This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been
fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TAP.2016.2629469, IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
> REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) <
Beam switching dual polarized antenna array
with reconfigurable radial waveguide power
dividers
Halim Boutayeb, IEEE Senior Member, Paul Watson, Weishan Lu, and Tao Wu
Abstract— In this paper, we propose a new method for designing
dual polarized beam switching antennas by using reconfigurable
radial waveguides excited by central probes and feeding multiple
radiating elements. The power distribution of the radiating
elements is controlled by Cylindrical Electromagnetic Band Gap
(CEBG) structures made of metallic wires loaded with PIN
diodes. The proposed technique allows azimuth beam switching
and multiple-beams, with arbitrary and well controlled
polarizations, using low dc voltage. First, a new rectangular
periodic structure is used as a model for analyzing the
transmission and reflection coefficients for different diode states.
Then, numerical and experimental results are presented for a
reconfigurable radial waveguide power divider and for the
radiating elements. Finally, numerical and experimental results
are presented and discussed for a complete dual polarized
antenna operating at WIFI 5GHz band (5.18-5.825GHz).
Keywords- Reconfigurable antennas; Tunable circuits and
devices; PIN diode; Dual polarization; Periodic Structures.
I. INTRODUCTION
I N Wireless Local Networks (WLANs), beam switching
antennas can bring significant decrease in the rate of
interfering signals and improvement of capacity, by having
antenna beams away from co-channel access points [1]-[4].
There are various methods for designing beam switching
antennas, such as conventional phased antenna array but they
are either complicated or have high cost. For instance,
switched parasitic elements were proposed for antenna
diversity [5].
As an alternative with more control of the radiation pattern,
reconfigurable Cylindrical Frequency Selective Surfaces
(CFSSs) and Cylindrical Electromagnetic Band Gap (CEBG)
structures were proposed and analysed for designing beam
switching antennas in [6]-[8]. These periodic structures are
made of metallic wires periodically loaded with PIN diodes.
The CEBG structures are made of multiple CFSSs. For the
same purpose, other types of active CFSSs were proposed in
[9]-[10] using different unit cells of the periodic structures
(with printed lines or slots). In all the designs presented in [6]-
[10], the circularly periodic structures were acting as
reconfigurable parasitic reflectors and a single radiator was
located in their center. From this principle, these techniques
have several drawbacks: they require generally more than 10V
dc voltage because of the number of PIN diodes in each
column of the periodic structure; they can present prohibitive
cost and loss because of the total number of tunable elements
(diodes); they can be used only for vertical polarization; and
they are limited to azimuth beam forming.
In this paper, completing our previous work [11], we propose
a new concept for designing dual polarized agile antennas with
lower cost and better performance. The proposed technique
consists of using radial waveguides, CEBG structures made of
loaded wires, Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) and transitions
0018-926X (c) 2016 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
1
from the radial waveguides to radiating elements. With this
concept, it is possible to control the beam forming with a dc
voltage lower than 1V. Also, any polarization is possible and
the number of diodes is minimized. Furthermore, the proposed
concept can be extended to azimuth and elevation beam
switching by adding control circuits in the radiating elements.
The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. In Section
II, a model of reconfigurable metallic plate waveguide is
proposed and analysed. Section III presents results for the
reconfigurable power divider and Section IV is dedicated to
the dual polarized antenna element. The full dual polarized
antenna is characterized in Section V. Finally, concluding
remarks are given in Section VI.
II. MODEL AND ANALYSIS OF INTEGRATED RECONFIGURABLE
RECTANGULAR PERIODIC STRUCTURE
Figure 1 presents proposed numerical model of a
reconfigurable parallel-plate waveguide with a rectangular
periodic structure made of loaded metallic wires. Each
metallic wire is connected to a diode through a pad and an
inductive microstrip line in a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) that
is on the top wall of the waveguide. The bottom side of the
PCB is ground with circular clearances at the positions of the
wires. Each PIN diode is connected to an RF Choke in order to
isolate the RF lines to the dc lines that will be added later. The
RF Choke is a quarter wavelength open circuit radial stub.
Floquet boundary conditions (periodic boundary conditions)
are used in the side walls of the waveguide.
In this section and in all numerical analyses presented in this
paper, we used HFSS-Ansoft software (finite element method)
for the designs. In the simulations, convergence and
minimization of errors were obtained by ensuring that the
mesh was sufficiently fine.
The main parameters of the structure are the followings: H is
the height of the parallel-plate waveguide; P is the period; L is
the length of the inductive lines; DW is the diameter of the
metallic wire; Dclear is the diameter of the top ground clearance
at position of each wire; The substrate is a Taconic RF 30 with
r=3 and a thickness of 0.8 mm. By modifying the state of the
diode, the load of each wire is modified and thus the
frequency response of the waveguide can be reconfigured. In
the beginning of the design, we used a single wire structure
which acts as a resonator. Then, to increase the bandwidth in
pass-band mode, we increased the number of wires
incrementally, until we could cover the band 5GHz-6GHz. We
found that a number of three wires (as shown in Fig. 1) is
enough to cover this band.
High frequency PIN diodes SMP1345-079LF from Skyworks
are used in this paper. Based on manufacturer’s data in the
frequency band of interest, the PIN diode is modeled with on-
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TAP.2016.2629469, IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
> REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) < 2

