UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY MALAYSIA

ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS- URSP6013

ENVIRONMENT IMPACT DUE TO AQUACULTURE, LIVESTOCK

AND AGRICULTURE IN MALAYSIA.

Assignment (II)

REVIEWED BY:
ASSOC. PROF. DR.C. SHREE SHIVADASAN

PREPARED BY:

UTM RAZAK SCHOOL OF ENGINEERIMG

AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY
TABLE OF CONTENT

TABLE OF CONTENT ........................................................................................... i

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................. ii

1. ENVIRONMENT IMPACT DUE TO AQUACULTURE, LIVESTOCK AND

AGRICULTURE IN MALAYSIA ..................................................................... 1

1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 1

1.1.1 Aquaculture Overview ................................................................. 1
1.1.2 Agriculture Overview ................................................................... 5
1.1.3 Livestock Overview ..................................................................... 7
1.2 Aquaculture, Livestock and Agriculture Industry in Malaysia ................. 9
1.2.1 Aquaculture Industry .................................................................... 9
1.2.2 Agricultural Industry .................................................................. 11
1.2.3 Livestock Industry ...................................................................... 16
1.3 Environment Impact due to Aquaculture, Livestock and Agriculture .... 20
1.3.1 Impact of Aquaculture on Environment ..................................... 20
1.3.2 Impact of Agriculture on Environment ...................................... 24
1.3.3 Impact of livestock on Environment .......................................... 27
1.4 Government Agencies for Protection of Environment in Malaysia ........ 29
1.4.1 Government Agencies ................................................................ 29
1.4.2 Agencies Polices ......................................................................... 32
1.5 Conclusions and Recommendations........................................................ 34
2. REFERENCE ................................................................................................... 36

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Different Types of Aquaculture ................................................................. 2

Figure 1.2: Seven Major Branches of Agricultures ..................................................... 5
Figure 1.3: Evolution Stages of Agriculture. ............................................................... 6
Figure 1.4: Yearly Aquaculture Production in Malaysia .......................................... 10
Figure 1.5: Percentage Share of GDP for Agriculture Sector, Malaysia, 2006‐2010 12
Figure 1.6: Percentage Share to GDP by Malaysian Economic Sector in 2015 ....... 13
Figure 1.7: Percentage Distribution of Employed Persons by Industry, Malaysia ... 14
Figure 1.8: Employment in Agriculture Sector in Malaysia, 2015 ............................ 15
Figure 1.9: Malaysia's Self-Sufficient Levels of Food Commodities (2000-2020) ... 15
Figure 1.10: Trends of Production of Livestock Products in Malaysia ..................... 17
Figure 1.11: livestock’s Product for 2014 and 2015. ................................................. 18
Figure 1.12: Trend of Consumption for Livestock Products from 2005 to 2014 ...... 18
Figure 1.13: Trends of Livestock Product Self-Sufficiency Level in Malaysia ........ 19

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1. ENVIRONMENT IMPACT DUE TO AQUACULTURE, LIVESTOCK AND
AGRICULTURE IN MALAYSIA

1.1 Introduction

This section is meant to give an introduction and overview about aquaculture,

agriculture and livestock as whole. Hence, in this section firstly aquaculture is
presented briefly, followed by agriculture and lastly the livestock.

1.1.1 Aquaculture Overview

Aquaculture has been defined in several way however the simplest description
can be given so far is the way of farming and husbandry of aquatic creatures either
under controlled or semi-controlled environments. These creatures could be plants,
fish or shellfish such as mussels, oysters, shrimp, crabs, clams, and crawfish. By
practicing that, the farmers are farming and taking care the water with different type
of creatures than the land.

Aquaculture is manipulated for a variation of uses such those fish raised to

stock public waters for sport fishing and for commercial fishing. This practice is
employed save an endangered species of aquatic creatures; or it may be to harvest a
commercially viable crop in ponds or coastal waters.

There are some important objectives for the implementation of aquaculture in

recent times. They are listed as bellow: firstly, it is to help grow national economy of
the country by way of increasing its capital production as the aquaculture could one of
the economy source. Secondly, it is to create more opportunities of employment.
Thirdly, to properly utilize the available natural water resources. Fourthly, it is to uplift
the socio economic status of the people. Fifthly, to provide new species and

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strengthening stocks of existing fish in natural and man-made water-bodies. Sixthly,
to achieve sport and entrainment purpose by culturing Trouts and Mahasers. Lastly,
it’s to farm and husbandry fishes of ornamental value for aesthetic appeal.

There are five types of aquacultures that are categorized based on different
criteria such as type of water, Management Intensity, input intensity, water media,
Stocking Organism and integrated fish culture. Each of those types is explained briefly
with its relevant subsection in the following parts. Figure 1.1 shows the different type
of aquaculture and their relevant subtypes based on different criteria

The first type of aquaculture is characterized by type of water. Basically, the

aquaculture is found in three types of water environments. Firstly, fresh water
environment where the aquatic creatures placed in fresh water. Secondly, the Brackish
water in which aquaculture is let to live in. lastly is mariculture where culture takes
place in sea water. Aquaculture includes the culture of aquatic organism of food,
culture to improve the natural stocks, culture of ornamental fish and sport fish,
integrated farming etc.

Figure 1.1: Different Types of Aquaculture

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 The second main type of aquaculture is based on Management Intensity. Under
this type, there are five subtypes being categorized based on the management inputs.
There are explained briefly in the following points.

Firstly, is the traditional management culture, this type is considered to be the

simplest and old practice with least management inputs. There is no specific collection
or selection of species, fertilization and supplementary feeding. In this culture system
the yield is very less likening to other type management intensity system.

Secondly, it is the extensive culture system in which an improved culture

system over the cultivable species of aquaculture are selected. The stocked species
generally influenced by natural food organism. Fertilizers and supplementary feeds are
used to limited extent in the properly prepared fields.

Thirdly, it is Semi intensive culture system, it is an improved culture system

over the extensive system, where the cultivable species are selected and stocked in the
form of fingerling or post, larvae. Formulated compound feed as per nutritional
requirements is provided. Natural food is negligible in the culture system.

Fourthly, it is Intensive culture management: this type of culture system is

extremely advanced culture system with more stocking density and provide more
formulated feed and more aeration. Stoking is done more formulated feed and more
aeration. Stocking is done with hatchery reared juveniles, water quality is maintained
by frequent changing or by providing water circulation together with constant aeration.

