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No Title Page
1 Abstract………………………………. 2
2 Introduction………………………….. 3
3 Objectives…………………………….. 4
4 Theory………………………………... 5–6
5 Material And Apparatus……………… 7
6 Methodology…………………………. 8
7 Data and Results……………………… 9 – 11
8 Calculations…………………………... 12 – 15
9 Discussion……………………………. 16 – 18
10 Conclusion……………………………. 19
11 Recommendations……………………. 20
12 Reference……………………………... 21
13 Appendix……………………………... 22
The experiment was started as follows the procedures, with the depth of water with
different height was tested by recording the time taken to collect 3L of water, which later will be
used to calculate the flow rate of the flow. The data obtained were further tabulated by
calculating the discharge coefficient, using the equation provided.
Then, graphs were constructed to analyze the characteristics of the flow. From the
constructed graphs, rectangular notch graph shows the discharge coefficient decrease slowly
before a constant value is reached. Meanwhile, the triangular notch graph shows the discharge
decrease smoothly, but the values are higher than the rectangular notch.
To conclude, triangular notch has a higher discharge coefficient than rectangular notch.
The experiment was successfully accomplished as all the objectives were gained.
In this experiment, the rectangular weirs and triangular weirs are been used. Rectangular
weirs and triangular or v-notch weirs are often used in water supply, wastewater and sewage
systems. They consist of a sharp edged plate with a rectangular, triangular or v-notch profile for
the water flow. Broad-crested weirs can be observed in dam spillways where the broad edge is
beneath the water surface across the entire stream. Flow measurement installations with broad-
crested weirs will meet accuracy requirements only if they are calibrated.
The main objectives of this experiment is to observe the flow characteristics over a
rectangular notch and a V-notch. Besides, the other objectives is to determine the discharge
coefficients of the fluid flow. Then, to teach student how to plot a graph of against H, Log Q
against Log H and against H on rectangular notch. While on V-notch, learn how to plot graph
of against H. Next, to estimate an average value of for the range of the test. Last but not
Weirs are hydraulic structures consisting of an obstruction placed across a water channel with a
specially shaped opening or notch. The weir structure will increase the water level, which will be
measured. Water level-discharge relationships are available for standard-shaped openings or
notches.
Stilling baffle is used to ensure minimum turbulence. The stilling baffle will act as a reservoir to
collect water volume and slowly disperse the water from the opening at the bottom of the stilling
baffle.
Types of Weirs
Rectangular Weir
The rectangular weir is able to measure higher flows than the v-notch weir and over a wider
operating range.
B, 33mm
89mm
3
2 2
Q = Cd B 2g H eq. (1)
3
90 °
50mm
Where,
Cd = Coefficient of discharge
= Half the enclosed angle of the vee
H = Head above bottom notch
Q = Flow Rate
1) Water
APPARATUS
1
2
5
7 3
4
6
1) The hydraulic bench flow control valve were shut and water supply is closed.
2) The residue water from channel and sump tank was emptied by ensuring the drain tank
valve is left open.
1) The weir apparatus on the hydraulic bench were levelled and the rectangular notch weir
is installed.
2) The hydraulic bench flow control valve were slowly opened to admit water to the channel
until the water discharged over the weir plate. The water level is ensured that it is even
with the crest of the weir.
3) The flow control valve is closed and allowed water level to stabilized.
4) The Vernier Gauge was set to gives a datum reading using the top of the hook.
5) The gauge is installed about half way between the notch plate and stilling baffle.
6) Water is admitted to the channel. The water flow were adjusted by using the hydraulic
bench flow control valve to obtain heads (H).
7) After water flow condition is stabilized, heads readings is recorded in every increasing of
about 1 cm.
8) Step 4 and 5 were repeated for different flow rate.
9) The readings of volume and time were taking using the volumetric tank to determined
flow rate.
10) The rectangular notch were replaced by the notch with v-notch.
11) The result was recorded in the tables.
