ASSESSMENT OF EROSION ALONG MAIN RIVERCHANNELS IN CENTRAL VIETNAM

Do Quang Thien, Tran Huu Tuyen, Hoang Ngo Tu Do, Tran Thanh Nhan
Hue University of Sciences
Email: doquangthien1969@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
This research shows several initial results of our investigation on the erosion degree of main
riverchannels (including Gianh, Nhat Le, Thach Han, Huong, Thu Bon, Tra Khuc and Ba rivers) locating in
central region of Vietnam which prolongs from Quang Binh to Phu Yen provinces. Two criteria were used to
assess the dangerous degree from the erosion activity along these rivers include the erosion intensity which is
defined by erosion coefficient (Ke, %) and the erosion rate which is defined by erosion width (Be, m) at
measuring time. The erosion coefficient is then determined by the ratio between total erosion lenght at
measuring time to the studied length and the annual erosion pace (Ve, m/year) is measured by the width of
erosion for each year or each flood event. From the obtained data of field survey and monitoring, it is
possible to assess and propose remarks associated with the erosion progression of rivers in the Central
region of Vietnam. This is expected to be very useful for further studies on geological hazards in this region.
Keywords: river erosion, erosion coefficient, erosion width, Central Vietnam.

1. INTRODUCTION
Main river systems in Central region (from Quang Binh to Phu Yen provinces) consist of 7
rivers including Gianh, Nhat Le, Thach Han, Huong, Bo, Tra Khuc and Ba rivers which locate mainly in
residential areas, industrial zones in this region (Figure 1). The erosion and accumulation processes along
these riverchannels are now occuring with increasing frequency and intensity leading to adverse effects
on the stability of structure foundation, local environment and economics as well as reduce technical and
economical efficiencies of construction operation in this region.
Therefore, quantitative investigations on erosion and accumulation progression of main
riverchannels in the Central part are necessary in both scientific and practical terms and being important
to the stable social – economical developments of the region.
2. EROSION PROGRESSION ALONG MIDDLE TO DOWNSTREAM OF MAIN RIVER
SYSTEMS IN CENTRAL REGION
Based on our fiels observations on geology – geomorphology, engineering gelogy –
geohydrology incombination with interviewing of locals from 2011 to 2013 incombination with data
analysis of remote sensing images and statistics derivered from Government Offices from Quang Binh to
Phu Yen provinces, the actual process of erosion and accumulation of these rivers are shown in Table 1
and Figure 2 ÷ 8 and can be summarized as follows:
- As to two main river sytems in Quang Binh province including Gianh and Nhat Le rivers
(Figure 2 and 3) with the erosion and accumulation progressions are at different scales and intensities.
Along 80km of the section from Kim Hoa commune to Gianh estuary, up to 14,3km of river side is now
being eroded and accumulated at different rate, namely along the length of 22,3km of the section from
Kim Hoa to Thach Hoa there are 2,1km of eroding riverside (in Kim Hoa, Le Hoa and Thuan Hoa
communes) with annual rate is smaller then 2 m and the erosion coefficient of Ke = 9,4%. For the next
downward section, the segment from Thach Hoa to Canh Hoa is of about 24,5km in length, up to 3,2km
of the riverside (in Thach Hoa, Duc Hoa, Phong Hoa, Mai Hoa, Chau Hoa, Tien Hoa, Van Hoa) are
eroded with average annual velocity of Ve = 2 - 5m and Ke = 14,6%. Meanwhile, high-rate erosion with
annual erosion rate of 5-20 m is now occurring along 7,5 km of the total length of 25,2 km from Canh
Hoa to Quang Thuan and Ke = 29,7% and occurred mainly in Canh Hoa, Quang Truong, Phu Hoa, Quang
Lien, Quang Thanh, Quang Minh, Quang Loc, Quang Tan, Quang Tien, Con Se, Quang Hai which are
now approaching to the resident region.

