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--
 I~j~ ~. NAVORD REPORT 3

Lw-

*=ItJL UENCE WP CHAMBER DIAMETR 'ON THE MUULE VEKLOCIY

-IF A GUN WITH AN EFFECTIVIELY INFINITE LENSII4 CH.M*19R

-A

Best Available Copy 54AA 53023

 /NAVORD !Fsport 3635
(
Aeroballistic Reaearch Report 218

THE INFLUENCE OF CHAMBER DIAArER ON THE MUZZLE VELCCITY

OF A GUN WITH AN EFFECTIVELY INFINITE LENGTH CHAMBER

Prepared by:

Arnold E. Seigel

ABSTRACT: This report is a theoretical study of the influence of chan-

brap (the ratio of chamber diameter to '3re diameter) on the mussle
velocity or a gun. The analysis is applied to a chambered gmu Ln which lob
all the propellant is burned before the projectile moves; the cylindri- ri-
cal chamber is assumed to be of sufficient length so that the breech
has no effect on the projectile motion. Thus, the influence of chas-
brag* is present, while the effects of the propellant burning during
firing and of the breech are not. The propellant gas Is treated as an !
ideal gas. The change of state of the gas in passing through the
section of reduction in diameter to obtained by applyin- 'he tteady
:;tat* Isentropie ;,.•
f erA•''•.L'
ene-rgy. Unsteady isen-
tropiWi flow is assmmed in a.l other Pa.rts ,r- -n.n mul

I
sle velocity as a 'zction of chembrage are obtain"U.

U. S. NaVAL ORTUANCE LJAORATORY

WaI M, OAK, MARYLJD

y -'VT r!- -A
 - ---
M..
---

ALI

?IAVOBD Report 3635

26 January 1654
v ",oft 36Y.
l•RBe

the effect
results of at theoretical aty toOf b61teh
This report presents furtherti chamber diageter bore
of gunhambter) (the..a Ofpropele the effect of
Sonthel e velocityofIt considero
Report. 2691d, winch t t10
oetf
finite chambrage and Is a sequel to W-AR stwiy was made in order to
This
special case of infinite ehsabrsp. knovledge with the ultimate aim of obtain-
interior ballistics
augment our out under project fo.
0ing bi g v locitles. The work was o•s•d

U's- 1 f.Win,~ ). 4wOTV, %RD.

Ii Captain, USS
Comader

h. ". Kv""A, Guaef

Aaroballi#tie Research Departamut

By direction

iI
f
U
 CONFIu.NTIAL
NAVORD Report 3635

CONTENTS
Page
i, Introduction . .............. . ..... .. P
II. Equations Describing the Behavior of the Prcpellant Gas
and the Projectile ............... ... 3
SIII, Obtainingof Hwaximu Projectil~e Velocity for the Chambered Gun.
Calculation of the Projectile Velocity for a
6
IV. Method
Chambered Gun . . . ....... . .. a 8
V. Calculated Projectile Behavior for' a uni vit'h*Ch'm'be'r-to-
Bore IMtamter Ratio Equal to 1.5 . .. ... ..... . 9
Caioule.ion Remarks
Vl, VII. Cr-.-,ludi.ng .. .. Imualsoe
of the First *.. ..Refleoted
.. .0.from . Broach
.. the ....
-. . 10
136

Li,,. of Symbols . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . .15

PAferences . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1. The Maxima Projectile Velocity as a Function of