Lastly, Super or hyper intensive management culture, this culture system the
density of stocking is greater than of intensive culture. Frequent water exchange is
made through biological filter system. Continuous aeration is provided to meet the
higher stocking densities.

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 The fourth main type is based on input intensity in which the aquaculture is
also categorized into four levels as bellow.

O- Level: In this level absolutely no management practice is found in this

culture system. There is no stocking manures and supplementary feeds applied in this
system.

I - Level: Only one management of stocking seed is prevalent. Seed is stocked

in culture system. No manuring and supplementary feeding in the culture system. Only
natural food organism useful as food or stocked animal is used.

II - Level: Two types of management of stocking seed and manure application

are prevalent. Seed is stocked. Supplementary feed is not applied. Culture animals still
depend on natural food organism, which can be raised by application or organic and
inorganic manures in the culture system.

III - Level: three types of management techniques are applied in this type of
culture system. These are seed stocking, application of manured and supplementary
feeding. Semi sensitive intensive and hyper intensive culture system are of this type
only and the production is very high in contrast to the above levels.

The fifth main type of aquacultures is categorized based on Stocking Organism.

This type is characterized by which type of aquatic creature are selected and stocked
with their associated foods. There are three types of stocking organisms such as
Monoculture, Monosex culture and Polyculture

The Last main type of aquaculture is based on integrated fish culture. Under
this type, there are some subtype such as paddy cum fish culture, poultry cum fish
culture, dairy cum fish culture and pig cums fish culture. Culturing fishes along with
paddy, poultry, piggery and dairy is called integrated fish culture.

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1.1.2 Agriculture Overview

Agriculture generally is explained in terms of its broad definition, its branches,

evolution and its importance. Begin with its definition, the word ‘agriculture’ was
derived from two Latin words ‘ager’ means land or field and ‘cultura’ means
cultivation. So, literally agriculture means the production of crops for economic
purpose by cultivating soil. Agriculture may also be defined as the biological
exploitation of soil for the purpose of production. But in broad meaning, agriculture is
the branch of applied science, which deals with production, improvement, protection,
processing, marketing, extension etc. of crops by proper utilization of natural
resources. The natural resources are soil, sunlight, air, water, temperature etc.

There are many branches for the agriculture, however seven major braches are
mention in this report. These branches are Crop science, Animal husbandry,
Veterinary, Fisheries, Agricultural engineering, Agricultural economics and Agro-
forestry. Figure 1.2 states the seven branches of agriculture with some briefing
definition.

Figure 1.2: Seven Major Branches of Agricultures

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 Evolution of Agriculture has been investigated through continues Excavations,
legends and remote sensing tests. Those efforts have revealed that agriculture is 10,000
years old. Women by their intrinsic insight first observed that plants come up from
seeds. Men concentrated on hunting and gathering (Paleolithic and Neolithic periods)
during that time. Women were the pioneers for cultivating useful plants from the wild
flora. Evolution of agriculture involves the gradual changes of agriculture from the
ancient era to the civilized condition. Figure 1.3 presents the gradual stages of
agriculture evaluation via the chronological series of history.

Figure 1.3: Evolution Stages of Agriculture.

Agriculture has very important contribution to all life aspects. It is

indispensable to human life. Agriculture is directly or indirectly contributing in many
sectors of our basic needs or livelihoods. Firstly, Food is required for normal growth
and energy of the human body. Hence, Agriculture is the main source of the food
elements such as carbohydrate, Protein, Fat, Vitamins & minerals. Second importance
of agriculture is that it provides fiber to make clothes. Almost 70% of the fiber comes
from cotton cloths. Thirdly, is the houses in which the maximum housing materials
are the products of agriculture? Such as, timber, bamboo, straw, rope etc. lastly, it is
source of Industry Agriculture provides raw materials in different industries. Some of
the industries in which agriculture supplies are Medicine industry, paper industry,

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Rubber industry, Soap, candle and paint industry, Perfume industry, beverage industry,
bakery, narcotic and chewing industry and leather industry.

1.1.3 Livestock Overview

The terms "livestock" and "poultry" are used in a very broad sense, covering
all domestic animals irrespective of their age and location or the purpose of their
breeding. Non-domestic animals are excluded from the terms unless they are kept or
raised in captivity, in or outside agricultural holdings, including holdings without land.

Cattle, buffaloes, camels, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, mules, asses and chickens
are raised and enumerated in many countries. Some countries raise and enumerate
ducks, geese, turkeys and beehives, whereas rabbits, guinea fowl, pigeons, silkworm
cocoons, fur animals, reindeer and various kinds of camelids are limited to far fewer
countries.

The livestock is divided based on capital investment into two types which are
extensive livestock farming and intensive livestock farming. The extensive livestock
is controlled by the capital in which the capital investment is limited and the
productivity is low. Mostly graze cattle on large pastures in open air. The second type
is the intensive livestock farming in which capital investment is utilized in feeding the
animal and in labor force. The productivity is higher comparing to extensive farming
type.

Similarly, the livestock is also divided based on food and feeding methods.
Three types are categorized based on the above mentioned criteria which are grazing
live stock in which the animal are fed by grass, confined livestock which the cows are
kept in cow sheds and feed them and semi-confined livestock in which the cows eat
in summer but when it comes to winter , they are kept and fed.

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 Furthermore, three types of livestock are categorized based on the mobility of
the livestock. Firstly is nomadic herding in which herders and their family are moving
from place to place with their animal. The second type is transhumance in which the
herders are moving livestock from one grazing ground to another in a seasonal cycle,
typically to lowlands in winter and highlands in summer. Lastly, sedentary livestock
farming in which the animal do not need to move to another place because the farmers
provide food for them.

Livestock is very significant. For instance, domestic animals are very

important to mankind. They supply valuable food products (meat, milk, eggs, honey)
and valuable non-food-industrial products (wool, hair, silk, hides, skins, furs, wax,
feathers, bones, horns, etc.). Quadrupeds are widely used, particularly in developing
countries, as beasts of burden and for draught or are used for commuting to and from
agricultural holdings. Some are used also for recreation purposes (horse riding), and
most of them are a source of organic/natural fertilizers and fuel.