Figure 1. Main river systems from Quang Binh to Phu Yen provinces in the Central region of Vietnam
There are many dykes and embankments built along the riverside from from Quang Thuan to
Gianh estuary (total length is about 8,0km) and so around 1,5km of riverside are now eroding (Ke
=13,8%) which occur along Dinh hamlet, Hoi hamlet, Me hamlet in Quang Thuan commune and coastal
estuary.
Kien Giang – Nhat Le riversystem including two segments. The first one is Kien Giang river from
Truong Thuy commune (bordering East branch of Ho Chi Minh highway in Le Thuy commune) to confluence
point with Long Dai river (Ham Ninh commune) and the second segment is Nhat Le river from confluence
point (Ham Ninh commune) to Nhat Le estuary with the total length of erosion is 7,56km. In particular, the
section from Truong Thuy commune to Loc Thuy is 20,4km in length, there are 1,9km of eroded shoreline, the
average velocity of erosion (Ve = 2 - 5m per year), coefficient of erosion Ke = 8,5%, the erosion occur in
Truong Thuy, Van Thuy, My Thuy, Xuan Thuy, An Thuy, Loc Thuy, Phong Thuy, Lien Thuy and Kien Giang
town. The section from Loc Thuy to Long Dai - Kien Giang confluence is 19,5km in lenghth, there are 2,4km
in length of weak eroded shoreline with velocity of Ve < 2m per year, Ke = 12,3% occuring mainly in Loc
Thuy commune, Hong Thuy, Gia Ninh, Duy Ninh. Along 17 km length of the section from Long Dai – Kien
Giang confluence to Nhat Le estuary there are up to 3,26km of eroded shoreline with low rate (Ve < 2m per
year), Ke = 19,1% occuring mainly in Ham Ninh commune, Vo Ninh, Luong Minh, Dong My. The most
serious erosion is in Ham Ninh with 1600km in length.
 Figure 2. Map of actual erosion in the middle – downstream of Gianh river (Quang Binh)

Figure 3. Map of actual erosion in the middle – downstream of Nhat Le river (Quang Binh)

- Quang Tri Province contains two main rivers named as Thach Han and Hieu rivers. Among them,
Thach Han river from Tram dam (Hai Le commune) to Viet estuary is 27km in length and Hieu river from
National Route 1A to Thach Han confluence point is 5km in length. There are up to 7,54km of eroded
shoreline along these rivers with coefficient of erosion is 23,6%. Especially, the section from Tram dam to An
Mo bridge is of 8km in length, there are many eroded points with velocity less than 2m per year. The most
typical is the major erosion section in Tan My hamlet (Hai Le commune), Trieu Thuong and Trieu Phong
communes with 1 km eroded segment is now threatening to residential areas. The eroded cliffs are 2-3m in
length, somewhere can reach more than 4-5m. The section from An Mo bridge to Vinh Phuoc confluence is
1,5m in length up to 1,8km of eroded shoreline with velocity of erosion less than 1-5m per year, the strongest
erosion occurs in Tra Lien Dong (Trieu Giang commune) and Con hamlets (Trieu Long commune). Along
Hieu river, from the Dong Ha city to Gia Do confluence is over 500m in length, eroded cliff is about 1 - 2m. In
addition to these main locations of erosion are presented in detail above, in Thach Han river channel also have
some different eroded areas in Trieu Thuan commune, Dong Luong commune and alluvial sediments at Thach
Han - Hieu confluence, from Gia Do confluence to Viet estuary (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Map of actual erosion in the middle – downstream of Thach Han river (Quang Tri)
- Huong and Bo river systems: Huong river from Tuan confluence (Thuy Bang commune) to
Thuan An estuary is 35km and Bo river from Lai Bang hamlet to confluence point of Huong river (Sinh
confluence) is about 40km. Up to 13,48km of riverside along these rivers are now being eroded with
average velocity smaller than 2m per year. The most serious erosion is at Hen bank with the total length of
erosion is 1,5km sclosing to agricultural land and threatenning to riparian residents. Almost riverbank along
Bo river has been reinforced by embankments and so low-rate erosion (2-5 m per year) and accumualtion
are occuring mainly only from Huong Van to Phong Son commune with the length around 250-300m
(Figure 5).
- Thu Bon river: The section from Giao Thuy to Dai estuary is about 55km in length, up to
14,78 km of riverbank are eroded with Ke = 26,9%. In which, the section from My Le hamlet (Dai Thanh
commune) to Giao Thuy is eroded at low to medium rate (2 - 5 m per year). At Phu Long hamlet (Dai
Thang commune), the flow is devided and causes to erosion on both riversides along the length of 1100m.
At Giang Hoa hamlet (Dai Thang commune), erosion occurs along 400m to Vu Gia estuary. The section
from Dien Quang to Cau Lau, the erosion strongly occurs at meander of Dien Quang area with the length
is 2500m. In addtion, erosion in Thu Bon river occur with small scale in some locations as: Dai Hoa, Dien
Phuong, Cam Linh, Duy Vinh, Dai Nghia communes, etc. (Figure 6).
 Figure 5. Map of actual erosion in the middle – downstream of Huong river and Bo river.
- Along Tra Khuc river in Quang Ngai province, up to 15,14km of riverbank along the section from
Thach Nham dam to Co Luy is eroded. The section in Tinh Giang, Tinh Dong, Nghia Lam and Tinh Minh
communes is now being eroding with the rate of 2-5m per year along the length of 1000 - 1200m. From Tinh
Han to Co Luy estuary, erosion process seriously occurs in Nghia Dung commune and tend to decrease to the
Co Luy estuary. Between 2012 and 2013, the riverbanks in Tinh An and Tinh Ha communes were eroded
along 500m threatenning to residential garden. (Figure 7).