Chamber Diameter to Bore Diameter ffr an Infinite-
Chamber-Length Oun .................. 17
rFigurs 2. Th" Percent of the Optimma Chambrage Maxima Projectile
Vc 14clty I,"crpaa as a Function of Chamber Diameter to
Bore Ai~ameturi t~r an eng~h COun . . . 18
h~.~e 1n,~
Fi•aur 3. Scheatic Characteristics Diagram to, ,..i.. .
guFitae ,. Portion of Cheracteristics DOiar-aa tor Chambered An.. 20
Figvre 5. Projectile Velocity vs. Travel Curves for Chambered
eruns with Effectively Infinite U:%Lth Chtmbers for
I l.. . . ................... 21
PFigur 6. G. vs. i• C.''veo it. Low- ;'•uzity R.gloa . .r - .oere
Gms with Effectively Inrinite Length Chambers for
A a 1.4. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 2.
.igr-., 7. The Percent of the Ortinm Chambrags Projectile Veloc-
ity increase as a unctoton of Chvmber Diameter to Bore
Diameter for an lfinite-Chasber-.Iaegth Gun . ....... 23
Figure 8. Projectile Veolcity vs. Travel Cume for Chambered
Guns with Effectively Infinite Length Chambers for . . 24 !
I a 1.25 * . .

' Fgure Q. Projectile Velocity as a F'unct~on* ofth Lngth of

Chamber to be 7rf{ci'vely Intiaite .......... 25 5
Figwve 1%. The Relation L.,', Prcoectile Travel and the Length
of hamber to be Effectively Infinite. ........ 26

•1.5, Table 1. Pointsandon 1the Projectile Path (Calculated f-r D1/D2 3

1.4) ... . .. .. .. .. ... . 14 1I4•

9 9T
'ii

001 .ETA

'aI~ l" ' '

) iI CONFiDE1TIAL
NAVORD Report 3635

THE INFLUENCE CF CHAMBER DIAMETER ON THE MUZZLE. VELOCITY

OF A 3U74 WITd AN EF'ECTIVELY INFINITE LENGTH CHAMBER

I. INTRODUCTION

1. The influence cf chambrage, the ratio of the propellant chamber

diametar to the barrel bore diemeter, his been theoretically examined
in reference (a) for the special case known as "optimum chambrage".
This condition of ohambrage equal to infinity yields the maximum
possible projea'tile veolcity for given gun and propellant parameters.*
(In Lost Inst,-nva the optimum chambrage conditions can be approached
by eirher A large, weli-shaped cheuiar in which the propelle ,t .. been
initially 11 burned or by a propellant burninr ;Lt the proper rate in
a smaller chamber (see reference (a).) It is nf interest here to
determine quantitatively the effect of finite chambrage on the mussle
velocity of guns.

2. In reference (a) a qualitative description of what occurs during

the firing of a oonventionel chambered gun is given in terms of the
rarefaotions and compression impulses which are prnent in the propel-
lant gas. It is demonstrated that the propellant gas directly behind
t'• projectile experiences chiefly the following tendencies for changes
In pre'%ý"rot

a, A -rop in pressure from the rare!acs2o. , - "- 1-

n!rlojoct~le
L. A rise in pressure from the compressions produced by the burning
propellant

a. A drop in pressure caused uy the rarefacttons reflactc! *..

breech

d. As a res,,lt of e,4ffbr•tga, a rise in pressure rrom the compres-

sions reflected from the transition section, which joins the ch2'e.Sr to
the barrel.

A study will be made here of a gun with finite ohambrege in which the
propellant is initially all burned and which has a sufflciently long
chamber so that the breech has no etfect c- the proj~etile rtimn. In
this simplified gun the effects of the burning propellant and of the
breech, (b) and tc) above, ari absent; and the influence of ehaebrage on
the accelerating projectile, (a) &A' (d) above, can therefore be obtained
apart from those effects.

* The propellant is auismed to burn only in the chamber.

CONFiDt.NT IAL
 CCNFIDENTIAL
HAVOIRD Report 3635

3. The one-dirensional characteristic equations are applicable to the

chamber (considered to be of constant diameter) and to the constant diam-
eter barrel:

(Uta + (U± & (U ta( = 0 )

In general, tht. .. jlution of these equations requires a mnmerical step-
by-step procedure for both the chamber and the barrel sectiouo; this
procedure can be applied to any length chamber and barrel. In the
pkrticu]ar case analyzed here of a long (effectively infinite lenitt) •4
,hanber in which the i. -opollant is initially all brwoed, the equation |
vith p alitive tsiig of 3quatio (1) inteSqate simply into t
*0

U + 4 o (2)
fOr the chamber section; consequently, no step-by-step prooodure is
required in thib case for the chamber section. (An effectively infi-
nite lng.th chamber is one suff/loatly long so that no impulses or dis-
turbancs reflected from the chember back *A reach the projectile. See
Section VI for a quantitative determination of this necessary length.)