Log Q Q2/3 Cd
( )
Rectangular
Notch -4.0988 1.8512 x 10-3 0.7600 0.3182
-3.7700 3.0665 x 10-3 0.6305 0.5970
-3.6140 3.8963 x 10-3 0.4262 0.9848
-3.3010 6.2996 x 10-3 0.5678 1.3152
0.006
0.005
Q2/3 (m2/s2/3)
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Head Above Bottom of Notch (m)
-2
-2.5
-3
-3.5
-4
-4.5
Log H
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Head Above Bottom of Notch (m)
Q2/5 Cd
( )
V-Notch 2.1233 x 10-2 0.8866
3.0368 x 10-2 0.7319
3.4072 x 10-2 0.5970
4.1930 x 10-2 0.4398
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045
Head Above Bottom of Notch (m)
Q2 Q2
Q3 Q3
Q4 Q4
Rectangular Notch
Log Q1
Log Q2
Log Q3
Log Q4
Rectangular Notch
Log H1
Log H2
Log H3
Log H4
Sample Calculation of
Rectangular Notch
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Rectangular Notch
( )
√
Where,
Cd = Coefficient of discharge
B = Width of notch
H = Head above bottom notch
Q = Flow Rate
Cd1
( )
√
Cd2
( )
√
Cd3
( )
√
Cd4
( )
√
( )
√ ( )
Where,
Cd = Coefficient of discharge
= Half the enclosed angle of the vee
H = Head above bottom notch
Q = Flow Rate
Cd1
( )
√ ( )
Cd2
( )
√ ( )
Cd3
( )
√ ( )
Cd4
( )
√ ( )
Calculation below shows the average value of Cd for rectangular notch for the range of the test:-
Cd
0.7600
0.6305
0.4262
0.5678
Based on the calculations for Cd values of V-notch, the Cd values gain decreases as the
flow rate decreases. Besides, as the head above bottom notch increases , the Cd values gain also
decreases. This shows that, the Cd values is dependent on the value of flow rate, Q and the value
of the head above the notch, H.
-2
-2.5
-3
-3.5
-4
-4.5
Log H
The value k is :-
Thus, this shows that Q and H does relate and can be describe using the empirical formula
.
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045
Head Above Bottom of Notch (m)
Based on the graph , the values of increases as the head above the bottom of notch, H
increases. The Cd values can be obtained from the tangent of the graph on each point plotted.
Cd1 = 0.8866
Cd2 = 0.7319
Cd3 = 0.5970
Cd4 = 0.4398
From the data, there is difference between Cd calculated from formula and Cd calculated
using the plotted graph. The reason of this error could be because of the reading from the graph
is not as accurate as the calculation using formula which lead to about 0.2 – 0.4 result error.
The limitations of the theory is it has to be level so the only force on the water is gravity,
there has to be a constant flow, and constant pressure.The theory behind this experiment makes
an assumption that there is a minimum height of water above the notch and any heights below
this start to deviate from theory at an increasing rate.The relationship between the head of the
weir and the discharge of the water over the weir is directly proportional. The lower flow rates
produce lower heights above the notch creating larger changes from the theoretical equations
There are several of recommendations to estimate discharge when using a weirs because
it is very important to ensure that all flow enters by travelling over the weir and not around the
weir or under the weir. It must be noted that the weir should be extended into the ground to
minimize groundwater to pass under the weir. To ensure critical flow over the crest of the weir, it
is important to maintain a ‘free outfall’. As long as the flow conditions downstream of the weir
do not affect the flow over the weir, a free outfall is maintained.
First of all, before doing an experiment it is better to learn and understand first on how to
conduct the experiment. Moreover, the result of rectangular-notch and v-notch obtained must be
taken in 4 decimal points to get an accurate values.
Errors can never be ignored when it comes to laboratory work. The aim is to reduce the
error as much as possible to obtain accuracy in work. Ways to reduce the error are by repeating
the experiment for three times or more and then taking the average readings, by being extra
cautious during the experiment, by asking more than one person to record the readings and carry
out the experiment. It is important to keep the voice to a minimum while in a laboratory and
always listen to the instructor. If any guidelines are needed, then refer to the supervisor.
1) Kundu, Pijush K.; Cohen, Ira M. (2008), Fluid Mechanics (4th revised ed.), Academic
Press
2) Hamilton Smith, 1886, Hydraulics, the Flow of Water Through Orifices, Over Weirs,
and Through Open Conduits and Pipes
Web
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August 2015.
2) http://www.codecogs.com/library/engineering/fluid_mechanics/weirs/index.php ,
retrieve in August 2015.
3) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_mechanics , retrieve in August 2015.
4) http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/weirs-flow-rate-d_592.html , retrieve in August
2015.
5) http://www.lmnoeng.com/Weirs/RectangularWeir.php , retrieve in August 2015.
6) http://www.aquatext.com/calcs/weir%20flow.html , retrieve in August 2015.
7) http://accessengineeringlibrary.com/browse/applied-fluid-mechanics-for-engineers ,
retrieve in August 2015.
8) https://www.scribd.com/doc/34695544/Flow-of-Water-Over-Weirs , retrieve in
August 2015.