state resistor Ron = 1.5ohm in series with inductor Lind = of the inductive line of the wire in the middle was decreased
0.45nH and off-state inductor Lind = 0.45nH in series with by 2mm in order to maximize and flater the transmission
parallel RC circuit of Roff = 30kΩ and Coff = 0.14pF. coefficient in the passband.
We consider H = 10mm, Dw = 3.2mm, Dclear = 8mm, and P =
20.4mm. These parametrs were obtained by optimizing the
transmission coefficients of the waveguide in the two states
and by optimizing the matching of the radial waveguide
presented in the next Section.
Port 2

Substrate

Metallic
Port 1 (a)
wire with
diameter D

H Floquet boundaries
P
(a)
Dclear Metallic
wire pad
Inductive Dw
microstrip RF
line with Choke
length L
(b)
Fig.2. Frequency responses of the structure for L = 0.5mm (a)
PIN diodes are ON (b) diodes are OFF
diode

(b)
Substrate with thickness ts

Floquet
boundaries
PEC
Metallic wire
surfaces (a)
(c)
Fig.1. Model for designing proposed periodic reconfigurable
structure
As shown in Fig.2, for small value of the length L (L=0.5mm),
a passband can be obtained in on-state in the the frequency
band of interest (5GHz-6GHz). If L is increased by about a
quarter guided wavelength, the passband is observed in off-
state, as shown in Fig. 3. In these both modes of operations the
two states allow to reconfigure between stopband and
passband in the band 5GHz-6GHz.
The second mode of operation (Fig. 3) where the passband is
observed with the diodes in off-state is prefered because the
insertion loss is lower for this case (between 0.3 and 0.52dB (b)
compared to between 1.25dB and 1.62dB). Also, it should be Fig.3. Frequency responses of the structure for L = 9.2mm (a)
diodes are ON (b) diodes are OFF
noted that in the second mode of operation (Fig. 3), the length

0018-926X (c) 2016 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TAP.2016.2629469, IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
> REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) < 3

III. RECONFIGURABLE RADIAL WAVEGUIDE POWER DIVIDER
Based on previous analysis, Fig. 4 presents the
reconfigurable radial waveguide power divider designed using
ring PCBs, a center probe excitation and 12 output ports with
printed probes. The cylindrical periodic structures of wires
follow the principle of using constant transversal period as
proposed in [6]-[8]. For the output ports, E-plane probes are
used and there is a quarter-wave separation to the outer
perimeter which serves as a short circuit termination.
The periodic structure has 36 PIN diodes connected into pairs.
The configuration of the diodes state shown in Fig. 4(b)
permits to divide the power mostly between ports 2 and 3. The
dc feed circuit with the radial stubs, the PIN diodes and the
inductive lines are shown more clearly in Fig. 5. As shown in
this figure, the inductive lines have different lengths and
widths at different radial position in order to optimize the
frequency response of the structure.
driving the diodes. We noticed that increasing further this
voltage doesn’t decrease significantly the insertion loss.
Due to the symmetry and the shape of the configuration in
Fig. 4(b), we can limit our analysis to the reflection coefficient
of port 1 and the transmission coefficients from port 1 to port
2 (coupled port), port 4 (adjacent uncoupled port) and port 5
(uncoupled back port). Other transmission coefficients are
deduced from the symmetry and the fact that the transmitted
power decreases from port 4 (close to region with diode in off-
state) to port 5 (far from region with diode in off-state).
PIN diode
Resistor R=200Ω
Position
dc line
of dc
connector