4. Th, gas floV in the traosition .eotion, whick Joins the chamber to
t*re bors, ca-2 hw aesorlftnm b) 4" oae'"'l'us.4l ~abatie
w#y equation and the tw*-diumaoaa vnsts4 :o.t 4 .. ,
Sin" it is not f.e2.blo to use the"s equations, it Is assueM th.at tUe
rat at vtt, fm. gawpasoo#e throegh the transition section Is lsr[
relaetve to tno rate at which iooditioome o ge within the transition
sectiri~.
ditto.. in ".ff ths .4•voti0
a prticular gap lne i
layer atare theappl~icable
mtranoe toý.' rIlatO
th 4•W . aw-
setion to tlhoe I.n this ow gsa iasyr won iL is aL Ute dAlt of th
transition section are the steady equations of ooetini•ty and eierpy.
By steady equations Is meant that the equations

'uA -o&tont (3)

&WdT + h -ameast (4)
are applied to saah gas layer, the ooetanta to gamerel being alightly
different for each sueessIv layer.

5. It can be shown by th nm ameganta as

" Oessted in refermen (a)
that the use of the steady now equatiomn to dscoribe the pa low
between the ohamber sad the barrel of a Can y1al1s a larger projectile
velocity than the use of the isisteady equations. (The ac*=%,ay of the

* See List of 2.mbole.

*'This s• true boeusoe all downstream o'amrsoawristle liese in the obub-
her originate fims gas at rest and at tat Initial thermodynamic state of
tho p. For et detailed explanation, see ref, -once (4).
2
c001WIMLJL,
 CONFIDENTIAL
NAVORD Report 3635

4'steady flow approximation to the unsteady condition can be obtained

from specific gun experimental results.') In support of the use of
this approximation, however, is the realization that the steady state
"condition is approached in the transition section of our s..mplified gun
with the passage of time.

6. With the assvmptlUpns stated above and the additional assumption that
the prousdS is thermodynamically reversible, it is possible to study
quantitatively the influence of chamber diameter on the muSile velocity
of guns. The method of calculation and the results obtained are pro-
sented below.

II. Equations Deuscribing the Behavior of the

Propellant Gas and the Projectile
7. The gun is visualized as having a constant-diaester chamber of
effoctively infinit, length joined by a trensition section to a constant-
diameter barrel. The projectile is positioned initially so that its
back end is at the beginning of the uniform-area barrel sectinn. It Is
asumed that the propellant burns completely before the projectile begins
to move, ',rducinsthe high-pressure propellant gas at initial and peak
pri.asure Pe and sound velocity 0. (see sketct 'wlow). Dt

The %i.Pellantgas is taken to be ideal with a ratio cf specific heats,

of L.4. (T. method ,ised, hcwovr. oaan oe applied to an imperfect
ge V, "6, 14=2-- ,"'. :!n., Z- (o e t id,.'." 41 -SA,•1.4 in
Selected bec9ue e.%peri1mnto to cofirm the Ueoreu•a •-
obtained in this report were carried out using air; thmo experiments
are deascribed in reference (b). For generality, di' ý :lonlesa variables log
are used; these are !1sts bNl.%

•. p. Ax p. Ax
X z 5 q! M

p.At p.At
T-
M[Z /(6 -1)] C.o 5 CL.M
------------------------------------
"*Smh experimectal results ere deenribed in reference (b).

