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A member subject to axial tension extends and tends to remain straight or, if there is a small initial
curvature, to straighten out as the axial load is increased. Tension members (ties) occur in trusses,
bracing and hangers for floor beams.
A flat can be used as a tie, but this is generally impractical because it buckles if it goes into
compression. Tie sections are therefore angles and tees for small loads and ‘I’ sections for larger
loads.
A tension member extends when subject to an axial load and is deemed to have failed when the
yield or ultimate stress is reached.
Gross area Vs Net Area of the cross section.
The gross cross-sectional area is the area as calculated from the specified size. The net area is the
gross cross sectional area less deductions for rivet holes, bolt holes, open holes or any other
deductions.
In making deductions for holes, the diameter of the hole is taken in excess of the nominal diameter
of the connector by amounts specified in design codes. Bolt diameter+2mm clearance for bolts not
exceeding 24mm in diameter or Bolt diameter+3mm clearance for bolts exceeding 24mm in
diameter are typical considerations.
Anet = A – Σd0t
The total area to be deducted should be taken s is the staggered pitch of the two consecutive
as the maximum sum of the sectional areas of holes
the holes on any line perpendicular to the n is the number of holes extending in any
diagonal or zig-zag line progressively across
member axis
the section
d0 is the diameter of the hole
Effective area
A connection almost always weakens the member and the measure of its influence is called the
joint efficiency. This factor is a function of ductility of the material, fastener spacing, stress
concentrations of the holes, fabrication procedure and shear lag. Shear lag is the most important.
Shear lag occurs when some elements of the cross section are not connected e.g. when only one
leg of the angle is connected to a gusset plate.
The consequence of this partial connection is that the connected part becomes overloaded and the
unconnected part is not fully stressed. Lengthening the connected region will reduce this effect.
Research has shown that shear lag can be accounted for by using a reduced or effective area.
For 1 bolt (eqn.3.11) For 2 Bolts (eqn.3.12) For 3 bolts (eqn. 3.13)
𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝑦
𝑁𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑅𝑑 =
𝛾𝑀0
Example 1: An angle in tension connected by one leg. A 100×65×7mm single angle tie is
connected through the smaller leg by two 20mm diameter bolts in line with a pitch of 2.5d0.
Determine the design ultimate resistance of the angle assuming S275 steel.
Reference Calculations
All references in this section are to BS EN1993-1-1 (Eurocode 3) and its UK National Annex unless stated
otherwise.
Eqn (3.12) BS An additional check for connection capacity with bolts in a single row would have to be
EN 1993-1-8 made to account for eccentricity. β2 =0.4.
Example 2: A tie member of a roof truss is subjected to an ultimate tension of 1000kN. Design
this member using S275 steel and an equal angle section.
Reference Calculations
All references in this section are to BS EN1993-1-1 (Eurocode 3) and its UK National Annex unless stated
otherwise.
𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 ≥
1000𝑥103
=3636.4mm2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 ≥ 275
𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
Try L 150x150x15 connected on one leg by welding. Areasection=43cm2
Eq. (6.5) Therefore the Ultimate tensile resistance of the section is the 1182.5kN(Nt,Rd) and
since this is greater than 1000kN (NEd), section is adequate.
Example 3:
A steel frame building is stabilized by tension
only diagonal bracing which forms a vertical
pin jointed framework. The storey height is 4m
and the bay width is 5m. The unfactored wind
load is 30kN at the first and 2nd floor and
15kN at the roof level. Design a section for the
diagonal members.
Reference Calculations
All references in this section are to BS EN1993-1-1 (Eurocode 3) and its UK National Annex unless stated
otherwise.
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0; 𝐻𝐴 = 30 + 30 + 15 = 75𝑘𝑁
75√41
𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝐻𝐴 ; 𝑇 = = 96𝑘𝑁
5
Note: although there are no limitations applied to slenderness in ties, it is worth noting that
BS5950 gave limitations of λ<350 for members in tension.
Serviceability limit state:
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 6403
λ<350; 𝑖 ≥ .𝑖 ≥ = 18.3𝑚𝑚
350 350
Try a 100x100x8 equal angle section in steel grade S275, ivv=1.96, A=15.5cm2
Eq. (6.5) Therefore the Ultimate tensile resistance of the section is the 353.6kN (Nt,Rd) and
since this is greater than 144kN (NEd), section is adequate.