Figure 6. Actual state map of erosion in the middle – lowstream of Thu Bon river (Quang Nam)
 Figure 7. Map of actual erosion in the middle – downstream of Tra Khuc river (Quang Ngai)
- Along Ba river, 12,82 km out of 50 km length of the section from Cong Cam dam to Da Rang
estuary is eroded with Ke = 25,6% and the most serious erosion occuring in West Hoa Dinh and East Hoa
Dinh communes approaching to National Route No.25. The 4 km length section from Hoa Thang to Hoa
An communes is eroded from 400 to 500m. The Ward 6 area of Tuy Hoa city, because of the combination
between flood flow to estuary and flood tide, the eddy flow causes erosion on the North riverbank of Da
Rang estuary on 300m length, a lot of agrucultural area were washed away, causing damages for some
river embankments from Da Rang bridge to Da Rang estuary. There are also several locations are eroded
at low rate such as in Son Ha, Son Giang, Thanh An, Hoa Phu and Hoa Binh communes, etc.(Figure 8)

Figure 8. Map of actual erosion in the middle – downstream of Ba river (Phu Yen)
Table 1. Parameters of actual erosion occuring along middle – downstream segment of main rivers in the
Central region (period from 2011 to 2013)
Lei Ve Le L Ke
River Location Note
(km) (mpy) (km) (km) (%)
 Lei Ve Le L Ke
River Location Note
(km) (mpy) (km) (km) (%)
Thach Hoa commune 0,45 3,0
Đức Hoa commune 0,30 2,4
Phong Hoa commune 0,35 2,5
Mai Hoa commune 0,35 2,5
Châu Hoa commune 0,35 2,0

Medium, harmful, serious.

Tiế n Hoa commune 0,40 1,8
Gianh river - Quang Binh

Văn Hoa commune 0,10 2,0

Cảnh Hoa commune 0,90 4,2
Quang Truong commune 3,00 3,5
Phu Hoa commune 1,03 3,0 14,3 80 17,9
Quang Lien commune 1,00 4,5
Quang Thanh commune 0,06 4,0
Quang Minh commune 1,00 3,0
Quang Lộc commune 0,23 2,5
Quang Tân commune 0,17 3,0
Quang Tien commune 0,55 5,4
Quang Hai commune 1,75 6,3
Quang Van commune 0,30 5,5
Quang Thuan commune 0,75 6,0

Duc Ninh, Dong Hoi city 0,57 1,0

Nhat Le river, Kien Giang river –

Nghia Ninh, Dong Hoi city 0,12 2,5

Medium, harmful, serious.