Furthermore, feeds of animal origin are also important, e.g. meat meal, bone
meal, blood meal, tankage, etc. These are produced from slaughtered animals rejected
at the sanitary inspection, from inedible offal, from residues of meat scraps and
trimming after the fat has been extracted, from tannery by-products, from poultry by-
products (particularly from those processed into ready-to-cook), from hatcheries by-
products (infertile eggs and other refuse), from eggshells, etc.

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1.2 Aquaculture, Livestock and Agriculture Industry in Malaysia

This section outlines the description of the current statues of Malaysian

industry in form of aquaculture, livestock and agriculture. It presented the how each
industry was born in the country, its present practice, its production and how each one
of them can contribute to the economy growth in Malaysia.

1.2.1 Aquaculture Industry

Aquaculture began in Malaysia in 1920’s with the extensive poly-culture of

Chinese carps in ex-mining pools. By mid-1930s, marine shrimp trapping ponds were
introduced to the industry. Then by early 1940s, the culture of blood cockles was
practiced. Then, extensive culture of freshwater fishes in earthen ponds started in
mid1950s. In early 1970, the semi-intensive culture of shrimp was employed. As the
aquaculture grew, in 1980 a commercial aquaculture was established ads independent
sector. In the 90’s commercial scale integrated shrimp farms was initiated (from
hatchery to processing plant & export). In the 2000’s emphasis on food safety and fish
health management from source

Aquaculture activities in Malaysia are divided into large, medium, and small
scaled production. The categories are designated based on monthly and annual volume
of production yields. In earlier years of aquaculture operation activities in Malaysia,
most farmers operated small-scale aquaculture farms that are meant for self-
consumption, whereby only the excess are sold in the market. They were vulnerable
to production risks as they operated in open water sources accessed using traditional
techniques and have lack of knowledge on operating high technology farming systems.
Besides, they had limited access to the supply of seeds and less institutional supports
to further develop their farming activities. Lack of sustainability and reliable
aquaculture were among the major weaknesses of this sector that affected towards
losses and reflected poor management during that time. Figure shows the Yearly
aquaculture production in Malaysia according to Department of Fisheries, 2016.

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 Figure 1.4: Yearly Aquaculture Production in Malaysia (Department of Fisheries, 2016)

The rapid growth of aquaculture production in Malaysia has been due to huge
allocations of physical and financial facilities by the government in various
aquaculture development projects, especially in aquaculture industrial zone projects.
Thus, the aquaculture sector in Malaysia is transformed into a more technological
activity driven with high market contribution. The underlying reasons are due to the
important contribution of aquaculture sector in increasing the national food
production, to resolve insufficient marine fishery landings, and exploitation of marine
fish.

There are several systems that are implemented in aquaculture production. The
most common are ponds, which are usually excavated. However, in some areas, old
tin mining pools are also used for fish culture. The culture of fish in floating net cages
also represents an important aquaculture system and is normally carried out in deeper
mining pools, reservoirs and lakes. Aquarium fish farming uses a combination of
aquaria, tanks and small ponds

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1.2.2 Agricultural Industry

Agriculture is the significant basis of a country's economy. Government took

a serious steps on this phenomenon where a total of RM3.8 billion was allocated for
the agriculture sector in 2012 Budget. Although the services sector is now exceeding
the manufacturing sector as a contributor to economic growth, agriculture is still
important because it can increase the income of farmers, fishermen, agro‐based
industries and ensure the nation's food supply remain sufficient.

Based on the statistics study by the department of statistic Malaysia, 2010 that
the contribution of agriculture to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) declined from
28.8 percent in 1970 to 7.5 percent in 2007. Contributions were maintained in 2008
before rising to 7.7 per cent in 2009 although the total GDP dropped to RM522.0
billion from RM530.7 billion in 2008. The figures decreased in 2010 to 7.3 per cent.
Although the contribution of agriculture to GDP showed a declining trend, the actual
value of output and productivity has increased.

The contribution of agriculture to the GDP of developed countries such as the

United States of America, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan
is only between one and three per cent. For developing countries, this sector still
continues to be the main contributor to GDP such as Cambodia and Lao PDR which
contribute about one third of the GDP of the country. For Malaysia, this sector is still
important despite the decreasing contribution to the economy.

For GDP by state, in 2006‐2010 the agricultural sector remains an important

economic contributor to Perlis and Sabah, with each contributed between 26.5 to 29.1
per cent and 22.9 to 28.8 per cent (DOSM, 2010). Developed states such as WP Kuala
Lumpur, Selangor and Penang contribute a small percentage of agricultural GDP
which is less than 2.2 percent.

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 Sarawak, Sabah and Johor preceded other states as the main contributor to
agriculture GDP. In 2010, these states accounted for more than half of the country's
agricultural GDP, which were 19.6, 17.9 and 14.1 per cent respectively

The crops sub‐sector was the main contributor of GDP for agriculture,
accounting for more than 52.0 per cent per annum for the period of 2006‐2010. Oil
palm was the main commodity, contributing between 30.1 to 32.3 per cent per annum.
GDP for fisheries and livestock sub‐sector has increased during the reference period
which accounted for 18.0 and 11.5 percent in 2010 compared with 16.1 and 9.1 per
cent in 2006. On the other hand, the forestry and logging sub‐sector fell to 17.6 per
cent in 2010 compared to 22.1 per cent in 2006. Figure 1.5 shows Percentage share of
GDP for agriculture sector, Malaysia, 2006‐2010.

Figure 1.5: Percentage Share of GDP for Agriculture Sector, Malaysia, 2006‐2010

The current study conducted by department of statistic Malaysia, 2016

indicated that agriculture sector continued to expand in 2015 with a contribution of 8.9
per cent to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Oil palm was a major contributor to
the GDP of agriculture sector at 46.9 percent followed by other agriculture (17.7%),

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livestock (10.7%), fishing (10.7%), rubber (7.2%) as well as forestry & logging (6.9%)
in 2015 ( see Figure 1.6).

Figure 1.6: Percentage Share to GDP by Malaysian Economic Sector in 2015 (DOSM, 2016)

The employment in agriculture sector has declined from 31.2 per cent in 1982
to 13.3 per cent in 2010. In 2010, the services and manufacturing sectors were main
contributors in employment, accounting for 57.0 and 16.9 per cent respectively out of
the total 11.1 million employed persons. The males dominated the agriculture sector
from 59.6 percent in 1982 to 76.9 per cent in 2010. Figure 1.7 shows Percentage
distribution of employed persons by industry, Malaysia, 2010.

