ENM210 - CEMENTING OPERATIONS

LECTURE 1

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ENM210 Cementing Operations Lecture 1 -

Functions of Cement

Functions of Cement

¾Support the casing

¾Provide zonal isolation

¾Protect casing from corrosive

fluids in the formations

Primary Cement Job ⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒

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 ENM210 Cementing Operations Lecture 1 -
Remedial Cementing

Repairing failed Primary cement - Packer Set above Perforations

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ENM210 Cementing Operations Lecture 1 -

Remedial Cementing

Block Squeeze Repair of poor Primary Job

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 ENM210 Cementing Operations Lecture 1 -
Classification of Cement

Co m poun d s (a)
API C 3 S C 2 S C 3 A C 4 AF CaSO Fine n e s s
Clas s Sq
% % % % % c m /Gra m
A 53 24 8 8 3.5 1600 -
19 00
B 44 32 5 12 2.9 1500 -
1900
C 53 16 8 8 4.1 2000 -
2400
D&E 50 26 5 13 3.0 1200 -
1500
G 52 27 3 12 3.2 1400 -
1600
H 52 25 5 12 3.3 1400 -
1600

(a) - plus free lime, alkali (Na, K Mg)

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ENM210 Cementing Operations Lecture 1 -

Mixwater Requirements

API Cement Mixwater Requirements

API Class Mixing Slurry Well Depth Static
Water Wt. (a) Temp
Gals/Sk Lbs/Gal Ft deg F
A (Portland) 5.2 15.6 0-6000 80-170
B (Portland) 5.2 15.6 0-6000 80-170
C (High Early) 6.3 14.8 0-6000 80-170
D (Retarded) 4.3 16.4 6-10000 170-230
E (Retarded) 4.3 16.4 6-14000 170-290
F (Retarded) 4.3 16.4 10-16000 230-320
G (Basic Š Calif) 5.0 15.8 0-8000 80-200
H (Basic Š Gulf 4.3 16.4 0-8000 80-200
Coast)

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 ENM210 Cementing Operations Lecture 1 -
Compressive Strength
Compressive Strength
Temperature Pressure
Typical compressive strength (psi) at 24 hours
deg F (psi)
High early Retarded
Class A & B API class API class
strength class
Portland G H
class C D,E,F
60 0 615 780 440 325 -
80 0 1,470 1,870 1,185 1,065
95 800 2,085 2,015 2,540 2,110
110 1,600 2,925 2,705 2,915 2,525
140 3,000 5,050 3,560 4,200 3,160 3,045
170 3,000 5,920 3,710 4,830 4,485 4,150
200 3,000 - - 5,110 4,575 4,775
Typical compressive strength (psi) at 72 hours
60 0 2,870 2,535 - - -
80 0 4,130 3,935 - - -
95 800 4,670 4,105 - - -
110 1,600 5,840 4,780 - - -
140 3,000 6,550 4.960 - 7,125 4,000
170 3,000 6,210 4,460 5,685 7,310 5,425
200 3,000 - - 7,360 9,900 5,920

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ENM210 Cementing Operations Lecture 1 -

Properties of Dry Cement

Properties of Dry Cement

Class A High early
Basic API Basic API Retarded
and B strength
class G class H class D,E,F
(Portland) class C
Specific gravity 3.14 3.14 3.15 3.15 3.16
(average)
Surface area 1,500- 2,000- 1,400- 1,400- 1,200-
(range), (sq cm / 1,900 2.800 1,700 1,700 1,600
gm)
Weight per sack 94 94 94 94 94
(lb)
Bulk volume (cu 1 1 1 1 1
ft/sack)
Absolute volume 3.6 3.6 3.58 3.58 3.57
(gal / sk)
Properties of Neat Slurries
Water (gal/sack) 5.19 6.32 4.97 4.29 4.29
(API)
Slurry weight 15.6 14.8 15.8 16.5 16.5
(lb/gal)
Slurry volume 1.18 1.33 1.14 1.05 1.05
(cu ft/sk)

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 ENM210 Cementing Operations Lecture 1 -
Thickening Times

Thickening Times
Depth Static Circu- High Pressure Thickening Time (hours:min)
(ft) Temp lating
deg F Temp
deg F
High
API API Retarded
Portland early
class G class H class D,E,F
strength
2000 110 91 4:00+ 4:00+ 3:00+ 3:57
4000 140 103 3:36 3:10 2:30 3:20 4:00+
6000 170 113 2:25 2:06 2:10 1:57 4:00+
8000 200 125 1:40* 1:37 1:44 1:40 4:00+

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ENM210 Cementing Operations Lecture 1 -

Cement Additives

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 ENM210 Cementing Operations Lecture 1 -
Cement Additives

¾Accelerators - CaCl2 1.5 - 2.0%, NaCl 2.0 - 2.5%, Seawater

¾Retarders - Calcium lignosulphate (organic acids) 0.1 - 1.5%

¾Extenders - Bentonite (2-16%), Pozzolan (50/50 mix),

Diatomaceous earth (10-40%) - density down to 11.0 ppg

¾Heavy additives - Barite, Hematite (Fe2O3) raise density to 22

ppg, Sand gives a 2 ppg increase in density

¾Fluid Loss Additives - Organic polymers (cellulose) 0.5 -

1.5%, CMHEC (carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose) 0.3 -
1.0% (CMHEC also acts as a retarder)

¾Friction Reducers -Polymers 0.3 - 0.5 lb/sx, Salt 1 - 16 lb/sx,

Calcium Lignosulphonate 0.5-1.5 lb/sx
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ENM210 Cementing Operations Lecture 1 -

Contaminants

Mud additive Effect on cement

Barite increases density
reduces compressive strength
caustic calcium compounds acts as an accelerator
diesel oil decreases density
Thinners act as retarders

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 ENM210 Cementing Operations Lecture 1 -
Downhole Equipment

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ENM210 Cementing Operations Lecture 1 -

Downhole Equipment

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 ENM210 Cementing Operations Lecture 1 -
Centralisers & Scratchers

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ENM210 Cementing Operations Lecture 1 -

Surface Mixing

Early mixing equipment showing main components

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 ENM210 Cementing Operations Lecture 1 -
Cementing Head

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ENM210 Cementing Operations Lecture 1 -

Normal Procedure

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