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Standard Deviation
Standard deviation is a measure of central tendency. Central tendency refers to the quantity that tells us as
to by how much are the data entries away from the mean of the data set. Standard deviation is usually
denoted by the Greek letter ‘sigma’ s or simply by "s.d.".
It is the positive square root of the arithmetic mean of the squared deviations from the mean of the
distribution. It is considered as the most reliable measure of variability. It is the square root of
the Variance.
SD is a Bell Shaped Curve in a graph of normal distribution illustrates how much deviation or spread
occurred or can be occurred from the expected value or mean of data set. The main purpose of estimating
the sample standard deviation is to measure how widely the individual sample values are being dispersed
from the mean.
Formula:
Example 1
6,2,3,1
μ= 6+2+3+1=12=3
4 4
Step 2: For each data point, find the square of its distance to the mean.
Divide the sum from Step 3 by the number of data points (N=4)
∑∣x−μ∣2=14=3.5
N 4
Example:
86 75 76 82 91
X (X – μ) (X – μ)
86 4 16
75 -7 49
76 -6 36
82 0 0
91 9 81
X=410 (X – μ) = 182
= 182
5
σ 2 = 36.4
Standard Deviation
σ = √36.4
= 6.03
Grouped Data:
Example
In a class of students, 9 students scored 50 to 60, 7 students scored 61 to 70, 9 students scored 71 to 85,
12 students scored 86 to 95 and 8 students scored 96 to 100 in the subject of mathematics. Estimate the
standard deviation?
Range Frequency
50-60 9
61-70 7
71-85 9
86-95 12
96-100 8
The mid points are 55, 65.5, 78, 90.5 & 98 for the group of students 50 to 60, 61 to 70, 71 to 85, 86 to 95
& 96 to 100 respectively
Step 2: calculate the number of samples n
n = 9 + 7 + 9 + 12 + 8
n = 45