Sabah and Sarawak were the leading states which contributed 24.0‐28.2 and
16.3‐19.2 per cent respectively during this period. In 2010, the percentages of
population employed in the agriculture sector in Sabah, Sarawak, Kedah, Kelantan and
Terengganu have increased compared to the percentage in 2009.

The number of foreign workers in the agriculture sector is the second highest
after the manufacturing sector which accounted for 24.6‐26.1 per cent for the period
of 2006‐2009. The number of employees in this sector declined in 2009 to 499,910
against 520,867 in 2008.

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 Figure 1.7: Percentage Distribution of Employed Persons by Industry,
Malaysia, 2010

( DOSM,2015) carried out a statistic study and the findings show that Number
of employed persons in the agriculture sector was 1,753.9 thousand persons, increased
by 3.5 per cent and the number of non-citizens employed persons in the agriculture
sector was 646.4 thousand persons with an increase of 16.2 percent compared to the
previous year. Figure 1.8 shows the Employment in Agriculture Sector in Malaysia, in
2015

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 Figure 1.8: Employment in Agriculture Sector in Malaysia, 2015

The development of the agricultural sector has resulted in the increase of

agriculture productions. The production of many agro-food commodities has increased
tremendously and as a result; Malaysia reduced its importation of several agriculture
produce the production of agro-food products will definitely improve the balance of
trade in which Malaysia is always on deficit situation. Figure 1.9 shows Malaysia's
self-sufficient levels of food commodities 2000, 2010 and 2020.

Figure 1.9: Malaysia's Self-Sufficient Levels of Food Commodities (2000-2020)

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1.2.3 Livestock Industry

Livestock is very important industry in Malaysia as it supplies the largest

source of protein for country population. The ex-farm value for this industry was
RM14.1 billion in 2013, of which 76% were contributed by poultry meat. In general,
the livestock production is still inadequate to meet the demand, following the increase
in population and consumption.

Basically, livestock is divided into two categories, namely ruminants and non-
ruminants. Firstly, the Ruminant Livestock, which are included in the category of
ruminants such as cattle, sheep, buffalo, goat and deer. The ruminants sub-sector are
in small-scale and generally produced by small-holder farmers. This industry is
growing rather slowly in the 1996-2002 period, but began to grow rapidly in 2005-
2012 period due to the efforts and initiatives of the government. However, the self-
sufficiency level for ruminants is still less than 30% because of higher demand than
the supply by local producers. Malaysia needs to increase livestock production to meet
at least 50% of the local market needs. According to statistical studies that Malaysia
produced only 51,000 metric tons of (MT) beef, while the demand was more than
201,000 MT in 2013. Similarly, the demand for mutton was around 28,000 MT, while
the production was only 4,000 MT in the same year.

The second type of Livestock industry in Malaysia Non-ruminants that are

included in the category of non-ruminants are chicken, duck, pig and eggs. Non-
ruminant industry is very progressive, large-scale production and its ex-farm or the
value farm received contributed more than 80% of the livestock industry in Malaysia.
Poultry meat and eggs dominate the local non-ruminants production and reached more
than 100% self-sufficiency, followed by swine, which is consumed by the non-Muslim
population. Poultry meat production has increased from 1.30 million MT in 2010 to
1.5 million MT in 2013, with a growth rate of 12.5% per annum. Pork production on
the other hand, has decreased from 234,000 MT to 217,000 MT in the same period.

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 The production of meat and meat-based products increases every year. Meat
production increased from 1.6 million MT in 2010 and projected to achieve 2.1 million
MT in 2020 with a growth of 2.7% per annum. Egg production is also expected to
increase from 540,000 MT in 2010 to 773,000 MT in 2020 with a growth of 3.6% per
annum (National Agro Food Policy).

Figure 1.10 shows the trends of the production of livestock products in

Malaysia from 2005 to 2014. Most of all product output has increased during that
period. The beef products has increased by around 78% (from 29,000 MT in 2005 to
52,000 MT in 2014), mutton (213% -from 1,400 MT to 4,500 MT), poultry meat (53%
- (from 980,000 MT to 1,500,000 MT) and eggs 62% (443 million MT to 718 million
MT). While pork production decreased by 1% for the same period (from 218,000 MT
to 215,000 MT).

Figure 1.10: Trends of Production of Livestock Products in Malaysia from 2005 to 2014

According to study conducted by department of statistics Malaysia that the

number of chicken increased by 6.9 percent to 308.1 million chickens. Numbers of
cattle, goat, buffalo and duck also showed an increase compared to the previous year
except for sheep and swine. Production of poultry meat, chicken/duck egg and cattle

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milk increased in 2015 wherein chicken/duck egg recorded the highest increase of 6.5
per cent. Figure 1.11 shows the production of livestock in2014, 2015.

Figure 1.11: livestock’s Product for 2014 and 2015.

Demand for beef is increasing every year following the increase of population
and consumption per capita. The consumption is expected to increase from 1.4 million
MT in 2010 to 1.8 million MT in 2020 with a growth of 2.4% per annum. The demand
for eggs also rose by 3.3% yearly from 468,000 MT to 649,000 MT.

Figure 1.12 shows the trend of consumption for livestock products from 2005
to 2014. The consumption of beef has increased by 44% (from 146,000 MT to 210,000
MT), 46% for eggs, (from 408,000 MT to 595,000 MT) and only 4% for pork (from
221,000 MT to 230,000 MT). The consumption of mutton and poultry meat increases
with a bigger percentage, which is 106% for mutton (from 17,000 MT to 35,000 MT)
and 82% for poultry meat (from 786,000 MT to 1,427 thousands MT).

Figure 1.12: Trend of Consumption for Livestock Products from 2005 to 2014

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 In general, self-sufficiency level (SSL) can be defined as the ability of someone
to supply his own needs without any aid from others. In the context of the livestock
industry in Malaysia, SSL refers to the ability of the local production to supply the
demand by localized consumers, and it is measured by percentage. For example, if the
local production of beef is only able to supply about 30% of the local consumption,
the SSL for beef production is 30%. If the percentage exceeds 100%, this shows the
local production exceeds the local consumption.