Fig.5. Zoom on the dc feed circuit

H=10mm
D=172mm
(a)
Region with diodes in OFF state
Port 2 Port 3
Port 1
Port 4
Fig.6. Measuring S parameters of reconfigurable radial waveguide

Port 5
(b)
Fig.4. Architecture of the proposed reconfigurable radial waveguide
power divider (a) perspective view (b) top view Fig.7. Simulated and measured S11 and S21
Figure 6 shows the setup for the measurement of the S For the considered configuration, the optimized reflection
parameters of the prototype using the configuration of the coefficient S11 of the structure and the transmission
diodes states shown in Fig. 4(b). A voltage of 1.5V is used for confidents S21, S41 and S51 are plotted in Figs.7-9.

0018-926X (c) 2016 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TAP.2016.2629469, IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
> REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) < 4

There are fair agreements between simulated and experimental
results. In the band 5.15-5.85GHz, ports 4 receive less than -
25dB and port 5 receives less than -40dB of the power. Port 2
(and port 3) receives most of the power.
The insertion loss can be obtained by adding S21 and S31.
In the band 5.18-5.825GHz, the simulated insertion loss is
between 0.4dB and 0.7dB and the measured insertion loss is
between 1.2dB and 2.3dB. The higher insertion loss in
measurements could be due to higher value of serial resistance
of PIN diodes than the value given by the manufacturer, defect
during fabrication (such as hand soldering) and tolerance in
the parameters of the substrate. Further experimental
investigation is required to evaluate more precisely the origin
of the additional measured loss.
Lower insertion loss could be achieved by using tunable
elements with lower serial resistances. For our prototype, we
choose purposely a PIN diode that was easy to solder by hand.
located diagonally across the element are excited with single
50Ω port, which results in 180 excitation phase between the
diagonal pin pairs. This results in separate +45 or -45
polarization with a single patch. Two patch antennas are
implemented vertically in order to increase the directivity in
the elevation plane. For the vertical radiator pairs, a single
substrate is used. The patch dimension is a square of 15.6mm,
and the distance between the patch and the ground is 8.8mm.
The diameter of the pins is 0.5mm.
(a) (b)
Fig.10. Dual slant polarized antenna (a) model in HFSS (b) photo
The simulated and measured reflection coefficient and
radiation patterns of the patch antenna pairs are shown in
Figs.11-13 at center frequency. Measured reflection
coefficients are lower than -15dB and port-to-port coupling is
lower than -22dB. Measured Xpol patterns are lower than -
13dB and even lower than -20dB close to the direction angle
of the main beam. These characteristics are important in order
to use this radiator in an array configuration

Fig.8. Simulated and measured S41

Fig.11. S Parameters of the two port dual polarized radiator

Fig.9. Simulated and measured S51

IV. DUAL POLARIZED ARRAY ELEMENT

Figure 10 presents the two port dual slant (+45/-45)
polarized antenna that we consider as an element for the
circular array presented in next Section. The objective is to
design an antenna with two orthogonal polarizations in order
to be able to send two data streams simultaneously.
The proposed radiator is composed of two patch antennas.
Each patch is excited through four pins (two pins for each
polarization) using capacitive coupling principle. Two pins Fig.12. Copol and Xpol patterns at 5.5 GHz in H plane for one port
(similar patterns are obtained for the second port)

0018-926X (c) 2016 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TAP.2016.2629469, IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
> REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) < 5

for driving the diodes. The only difference is that a small

battery is used instead of a bulky dc power supplier.
The reflection coefficient of the antenna at port 1 is shown in
Fig. 16 for the configuration of the radial waveguide presented
in Fig.4. Measured reflection coefficient is lower that -10dB in
the band 5.18GHz-5.88GHz.

Fig.13. Copol and Xpol patterns at 5.5 GHz in E plane for one port
(similar patterns are obtained for the second port).