.. . .. .. . ..----...
 CONFIDENTIAL
NAVORD Report 3635

a5 C•

CL CL dv (
Ee - I-O -, CO

ro

It Is Is e tha eac part of tbe propellant gas expands. Iee-

~~c.±oe~y;the"'efore. sinlce the propellant. gas is ideal,
.L4
CL di/v? ~¶ '~-

spae.. From this assumption ear that of pelstrplat y, L im

o,-.daosiiol Imaitum equation #n oot•ntiuty equation leae to the
ouie-dwaisional obaraortia equatlon. Wittn in dimensionles form,
these equations are

7)arpy t boh he
Roqatine hamer ndbarrel sections. Since the
chamberIn
effetivelyds. lengh (and ootein the back
part of the propellnt gas rimaiso at reot in it initial state in the
ohnaber), th eqution with ptlte sips of equaton (7) boce

Thus, for the at-pber section the am of the gas veloeity, and

remis a onstant. This tact Giml~iftes the treatmnt of the po

pollant gas in the chamber section. 'n th.. barrel section, however,
no ouch smplifieation is possible: AHr equations (7) mout be solved by
a n •mrl"I. ep-by-stsp process.

CONFIIDUTIAL
 CONFIDM'IAL
NWVORD Report 3635

"9. In the trsnsitimn section, which joins the chamber of cross-

sectional area A1 to the barrel of cross sectional area k2, thd Ps
flow is described by the
steady flow equations of TRANSIT IONSECT .,
continuity and energy.
Wit. the subsoript '1'
denoting the sttitt of the
pa iL; he chamber at the ,Od
entrance to the transition CHAMBER I ,AR,.L
section, and the subscript
"20 denoting the state of
the gap in kg tArrel at
the .xdi of the transitioln
section (nee sketch), thise
equations an:

p, U, A, = 9 2U Az
and h I+ 2,a
/ hz+ LL./ a
In dimasior'less form equations (9) become, with the uae of equations
(5)and (6), _ a A _ !-

A,. (i.)

+t (+)
z
where t..e thjlle h has beow repleced y it. equi•alnit for the ideal

10. Aquation (6) mea be applied in yartiaular to the czatweaoe of t~he

tuenaition asectimw. yielding +(?

With the assumption that the paoctil- it ulppoaed by air li re iI i i

tront and friction tlorees, the equation for the projectile acceleration t

dt P (13))

7C-+
From oquatins() (10),U), and (13) the entire behaviorofthe pe
 CONFIDETIAL
NAVORD Report 3635

III. Obtaining Maximum Projeutile Velocity for the Chambered G"h i

11. By the use of the equations presented in Section II, the maxium
projectile velocity can be obtained easily as a function of the ratio of

k
is attained II
chamber diameter to beaTel diameter. The maxism projeoctile velocity
by an unopposod
klthe,,.• ~length.
projectile in a gmn of infinite barrel
this velocity Is an idealizedI .Wmt, It to instruc-
tue to see the efrect of chambrage on this limit.

12. A3 the projectLIle velocity increases in a chambered gua with inf.'

nit. chimber sthngth and Infin*te barrel length, steady state ocnditi'i:i
tn the tras5• ý£io sectl.on are cpproachsd, a•d the velocity at the exi
of the tr3naltion section approaches the local'sonic velocity.* When
the projectile has reached its maxium velocity, the steady state co-n
ditions viii exist in the transition section, and the gas will be flow-
ing with sonic speed. Thus, the steady flow equations (10) and (11)
Allr1 £t. apply at this time; and, in addition, the velocity at the
tranaitinn section *wit can be equated to the sonic velocity without
approximatiAon.

U'; Az zr (10)
_-. --

II 4a

wbere all the quantitleom are fro Ci.;k tiv% t..nurj.-c i'.-.c
Is a aMaximu.
13. As the cember to effeetvely ialeite in length, equation (6) Gan
be applied to the gas in the hmab at "t mtrt.e to thi trt-slt.s o
eeetics at this time
•,+ •, = I(12)
Lion
To detersie the axi proje.tleo velocity, the Ilgtoes traveling
4oanItream froi the t-ramitlm motio tom l4 the prvjecule wy be
13) examined. For each of them impalse the qv&*Utty * iin a emstantt
6b yequap i (7)), a diterit *.tut for ea.. imW .e, equal to
Ws , a&nee th" travel fM Um exit of the tranaition sectlon.
Wa •Projeetile
W Is trwatlm at Unzim evd, th PreI we y 'be
ps idreetly behlM. to is oft, an bwame the Ndmen function Ctr of

9 TIM swin velocity with *•tab Sa cam ise L ftaro the cin sber into the
barrel is the looal velocity of sov; t.e is trone u*Atbir the nlow Is
steady or unstea.9y.
6
COW.INITIAL •

. . I II.'I ;. *... - - .--- -

 CONFIDENTIAL . .