The self-sufficiency level (SSL) of beef, mutton and eggs has increased from
2005 to 2014, whilst it has decreased for poultry meat and pork. The SSL for mutton
has increased from 9% to 13%, while the SSL for beef has increased from 21% to 25%
of the same period. At the same time, the SSL for eggs has increased from 109% to
121%. The SSL of poultry meat had decreased from 125% to 105%, and SSL for pork
had decreased from 99% to 94% of the same period. The SSL percentages in excess
of 100% for poultry meat and egg production showed the high competitiveness of these
commodities. This allows the export of these products to traditional markets,
Singapore. Figure 1.13 shows the trends of livestock product self-sufficiency level in
Malaysia (2005-2014).

Figure 1.13: Trends of Livestock Product Self-Sufficiency Level in Malaysia (2005-2014).

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1.3 Environment Impact due to Aquaculture, Livestock and Agriculture

This section is meant to present the issues to the environment and ecosystem
that might be caused by the wrong practice in each above mentioned industry. There
are some impact that might cause harm to the environment if they reach certain stages.
These impacts are address in following section for each industry individually.

1.3.1 Impact of Aquaculture on Environment

The Department of Fisheries statistics indicated that the escalation in

aquaculture production is due to the boost of a few species, mostly from pond and cage
aquaculture. Therefore, the severity of impacts on the environment would nearly
reflect the production size. Furthermore, all the environmental effects of aquaculture
are reliant on on the sensitivity and type of a specific ecosystem along with the type of
farm practice. The amount of aquaculture wastes and consequently their impacts on
the environment are closely associated to the culture system, feed-type, cultured
species, and farm management attitudes. As a matter of fact, Aquaculture was
previously once considered an environmentally sound practice, is now counted among
potential polluters of the aquatic environment and the cause of degradation of wetland
areas.

Environmental impacts related with extensive culture systems are considered

negligible as the systems mimic the energy flow found in natural ecological systems.
In contrast, in semi-intensive and intensive culture systems, high stocking rates
necessitate high loading of allochthonous feed materials, fertilizers and drugs. In
addition, high stocking rates also results in high metabolic waste, such as ammonia
from the cultured organisms due to huge amount of capital needed to ensure clean
discharge, most aquaculture operators in the country do not treat waste-waters before
discharge.

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 In Malaysia, aquaculture has an enormous potential for expansion and
intensification and has been identified as one of the revenue earners. Without proper
and adequate management of development, however, this may bring about an
appreciable increase in the effects of its pollutants on the adjacent environment.

One of the impact is habitat destruction, many aquaculture practices involve

clearing of wetlands and utilizing land areas devoted to other crops such as rice fields.
One of the largest users of these wetlands is shrimp farming. Rapid expansion of
shrimp culture, driven by high demand and prices, led to the destruction of vast areas
of mangroves disrupting the balance of this highly important ecosystem.

Mangroves are known to be one of the most productive ecosystems in the world
supporting the billion dollar fishing industry in the adjacent seas. The highly complex
and stable mangrove ecosystems serve as the spawning, breeding and nursery grounds
for many species of fish and aquatic invertebrates. Thus, these ecosystems playa very
significant role in sustaining fisheries resources through the tidal flushing of nutrients
and detritus that form the food base for the fisheries production, not only in the coastal
areas, but also the off-shore waters.

The second environmental impact is eutrophication. Eutrophication is organic

pollution associated with massive blooms of noxious algae, low dissolved oxygen, and
high concentrations of toxic compounds, resulting in undesirable changes in biotic
communities, such as shift in dominant species and decrease in biodiversity. Generally,
high levels of phosphorus and nitrogen are the two important factors leading to
eutrophication, especially in tropical waters such as Malaysia where other factors such
as light and temperature do not usually become limiting for algal growth.

The third impact of aquaculture is pond effluents. It is the most significant

impact of aquaculture wastes is the increased nutrient concentrations in natural waters
that can increase the microbial and harmful algal populations. The main sources of this
waste are the uneaten artificial feed and the metabolites, resulting in buildup of organic
matter and deterioration of water quality in aquaculture ponds. Various nutrients leach

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out of the feed pellets and contribute to the load of dissolved nutrients in the water. In
these ponds, ammonia concentrations usually increase to undesirable levels as the
culture progresses due to unconsumed.

The fourth impact of aquaculture is due to discharges from cage aquaculture.

In Malaysia, fish cages are normally located in protected and usually shallow areas
with generally less water circulation, such as in estuaries, bays or lagoons. In this
environment, flushing time is longer and ecosystems may reach eutrophication level
quicker than those exposed off-shore areas. Construction of cage culture units is
relatively cheap compared to equivalent land-based structures and by being immersed
in natural waters, the system avoids the need for expensive delivery of clean water and
removal of effluents.

In cage aquaculture system, excess organic matter, including excretory

products, are directly discharged into the aquatic environment in a highly biological
active form. The effects of dissolved wastes on the environment depend on the speed
at which these nutrients are diluted before being assimilated by the pelagic ecosystem.
Chemicals used in cage farming such as antibiotics and other compounds ranging from
very simple materials to complex ones like malachite green, which is carcinogenic,
caused much concern with regard to the potential environmental impact.

The fifth impact is Harmful Phytoplankton Bloom. Phytoplankton bloom due

to the rapid growth of one or more microalga species, may lead to the production of
toxin in sufficient concentrations to elicit effects obvious to the public at large.
Harmful phytoplankton may contain potent neurotoxins (e.g. brevetoxins, ciguatoxins,
domoic'acids, saxitoxins, neosaxotoxins and gonyautoxins), which can become
concentrated through bio-magnification, and pose a serious public health threat.

The sixth impact is the disease outbreak. Another major impact associated with
aquaculture is the outbreak of disease in aquaculture systems and its spread to natural
populations. Advances in live aquatic animal trade, facilitated by improved

22
transportation efficiency are now recognized as having played a pivotal role in the
introduction and spread of pathogens and diseases in many aquaculture systems.

The seventh impact is chemical residues and development of antibiotic

resistant bacteria. In aquaculture practices, many types of chemicals are used at
different stages, mainly to kill foreign organisms or to improve soil and water quality.
The use of pesticide and pesticides in aquaculture is to remove pest species from the
culture system. Residues are often highly toxic and may persist for weeks in the water
and sediment often killing non-target organisms. In Malaysia, tea-seed cake (saponin-
active ingredient), formalin, chlorine, malachite green and copper sulphate are used to
kill wild organisms that may interfere with the cultured animals.

