 1–2
4. Fenwick, p.xvi
5. Wemyss, Charles (2005) "Merchant and Citizen of Rotterdam: The Early Career of Sir William Bruce".Architectural
Heritage Vol. XVI
6. National Records of Scotland , 21 July 1672 Bruce, William (O.P
.R. Births 685/03 0050 0180 Canongate
7. National Records of Scotland, 14 April 1672 Bruce, Normand (O.P
.R. Marriages 413/000 0010 0234 Carnbee
8. Quoted in Colvin, p.173
9. Fenwick, p.4
10. Douglas, Robert (1798). "Bruce of Kinross".The Baronage of Scotland(http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestr
y.com/~battle/baronage/page245.html). p. 245.
11. Bruce resigned the office of Clerk to the Billsin 1681. Colvin, p.173.
12. Fenwick, p.9–10
13. Gifford (1989) p.53
14. Letter dated 23 May 1678, from the Duke of Lauderdale to Andrew Forrester
, cited in Wemyss, p.27
15. Lauderdale described Bruce as "a rich man" in a letter
. Wemyss, p.27
16. Fenwick, p.72, Colvin, p.173.
17. Fenwick, p.73–78
18. thepeerage.com
19. Fenwick, pp.8&77
20. Ottenheym, Konrad (2007) "Dutch Influence in William Bruce's Architecture",
Architectural Heritage Vol. XVII,
pp. 135–144
21. Hubert Fenwick considers these French houses to have influenced Bruce's work, although there is no hard evidence
that he did in fact visit them. Fenwick, p.14
22. Gifford (1989), pp.57–60, Colvin, pp.172–176
23. Gow, p.53
24. Fenwick, p.16
25. Colvin, p.174
26. Fenwick attributes the wing walls and pavilions to Bruce, although Gif
ford places them with other mid-18th-century
additions. See Fenwick, pp.13 & 17, and Gifford (1988) pp.84–87
27. Fenwick, pp.12–15
28. Gifford (1989), p.54
29. Gifford (1989), p.57
30. Fenwick, pp.48
31. Colvin, p.173
32. Gifford (1989), p.62. Both Robert Mylne andAlexander Edward acted as Bruce's draughtsmen, which helped to
disseminate and promote his work.
33. Gifford et al. (1984), p.126–127
34. Gifford et al. (1984), p.180
35. Colvin, p.175
36. Gifford (1989), pp.57–58
37. Colvin, pp.175–176, Fenwick, p.87
38. Defoe's A tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain(1724), and Pennant'sA Tour in Scotland in 1769. Both as cited
in Fenwick, p.81 & p.87
39. Gifford (1989), p.61
40. Fenwick, pp.106–108
41. Colvin, p.176, Fenwick, pp.104–106
42. Defoe, A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain, Letter XIII. (1724), also cited in Gifford (1989), p.60.
43. Campbell's Vitruvius Britannicus, cited in Gifford (1989), p.61
44. Colvin, p.173, Gifford (1989), p.61

References
Burke, Messrs., John and John Bernard,Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies of England, Ireland, and Scotland , 2nd
Edition, London, 1841, p. 618.
Burnet, George Wardlaw (1886). "Bruce, William (d.1710)". In Stephen, Leslie. Dictionary of National Biography.
7. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 131–132.
Colvin, Howard, A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600–1840 , 3rd ed. (New Haven/London:Yale
University Press) 1995, pp 172–76.
Dunbar, John (1970) Sir William Bruce 1630–1710. Scottish Arts Council.
Fenwick, Hubert, Architect Royal: the Life and Work of Sir William Bruce, Roundwood Press, 1970
Gifford, John, McWilliam, Colin & Walker, David, The Buildings of Scotland: Edinburgh, Penguin, 1984
Gifford, John, The Buildings of Scotland: Fife, Penguin, 1988
Gifford, John, William Adam 1689–1748, Mainstream Publishing / RIAS, 1989
Gow, Ian (2006). Scotland's Lost Houses. Aurum Press. ISBN 978-1-84513-051-0.
Ottenheym, Konrad (2007) "Dutch Influence in William Bruce's Architecture", Architectural Heritage Vol. XVII,
pp. 135–144
Wemyss, Charles (2005) "Merchant and Citizen of Rotterdam: The Early Career of Sir William Bruce".Architectural
Heritage Vol. XVI
"thepeerage.com: Sir William Bruce, 1st Bt". Retrieved 2007-05-30.

External links
Works by or about William Brucein libraries (WorldCat catalog)

Parliament of Scotland
Preceded by Shire Commissioner for Fife Succeeded by
William Scott 1669–1674 Sir Charles Halkett
Sir Henry Wardlaw With: Sir John Wemyss William Anstruther
Preceded by Shire Commissioner for Kinross Succeeded by
Vacant 1681–1686 Sir David Arnot

Baronetage of Nova Scotia

Baronet
Succeeded by
New title (of Balcaskie)
John Bruce
1668–1710

Political offices

Surveyor General of the King's Vacant

Vacant Title next held by
Title last held by Works in Scotland
Sir Archibald Murray of
James Murray Jr. 1671–1678
Blackbarony

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