Bao Ninh, Dong Hoi city 1,20 2,0
Hien Ninh, huyện Quang Ninh district 1,79 3,0
Xuan Ninh, Quang Ninh district 1,40 1,2
Quang Binh

Ham Ninh, Quang Ninh district 2,00 2,0

Duy Ninh, Quang Ninh district 1,38 2,0 7,56 57 13,3
My Thuy, Le Thuy district 0,40 3,0
Xuan Thuy, Le Thuy district 0,20 5,0
An Thuy, Le Thuy district 1,20 2,5
Loc Thuy, Le Thuy district 0,40 2,0
Phong Thuy, Le Thuy district 0,32 3,0
Kien Giang, Le Thuy district 0,24 2,0
Dai Do 0,70 1,0
riv Thach Han river, Hieu river – Quang

Gia Do 0,35 0,3

Strong, fast, very harmful, very

Qui Ha 0,66 0,4

An Cu 0,73 0,7
Tu Van 0,32 1,2
Bao Phuoc 0,64 0,8
serious
Tri

Pho Hoi 0,44 1,6 7,54 32 23,6

Long Ha 1,10 4,0
Lang Phuoc 0,44 1,1
Xom Sau 0,46 1,6
Dong Ha town 0,77 0,4
Dong Thanh 0,50 0,5
Khom 1 0,44 0,5
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 Lei Ve Le L Ke
River Location Note
(km) (mpy) (km) (km) (%)
Da Khe hamlet section 0,23 3,0 13,4 18,0
8
An Ninh - Duong Pham hamlet section 0,85 2,5
La Khe Bai hamlet section 0,25 3,4
Hai Cat hamlet section 0,40 4,0
Long Ho hamlet section 0,25 5,0 - 7,0
Long Tho section 0,30 3,5
Kim Long section 0,38 2,0
Bach Ho bridge Downstream section 0,30 2,0
Hen bank 1,50 3,2
Phu Hiep section 0,38 1,0
Phu Hau section 0,25 2,3
Dia Linh section 0,25 3,0
Thanh Tien hamlet section 0,25 1,5
Triem An hamlet section 0,25 2,5
Hoa An hamlet section to Qui Lai 0,40 2,0
Thuan Hoa section 0,55 3,0
Hien Sy section 0,25 3,5
Long Khe section 0,25 4,0
Lai Thanh section 0,25 2,5
Bo Dien section 0,30 3,2
Phu Oc section 0,25 2,7
Ha Lang section 0,25 3,0
Thanh Luong hamlet section 0,60 3,5
Xuan Dai hamlet section 0,25 2,8
Van Xa hamlet section 0,85 4,0
Duong Son hamlet section 0,48 3,0
Huong Can section 0,40 2,0
Liem Pho section 0,18 3,3
Phu Luong-Phuoc Thanh hamlet section 1,00 2,0
Quang Phuoc commune river bank 1,00 5,0
Quang Thanh commune river bank 0,25 4,0
Thanh Xuyen hamlet, Duy Thu commune 2,00 5,0 - 8,0

Strong, fast, very harmful, very serious

Le Bac Duy Chau 1,00 3,0
Duy Phuoc commune 0,90 6,0
Thu Bon river – Quang Nam

Giang Hoa Dai Thang hamlet 0,75 2,2

Giang Dai Cuong hamlet 1,50 5,0-10,0
Hoa Thach Giao Thuy hamlet, Dai Hoa hamlet 0,50 2,9
Que Trung 3,00 2,0 14,7
55 26,9
Que Ninh 1,00 2,0 8
Que Phuoc 1,00 2,5
Que Lam 1,00 2,0
Tan Binh - Dien Trung 0,75 4,0 - 8,0
Nhi Dinh - Dien Phuoc 0,40 2,0
2 Cam Nam hamlet 0,53 8,0
Embankment of 3 Cẩm Nam hamlet 0,45 4,0
extremely serious