V. BEAM SWITCHING FULL ARRAY

Figure 14 presents the proposed dual polarized beam
switching antenna. It is composed of two reconfigurable radial
waveguides as presented in Section III and a circular array of
12 elements of the radiator presented in Section IV. Fig. 15 Fig.16. Simulated and measured reflection coefficient of the antenna
presents a photo of a fabricated prototype. for directive beam configuration (Fig. 4(b))

Fig.14. Circular array with two reconfigurable radial waveguide for Fig.17. Simulated and measured Copol and Xpol patterns at 5.5 GHz
each polarization (model designed in HFSS) in H plane (Azimuth)

Fig.15. Photo of beam switching antenna prototype Fig.18. Simulated and measured Copol and Xpol patterns at 5.5 GHz
in E plane (Elevation)

The next analysis is limited to one port because similar results For the configuration of the radial waveguide presented in
are obtained for the other port but with the other orthogonal Fig.4, the radiation patterns of the antenna at the center
polarization. As in previous Section, a voltage of 1.5V is used frequency are shown in Figs.17 and 18. A fair agreement is
observed between simulated and experimental data. In the

0018-926X (c) 2016 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TAP.2016.2629469, IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
> REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) < 6

azimuth plane, the measured beam-width is about 30. Xpol
patterns are lower than -14dB within the main beam. The
measured realized gain is about 12dB whereas the simulated
directivity is about 14dB. The loss is mostly attributed to the
radial waveguide and the PIN diodes.
present a good impedance match (this is due to a change of the
impedance seen by the center probe). The other directive
configurations (as in Fig. 4(b)) that are circularly periodic with
an angular period of 60, present similar impedance matching.
For these directive beam configurations, measured radiation
patterns at 5.5 GHz are presented in Fig. 20.

Fig.19. Measured reflection coefficient of the antenna for

omnidirectional and symmetric directive configurations
Fig.22. Measured Copol and Xpol patterns at 5.5 GHz in H plane
(Azimuth) for 30 beam direction configuration

Fig.20. Measured Copol and Xpol patterns at 5.5 GHz in H plane for
configurations with beam direction at every 60 step.
Fig.23. Measured Copol and Xpol patterns at 5.5 GHz in H plane
(Azimuth) for two beams configuration

Fig.21. Measured reflection coefficient of the antenna for different 30

beam direction configuration and for multiple beams Fig.24. Measured Copol and Xpol patterns at 5.5 GHz in H plane
Figure 19 presents the measured reflection coefficient of the (Azimuth) for three beams configuration
antenna for different configurations. It can be noted that the The beam switching can be obtained with smaller angular step
omnidirectional configuration (all diodes are off) doesn’t or with multiple beams. As examples, Fig. 21 presents the