The eight impact is that aquaculture can lead to Exotic Species, In Malaysia,
most of the cultured species are exotics. In fact, aquaculture which began in 1930's
started with the culture of Chinese carps. Today, tilapia, which was introduced in
Malaysia during 1940's, is one of the most important commodities in the aquaculture
industry. Bartley (1999) recorded that 654 aquatic species belonging to 140 families
have been introduced throughout the world.

Concerns related to the introductions of exotics include potential adverse

ecological impacts causing extinction of the local flora and fauna, transmission of
unknown diseases and alteration of habitats. Exotic fish can easily escaped from the
cages. Carnivorous-introduced species can cause displacement of indigenous species
by predation and competition.

Lastly, aquaculture can lead to decrease in biodiversity ecologically biological

diversity. It is defined as the richness in variability and evenness in distribution among
living organisms at genetics, species and ecosystem levels. It is related to the
sustainable use in the sense that the utilization of the biological diversity should not
lead to its long-term decline in order to maintain its potential to meet the needs of the
present and future generations. Aquaculture practices have many effects on
biodiversity, ranging from the obvious one such as the genetic effects of large scale

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deliberate release of farmed fish into the wild to the subtle effects such as the
competition for resources between escaped exotics with the local species

1.3.2 Impact of Agriculture on Environment

Negative effects of agricultural applications on environmental described as

external medium where human, animals and plants triple live together. Environment
consists from two pieces that human hand made and natural environmental.
Environment pollution occurred by irregular urbanization and unconscious industry
and applications. Also the balance between human and the natural environment where
human live breaks.

Main reasons of environment pollution are irregular and rapid industry,

urbanization, organic and inorganic wastes that left in environment, unintended usage
of agricultural lands and wrong agricultural applications. Erroneous using of pesticides
and chemical fertilizers, irrigation, tillage, plant hormone applications are some of the
wrong applications. Also stubble burning, planting without rotation and inappropriate
animal wastes are assumed as mistakes.

The first impact of agriculture is Air pollution. Over 37 percent of methane

emissions result from factory farming. Methane has a global warming potential 20
times higher than carbon dioxide. But that doesn’t make the carbon dioxide emissions
any less staggering…the fossil fuels used in energy, transportation, and synthetic
pesticides/fertilizers emits 90 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere every
year. On a lesser note, factory farming also releases harmful compounds like hydrogen
sulfide and ammonia that can cause immediate negative health effects in humans.
There are some farmers in Malaysia who burn rice straws to clean their fields before
replantation and preparation of agricultural plantations.

The second impact of agriculture on environment is degradation of soil. The

degradation of soil in one form or the other is matter of serious concern endangering

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sustainability of agriculture. The intensive cultivation can lead to deficiency of soil
nutrients. It also cause a decline in the organic matter in the soil. Furthermore, High
use of nitrogen and water have caused percolation of nitrogen up to water table thus
polluting it even for human consumption.

The third impact of excessive cultivation is water depletion. Agriculture uses

about 68% of total water consumption in Malaysia but irrigation efficiency is 50% at
best in the larger irrigation schemes and less than 40% in the smaller ones. There is
also no recycling of irrigated water. All of these factors challenge the sustainability of
water resources.

In Malaysia, The total water consumption for crop production is 54 trillion

liters per year which translates to 1.7 million liters of water per second is used for crop
production. Total land area used for crop production in Malaysia is about 6.6 million
hectares. So, this works out to 820 mm of water per year, or approximately 30 to 40%
of Malaysia’s annual rainfall, is used for crop production.

Malaysia, oil palm only uses about 550 liters of water for every 1 kg of crop
yield. Rice production in Malaysia consumes nearly 3,000 liters of water for every 1
kg crop yield. Coffee, cocoa, and rubber are among the highest consumers of water,
using between 10,000 to 20,000 liters of water for every 1 kg of crop yield.

The fourth impact that can cause by agriculture practice is that can lead to
deforestation. The dramatic increase in the number of humans during the twentieth
century has instigated a concomitant growth in agriculture, and has led to conversion
of wildlands to croplands, massive diversions of water from lakes, rivers and
underground aquifers, and, at the same time, has polluted water and land resources
with pesticides, fertilizers, and animal wastes. The result has been the destruction,
disturbance or disabling of terrestrial ecosystems, and polluted, oxygen-depleted and
atrophied water resources.

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 The fifth impact is soil erosion. The soil structure and climate conditions cause
to soil moving with rain in other words cause erosion. This situation not only cause to
inefficient soils, it also pollutes streams and fills up dams with soil etc. serious
environment problems. Cultivation of natural ecosystems has led to marked decline in
soil storage.

The sixth impact can be caused by wrong farming practice in Malaysia is that
can lead to changing weather patterns, globally and locally, the climate and weather
are changing and this is affecting water resources. Water planning in Malaysia does
not adequately take into account changes in weather patterns.

The seventh impact of excessive cultivation is that can cause loss of

biodiversity. As agriculture is becoming more and more commercialized, a number of
plant and animal species are becoming extinct. The crops showing high profits are
covering more area while the less profitable ones are rapidly declining, creating a
number of environmental problems. The depletion of vegetative cover such as grass
lands and forest tree species and similarly extinction of wild animals, birds and insects
is matter of concern

The eighth Impact caused is, disposal of industrial & agricultural wastes. The
use of by-products such as paddy straw and rice husk has not been made properly. The
burning of such by-products creates increase in carbon dioxide and carbon-monoxide
in the atmosphere resulting in respiratory problems for animals and human beings. On
the other hand, the mechanization of agriculture require various energy resources such
as diesel, electricity, petrol etc. Moreover, higher use of fertilizers as well, has negative
impact on the ecology of the country by air pollution. Affluent water, smoke and un-
degradable solid waste from industries and domestic uses have also been responsible
for toxicity in plant and animal particularly fish and unbalanced soil nutrients which
needs to be checked through treatment plants.

The last impact which is has indirect relation to agriculture. Many worry about
the potential impacts of the widespread use of genetic engineering, whereby genes in

26
plants, animals and microorganisms are manipulated to select for specific traits. These
genetically modified organisms, reports Greenpeace, “can spread through nature and
interbreed with natural organisms,” thus contaminating the natural environment in
unforeseeable and uncontrollable ways.