Very strong, very

Tra Khuc river –

Son Dung, Son Tay district 0,10 1,0

fast, extremely
Quang Ngai

Son Dung, Son Tay district 2,00 1,0

danger ,

Di Lang town, Son Ha district 3,00 2,0 15,1

40 37,9
Nghia Lam, Tu Nghia district 1,25 4,0 4
Nghia Thang, Tu Nghia district 1,00 4,0
Nghia Ky, Tu Nghia district 1,50 5,0
 Lei Ve Le L Ke
River Location Note
(km) (mpy) (km) (km) (%)
Nghia Thuan, Tu Nghia district 1,15 5,0
Tinh Son, Son Tinh district 0,50 4,0
Tinh Ha, Son Tinh district 0,60 5,0
Tinh Minh, Son Tinh district 0,50 3,0
Tinh An, Son Tinh district 0,50 3,0
Tinh Long, Son Tinh district 0,60 5,0
Tinh Dong, Son Tinh district 0,30 3,0
Tinh Ky, Son Tinh district 0,14 4,0
Tinh Hoa, Son Tinh district 0,10 1,0
Tinh Ky, Son Tinh district 0,10 6,0
Binh Chau, Binh Son district 1,80 4,0
PhuLochanlet, HoaThangcommune,Phu Hoadistrict 1,25 2,3
Vinh Phu hamlet, Hoa An commune, Phu Hoa district 2,50 4,0

Strong, fast, very harmful, very serious

Phu Sen hamlet, West Hoa Dinh commune, Phu Hoa district 1,00 2,0
Soi Lang, Phu Hoa town, Phu Hoa district 0,19 0,5
The section from Thanh My hamlet to Sout My Thanh
0,50 2,0
Ba river – Phu Yen

hamlet, Hoa Phong commune, Tay Hoa district

Lac My hamlet, Hoa Phu commune, Tay Hoa district 0,98 3,0
Thach Ban hamlet, Hoa Phu commune, Tay Hoa district 1,00 3,2 12,8
50 25,6
Lien Thach hamlet, Hoa Phu commune, Tay Hoa district 0,50 3,0 2
My Le hamlet, Phu Thu town, Tay Hoa district 0,75 2,5
Phuoc My hamlet, Hoa Binh 2 commune, Tay Hoa district 0,40 2,5
Phu Nong hamlet, Hoa Binh 1 commune, Tay Hoa district 0,50 1,6
Lac Nghiep hamlet, Hoa Binh 1 commune, Tay Hoa district 0,50 3,0
Song Chua, Ngoac Lang, Binh Ngoc commune, Tuy Hoa 1,00 3,5
From old Da Rang bridge to new Da Rang bridge 1,00 4,2
Song Bo section of Ba river branch, Ward 1, Tuy Hoa 0,75 3,5
Note: Lei (km): legth of each eroded section, Ve (m/year): velocity of erosion, Le (km): total length of eroded
section, L (km): length of research river section, Ke (%) = (Le/ L)100: coefficient of erosion.
3. ASSESSMENT OF EROSION DEGREE ALONG MAIN RIVERCHANNELS IN THE CENTRAL
REGION
The assessement of dangerous level caused by erosion process in the mentioned river sytems is
based on two criteria including the erosion coefficient and erosion velocity. In which, the erosion
coefficient (Ke, %) is the ratio of the erosion length at measuring time to the total legnth of studied section
and the erosion velocity (Ve, m/year) is defined by the erosion width of riverbank for year or one flood
event.
Table 2. Evaluation criteria of riverbank erosion motivation
Coefficient Velocity of
Level
Assessment of erosion erosion
rank
Ke (%) Ve, (m/year)
1 Weak, slow, less harmful, less serious < 10 <2
2 Medium, harmful, serious 10 - 20 2-5
3 Strong, fast, very dangerous, very serious 20 - 30 5 - 10
4 Very strong, very fast, extremely danger, extremely serious > 30 > 10
As showing in Table 2, based on two above criteria, the dangerous degree of erosion process along
these river systems is divided into 4 levels. The combination between our field investigation data and these
two criteria, it is seen that erosion motivation of the seven studied rivers is from medium level, harmful,
serious (Gianh, Nhat Le and Huong rivers) to strong and very strong (Thach Han, Thu Bon, Tra Khuc and
Ba rivers). The obtained results are shown in detail in Table 3. From this table, along 80 km length of
Gianh riverbank, erosion occurs on 14,3km length of riverside with average coefficient of Ke = 16,0% and
erosion velocity of Ve = 2 – 5 m/year. As to the segment from Truong Thuy to Nhat Le estuary of Nhat Le
river, (57 km in length), 7,56 km of riverchannel are eroded with Ke = 19,7% and Ve = 2 - 5 m/year. The
studied segment of Thach Han river from Tram dam (Hai Le commune) to Viet estuary about of 27 km in
length and 5 km length of Hieu river from National Route 1A to assembly point with Thach Han river, the
total erosion length is about 7,54km with erosion coefficient of Ke = 23,6% and erosion velocity of Ve = 5
– 10 m/year, belonging to strong level, fast, very harmful, very serious. As for Huong – Bo river system,
the length of erosion riverchannel is of 13,48km with erosion coefficient of Ke = 18,0% and common
erosion velocity is from 2 to 5 m/year, belonging to average erosion, harmful and serious.
Table 3. The obtained result of erosion motivation occurring along studied river systems