0018-926X (c) 2016 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TAP.2016.2629469, IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
> REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) <
measured reflection coefficient for beam direction at 30, for
two beams and for three beams. For these configurations, good
impedance matching (S11 < -10dB) can be obtained in parts of
the 5GHz band. For these three configurations, the measured
Copol and Xpol patterns are shown in Figs. 22-24.
Other configurations are also possible: since we use 18 dc
ports to control the 36 diodes, there are theoretically 218
different configurations that can be programmed for each port.
However, we can limit this number of configurations to those
which give sufficiently different patterns and who have good
impedance matching at the operating frequency band.
VI. CONCLUSION
A new technique for designing dual polarized beam
switching antennas was proposed. These antennas are based
on reconfigurable radial waveguides excited by central probes
and feeding multiple radiating elements. A circularly periodic
structure of metallic wires loaded with tunable elements (PIN
diodes) is used to reconfigure the power distribution of the
radial waveguide. An analysis method was proposed for the
design of this structure by using a rectangular periodic
structure. The radial waveguide power divider was designed,
fabricated and tested, validating the proposed concept. Then, a
full agile antenna was designed, fabricated and measured. The
obtained results show that this antenna is suitable for WIFI
applications in the 5GHz band, with the utilization of a simple
1.5V battery for driving the PIN diodes.
REFERENCES
[1] M. Chryssomallis, “Smart antennas,” IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag., vol.
42, pp. 129–136, 2000.
[2] A. Alexiou and M. Haardt, “Smart antenna technologies for future
wireless systems: Trends and challenges,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol.
42, no. 9, pp. 90–97, Sep. 2004.
[3] G. Cerri, R. De Leo, V. M. Primiani, C. Monteverde, and P. Russo,
“Design and prototyping of a switching beam disc antenna for wideband
communications,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 54, no. 12, pp.
3721–3726, Dec. 2006.
[4] M.-I. Lai, T.-Y. Wu, J.-C. Hsieh, C.-H. Wang, and S.-K. Jeng,
“Compact switched-beam antenna employing a four-element slot
antenna array for digital home applications,” IEEE Trans. Antennas
Propag., vol. 56, no. 9, pp. 2929–2936, Sep. 2008.
[5] R. Vaughan, “Switched parasitic elements for antenna diversity”, IEEE
Trans. Antennas Propagation, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 399-405, Feb. 1999.
[6] H. Boutayeb, K. Mahdjoubi, and A.C. Tarot, “Analysis of radius-
periodic cylindrical structures”, in Proc. IEEE AP-S Int. Symp. Dig.,
vol. 2, pp. 813- 816, June 2003.
[7] H. Boutayeb, “Étude des Structures Périodiques Planaires et Conformes
Associées aux Antennes. Application aux Communications Mobiles,”
(in French) Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Rennes, Rennes, France, 2003.
[8] H. Boutayeb, J.P. Daniel, F. Gadot, P.Y. Garel, A. de Lustrac, K.
Mahdjoubi, P. Ratajczak, K. Sayegrih, A.C. Tarot, “New beam steering
base station antenna using EBG material”, in Proc. Int. Symp. Ant. and
Propag., ISAP’04, Sendai, Japan, 17-21 Aug. 2004
[9] M. Niroo Jazi et al., “Electronically sweeping-beam antenna using a new
cylindrical frequency selective surface,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag.,
vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 666–676, Feb. 2013
[10] B. Liang, B. Sanz-Izquierdo, E. A. Parker, And J. C. Batchelor
“Cylindrical slot FSS configuration for beam-switching applications,”
IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 166–173, Jan. 2015.
[11] H. Boutayeb, P. Watson, T. Kemp, in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Ant. and
Propag., Memphis, June 2014
0018-926X (c) 2016 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
7
Halim Boutayeb (M’03 -SM’11) received in 2000
the Diplôme d’Ingénieur (B.Sc.) degree in Electrical
Engineering from the École Supérieur d’Ingénieur de
Rennes, France, and the French D.E.A. (M.Sc.)
degree in Electrical Engineering from the University
of Rennes, Rennes, France. He received the Ph. D.
degree in Electrical Engineering in the same
university in December 2003. From March 2004 to
December 2006, he was with INRS-EMT, Montréal,
QC, Canada. From January 2007 to December 2011,
he was a Researcher with the École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal,
QC, Canada. He was also a Coordinator and a member of the Centre de
Recherche en Électronique Radiofréquence (CREER), which is a strategic
cluster that provides a unique platform for putting together 40 Canadian
researchers in the field of applied electromagnetics and RF technologies.
Since Jan. 2012, he has been a Research and Development Staff Member with
the Huawei Technologies Company Ltd., Ottawa, ON, Canada. He has
authored or coauthored more than 90 journal and conference papers. Since
2003, he has been a Reviewer for a number of scientific journals and
conferences. He has 16 patent grants and applications. His main fields of
interest are antennas, microwaves circuits, computational electromagnetism,
artificial materials, radars, local positioning systems, biomedical engineering,
and phased arrays. Dr. Boutayeb is a Senior Member of the Professional
Engineers of Quebec. He has served several times as a Technical Program
Committee member (VTC, NEMO, ANTEM, IMS) and he served as a
Steering Committee member of the IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques
Society (IEEE MTT-S) International Microwave Symposium (IMS) 2012. He
was a recipient of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of
Canada (NSERC) Postdoctoral Fellowship Grant (2004–2006), the Best Paper
Award of the European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (2004,
previous name: Jounees Internationales de Nice sur les Antennes), and two
Gold Huawei Medal Awards (2013 and 2015).
Paul R. Watson received the B.E.Sc degree
(electrical) from the University of Western Ontario,
London, Ontario, Canada in 1989, followed by
graduate studies at the University of Ottawa, Ottawa,
Ontario, Canada. He has held positions as a GaAs IC
Power Amplifier Designer, and for the last 10 years
as an Antenna Designer. His current research and
design interests include antenna and array innovation
in massive mimo and full duplex applications, as well
as frequency selective surfaces applied to antennas.
Weishan Lu received the B.S. degree in information
engineering from Guangdong University of
Technology in 2009 and received the M.S. degree in
Communication System in South China University of
Technology in 2012. He has worked on the WiFi
standardization at the communication technology lab
in Huawei, China.
Currently, he is working on the protocol design and
the antenna design in smart living and IOT area.
Tao Wu received the BE and MS degrees from the
Electronic Engineering and Information Science
Department, University Of Science and Technology
of China, in July 1998 and July 2001. Since 2005, he
has been a senior engineer in Huawei Technologies,
Co. Ltd. and his work has been focused on the
wireless standard development and long term
research.