1.3.3 Impact of livestock on Environment

The first impact related to livestock on the environment is that it can cause
biodiversity loss, the damage caused by livestock production threatens flora and fauna
across the globe. A worldwide no‐meat lifestyle is calculated to prevent over 60%
biodiversity loss.

The second impact of livestock on environment is that it can be one of the main
drivers of deforestation. Not only are the livestock in this quantity contributing to
climate change, but the reallocation of land necessary to make room for the growing
demand has its own repercussions.

The third impact due to livestock is spread of disease. Over 65% of human
infectious diseases are known to be transmitted by animals. The filthy and inhumane
conditions of factory farming harbor lethal bacteria and viruses such as avian and
swine flu. Other diseases related to meat eating: tuberculosis, listeria, Crohn’s disease,
mad cow disease, campylobacter, Staphylococcus aureus, foot‐and‐mouth disease and
HIV. Antibiotics regularly administered to livestock on factory farms causes bacteria
to mutate, leading to diseases that are medication‐resistant.

The fourth impact is that livestock and its wastage can be greenhouse gas
source. Livestock and their byproducts are accountable for at least 51% of all
greenhouse gas emissions. Aerosols, or particles released along with CO2 from
burning fossil fuels, despite their detrimental health aspects, have a cooling effect that
roughly cancels the warming effect of the CO2. Therefore, livestock emissions have
played an even larger role in global warming in the near term. Methane is almost 100

27
times more potent than CO2 over a 20 year period, but disappears from the atmosphere
much more rapidly compared to centuries or millennia for CO2. The number one
source of human‐caused methane is animal agriculture. Nitrous Oxide is a greenhouse
gas with approximately 300 times more warming potential than CO2. Sixty‐five
percent of global nitrous oxide emissions originate from the livestock industry.

The fifth impact of livestock on environment is water shortage. According to

the Stockholm International Water Institute, agriculture accounts for 70% of all water
use, most of which goes toward meat production. It takes up to 200,000 liters of water
to produce 1 kilogram of beef, but only 2,000 liters to produce 1 kilogram of soybeans,
900 liters to grow 1 kilogram of wheat, and 650 liters for 1 kilogram of corn

The fifth impact cause is the pollution. The meat industry is the biggest source
of water pollution. Excessive and unregulated animal waste, chemical fertilizers,
pesticides, antibiotics, and other livestock‐related contaminants choke waterways.
Particularly, the livestock industry emits 64% of all ammonia, which causes acid rain
and hydrogen sulfide, a fatal gas.

The last issue that can be caused by the livestock island degradation. Currently,
livestock covers 45 percent of the Earth’s total land. And one-third of land is
decertified due to livestock. This means that the land is chronically degraded which
causes a loss of soil productivity; nutrients and carbon in the ground; and water
absorption. All of which could ultimately lead to displacement of people in areas where
land isn’t suitable to use.

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1.4 Government Agencies for Protection of Environment in Malaysia

The Malaysian government has established the legal and institutional

framework for environmental protection. By providing such institutes and agencies
along with the relevant polices, the country is taking advanced steps in moving
towards. The following section is to provide an overview about the governmental
agencies and the related polices.

1.4.1 Government Agencies

Malaysian government has established some departments that are responsible

for protection of the government. There are ten departments and institutes that can
help protect the environment. Each department are dedicated with specific part or field
of the environment that need to be protected by implementing rules and regulation on
human activities. It is also to provide knowledge platform about that field. Some of
the governmental departments and agencies are explained briefly in term of their
functions in the following section.

Department of Environment (JAS).The main function of the DOE is to prevent,

eliminate, control pollution and improve the environment, consistent with the purposes
of the Environmental Quality Act 1974 and the regulations there under DOE is also
responsible for the implementation of the resolutions decided by the conventions of
the international environment such as Vienna Convention for the protection of the
Ozone Layer 1985, Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer,
1987, the Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Waste and
Their Disposal Act 1989 and other areas while the success of programs of bilateral
cooperation and multilateral cooperation between Indonesia, Singapore and other
ASEAN countries on environmental management.

29
 Department of biosafety (JBK), this department are responsible for
implementing and enforce the Biosafety Act. It is also to monitor all activities relating
to living modified organism (LMO) and products of such organism. Furthermore. It is
to provide a platform for consultation with various parties in order to formulate and
update policies, laws and guidelines related to biosafety. Lastly it is responsible to
Increase public awareness on biosafety.

Department of director general of lands and mines (JKPTG). This department

function is carry out amendment or improvement of any provision of land law and
legislation regarding with land administration. It is also responsible for management
of the record of Federal Government’s Property in Land. To make an acquisition of
the alienated land for Federal Project purposes. Lastly it is responsible for tenancy and
enforcement of Federal Government’s Property in Land

Department of mineral and geoscience Malaysia (JMG). This department was

established to o provide mineral commodity information to enhance the growth of
mineral-based industries. Another role of this department is to encourage the optimal
use of geoscience information and services for the sustainable development of the
country. Thirdly it is to ensure that mineral resources are exploited in a systematic,
safe, efficient and environmentally friendly manner as well as to secure their maximum
returns to the country.it is also to encourage and diversify the use of local mineral
resources so as to contribute towards the development of the country’s
industrialization through research and development (R&D) activities.

Department of irrigation and drainage Malaysia (JPS). The Department has

moved from Ministry of Agriculture & Agro-based Industry (MOA) to Ministry of
Natural Resource & Environment (NRE) on March 27th, 2004. The Department which
is under the direction of the Ministry of Natural Resource & Environment, has over
the years taken on new and expanded responsibilities. Today, the DID's duties
encompass River basin management and coastal zone, water resources management
and hydrology special projects, Flood Management and eco-friendly drainage.

30
 Department of wildlife and national parks (PERHILITAN). The department is
formed to strengthen wildlife conservation programs through management,
enforcement, enrichment and research of wildlife. In addition, it is also to maintain the
integrity of protected Areas for the benefits of research, education, economic,
aesthetic, recreation and ecological function. Moreover it is aims at enhancing
knowledge, awareness and public participation towards wildlife conservation.

Forestry department peninsular Malaysia (JPSM). It is one of the departments

under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Malaysia and comprises
the Forestry Department Headquarters Peninsular Malaysia, 11 State Forestry
Departments and 33 District Forest Offices located throughout the peninsular. The
Department is headed by the Director-General of Forestry and assisted by two Deputy
Director-Generals. It is responsible for the management, planning, protection and
development of the Permanent Reserved Forests (PRF) in accordance with the
National Forestry Policy (NFP) 1992 and the National Forestry Act (NFA) 1984.