No. River name (length in km) Ke (%) Ve (m/s) Dangerous level

1 Gianh (80) 16 2-5 Medium, harmful and serious

2 Kien Giang - Nhat Le (57) 19,7 2-5 Medium, harmful and serious
3 Thach Han - Hieu (27) 23,6 5-10 Strong, fast, vey harmful and very serious
4 Huong - Bo (40) 18,0 2-5 Medium, harmful and serious
5 Vu Gia - Thu Bon (55) 26,9 5-10 Strong, fast, vey harmful and very serious
6 Tra Khuc - Ve (40) 37,9 2-5 Strong, fast, vey harmful and very serious
7 Ba - Da Rang (50) 25,6 5-10 Strong, fast, vey harmful and very serious
Along the studied length of 55 km of Vu Gia - Thu Bon river, erosion occurs on the lenght of
14,78km with average erosion coefficient of Ke = 26,9% and erosion velocity of Ve = 5 – 10 m/year and
so this belongs to very strong level, fast, very harmful and very serious. As for Tra Khuc river, 15,14 km
out of 40 km length of studied section is now being eroded with average erosion coefficient of Ke = 37,9%
and erosion velocity of Ve > 10 m/year belonging to very strong level, very fast, extremely harmful and
extremely serious. Finally, the section rom Dong Cam dam to Da Nang estuary of Ba river is eroded by
12,82km length with average erosion coefficient of Ke = 25,6% and erosion velocity of Ve = 5 – 10
m/year, belonging medium level, strong, fast, very harmful and very serious.
4. CONCLUSION
The major conclusions for this research are as follows:
- During major floods, riverchannels in the Central region are not only erodedbut also accumulated from
weak to strong. However, lateral erosion is still main process and almost strongly occurred in concave shore
sections and shore sections without preventive structures and sediment materials accumulated in the centre of
riverchannel. Erosion in the downstream was less than middle section because the flood flow overflowed to
downstream, so the impacts of energy on both sides of river channel and riverbank decreased by 50%.
- The high shorelines (5 - 7m) were composed by sand, gravel, compacted clay soil overlying
bedrock were usually the straight river, less meanders and erosion intensity is of from weak to medium.
The medium height shorelines (3 - 5m), flowed through sediments which were soft, cohensionless and
low compaction, most of riverchannel are strongly eroded and in rainy season, they are accumulated by
moving sand, gravel to downstream. For low shoreline (0,5 - 3m), the lateral erosion was weak but the
accumation and regional deep erosion increased at the same time was being filled in the river.
 - The mechanism, velocity and deformation characteristics of river channel related to the process
od erosion and accumulation in middle and downstream of the studied river systems become more
powerful, complicated due to the impacts of un-planned economic – construction operations, especially
hydropower construction in the mountainous territory. The erosion in these rivers is from medium,
harmful, serious level (Gianh, Nhat Le and Huong rivers) to strong and very strong (Thach Han, Thu Bon,
Tra Khuc and Ba rivers).

REFERENCES

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