Department of marine park Malaysia (JTLM). This department affords special

protection to aquatic flora and fauna, and protect, preserve and manage the natural
breeding grounds and habitat of aquatic life with particular regard to species that are
rare or endangered. It is also responsible to preserve and enhance the pristine state and
productivity of such areas. Moreover, it regulates recreational and other activities to
avoid irreversible damage to its environment.

National hydraulic research institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM). This institute is

established to conduct basic and applied research within water sector such as river
basin, water resources and climate change, coastal and oceanography, hydrogeology
and water quality and environment. It is also to provide expert consultancy services
pertaining to water and its environment for the public and private sector;

Forest research institute Malaysia (FRIM). The first main functions of this
department is planning and implementing research for the development of the forestry
sector and conservation of forest resources. The second role is obtaining and

31
disseminating research information to enhance forest management and the use of forest
products. Lastly, it is responsible for establishing joint research and joint forest
development with other bodies within and outside Malaysia.

1.4.2 Agencies Polices

There are some polices that are established to provide knowledge the part of
environment that is dedicated for and to regulate the human activates against the
environment under certain set of regulation and laws. Some polices related to the
environment are briefly explained in terms of its functions and responsibilities in the
following section.

The first policy is the National Policy on Climate Change. This policy is
formed and establish to mainstream the climate change through wise management of
resources and enhanced environmental conservation resulting in strengthened
economic competitiveness and improved quality of life. It is responsible for integration
of responses into national policies, plans and programs to strengthen the resilience of
development from arising and potential impacts of climate change. Moreover, it is
aiming at strengthening of institutional and implementation capacity to better harness
opportunities to reduce negative impacts of climate change.

The second policy is the national policy on biological diversity 2016 - 2025.
Firstly, this policy seeks to encourage and empower all stakeholders to conserve our
biodiversity. Secondly, it is to ensure that all sectors of the economy are planned and
managed in a manner that does not impose pressures on our biological resources.
Thirdly, to ensure the resilience of our key ecosystems, species and genetic diversity
and that they are managed in an effective and integrated manner. Fourthly, it is
responsible to works towards institutionalizing a national regulatory framework on
ABS in line with the Nagoya Protocol. Lastly, it is to ensure that all stakeholders have
adequate capabilities, knowledge, access to information, tools, and networks to
effectively plan, manage and monitor biodiversity conservation.

32
 The third policy is the national policy on the environment. The goals of policy
are to have clean, safe, healthy and productive environment for present and future
generations, to achieve the conservations of the country’s unique and divers cultural
and natural heritage with effective participation by all sectors of society. Lastly, it aims
at achieving sustainable lifestyles and patterns of consumptions and productions.

The fourth policy is national mineral policy. This policy is aiming at ensuring
the sustainable development and optimum utilization of mineral resources. It is also to
promote environmental stewardship that will ensure the nation’s mineral resources are
developed in an environmentally sound, responsible and sustainable manner.
Furthermore, it is to enhance the nation’s mineral sector competitiveness and
advancement in the global arena. Lastly to ensure the use of local minerals and promote
the further development of mineral-based products and to encourage the recovery,
recycling and reuse of metals and minerals.

National Agricultural Policy (NAP). There are three of national agricultural

policies that has been published. First one is the national agriculture Policy (1984-
1991), which emphasized on the development of the export-oriented agriculture. The
second is national agriculture policy (1992-1997), which focused on increasing
productivity, efficiency and competitiveness. The shird policy is national agriculture
policy (1998-2010) aimed to increase competitiveness within the agriculture sector in
view of international trade liberalization.

33
1.5 Conclusions and Recommendations

Aquaculture has an enormous potential for expansion and intensification and

has been identified as one of the revenue earners. Without proper and adequate
management of development, however, this may bring about an appreciable increase
in the effects of its pollutants on the adjacent environment.

Environmental degradation is aquaculture’s downside. Aggressive export-

driven expansion has frequently caused environmental degradation to lands, waters,
and coasts; encroached on the livelihoods of the poor; and alienated commonages.
Biodiversity, critical habitats, and human and animal health have been placed at risk
through irresponsible aquaculture. However, under increasing regulation and public
and consumer scrutiny and by drawing on improved science, many production systems
have become more environmentally friendly, reducing their environmental footprint
and even contributing to environmental services.

There is strong government support for aquaculture development. As part of

the agro-food sector, aquaculture development is under Malaysia’s Agro-food
Transformation Programs which in turn is under the umbrella of the Economic
Transformation Program. The Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-food Industry (MOA)
has formulated the National Agro-food Policy until 2020 (NAP 2020). The policy
covers the period from 2011 to 2020 and seeks to gradually transform the sector to
meet national needs for food security as well as international challenges.

Agriculture remains an important sector in Malaysia. The agricultural sector

still plays an important role as food providers, create employments and generate
earnings from export products. The development of the agricultural sector is generally
governed by a comprehensive and market driven agricultural policies.

The formulation of agricultural policies has enabled the agricultural sector to

grow sustainably and contributed to economy development in Malaysia. The
agricultural policy set the direction for the agricultural sector, and as a result; this

34
sector has been transformed from a conventional and passive sector that focused on
single commodity to a dynamic, diversified and modern sector.

Livestock is still an important industry in the agricultural sector in Malaysia

despite of its long time non-resolved issues and challenges. This industry still needs
government interventions because it requires a big investment. Issues and challenges
in this industry need extensive intervention by the government to ensure all parties are
involved and in accordance with a predetermined strategy

It can be recommended that, the Malaysian tope environmental bodies should

develop a set of regulations and guidelines for investment in sustainable aquaculture,
livestock and agriculture that can be applied by all relevant investing groups and
extended through all industry. The regulation should be designed to facilitate the
investment in this industry in way that do not pose any harm to human and
environment.

Furthermore, there is need to conduct series of studies that are warranted to

acquire a greater understanding of the dynamics of private investment in three
industries and the means by which public support can catalyze private investment in
sustainable aquaculture and the transfer of benefits to the poor.

It is also recommended that the environmental protection bodies either under

government or private sector to take the serious steps to increase the awareness of the
impacts that can be cause by the excessive use or in investment in all above mentioned
industries in order to have clean, safe, healthy and productive environment.
.

35
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