NAVORD Report 3635r

this gas (by equation (6)) is zero. The~refore,

=~PR4(U ,+(15)
vhere U. is the dimensionless maxima projectile veloclity, and the
quezstitiA In the equation refer to the time when the Projectile veloc-
"ityin a wuxizmum. With equation (14) the mawdxam projoe+tle velocity
becomes
3 +1~

14. Ims equations (10), (11)•, (12), (14), and (16) the relation
ettw"ý tWa max2z a •rojectile velocity and the ratio of the chamber-
tt-.bore ar-7ý*s~seotional area f or ohamber-to-bore diameter) aw hs
obtained for the Infinite-chamber-length gm. ,/. = (Di/D =

L_T + T(VL)('-0)]J I
it in evident from equation (17) that, as expcte, the uuximm Pro-
jectile velooity for aen Ininite-chasiber-length, constant-dimtter gml
(Dj./• -1) is . .,/(s -1) (I.e., . is equal to 1). ah=tber, it to
amr that as Dj 'L12 ap1,e.cOi'f9 *n 'tnAaits, valv. - this would beVt.'the
caeo f th ptla e4N ~ U horalM
(or mJ.. apzruadacs rC+II I,; this(Vr,#*&L&A -, .,uw a
.. , uLman -,locity result obtained In reference (a) for the optinmi

1. , or a pe•pUant gas of I e-'r1 to 1. v the 9wldm projectile

TMe result is shows in Figure 1.
o16.
?he bnanee n the mdxmm ýas-ea•llU wolo.ity an a result of(
•r utm by
divided V , thq Seuvraseasina the
expresse wojeotile
puetae, is YoOsoity a result
designatedas tL* pa-
iof *pin
cantth of optheima db f ahasbrage
optima a velocity• i aro in.nese
m sa i mzxmst'wvelocty so . Thus, perent
Sof

KU-
Thus Pezofttapg hasCe calaulateod as a ftectio't of chauber-to-bore
dissister (PL/T 2 )tfor both a Itequllto1.4 propellent gas WAda I
as a single marrbecause, quit*# sworlsi~ngly, the percentage was
7 II
_ I•
cOwr11AJTIAL II_ I In' l II n I

'aP._,
 COMALETUT .l
NAVORD Rsporm 3635

found to be a&ost exaotly the same for sash 3 •tit i#oro-s.trated

that the percentage of the optima ohcabrugs m•xianm velo-At y increase
is practically Independent of I between the imits of 1 equal to
1.25 to 1.4.
1%. It might be reiterated at this point that the equations used In
ohtai*4nia^ lerig s 1 ani• 2 af not approximate anab but exactly describe
J the assumed seontropic g(as flow for cn Infinite-ehamber-length gun when
the projectile velocity io a maxima.

IV. hather of Calculation of the Projectile

VYority f'-r a Chvaberod Otn
18. To lc•.Ae the pro. itile velocity fo: a hambered gpm of effec-
tively infinite length from ;•,q'atiana (7), (10), (11), &nd (13), it it
necessary to use i; the barrel sectico the step-by-step numerical char-
vaterirt'.ce method. (Thit @*U*o. is otvlized in references (b), (e)
and (f), and in many other reports.) his requires the use of a char.
acteristi:. net (tw, sets of inter.e •tlng haraterlstia lines in the
another wV~t
place -- slope
one a - ELslot*
with , slong
U vua, along
a -Z• which
is constant)
'a* Is. oJmtext,
The
i €lbamct*rir c "•nes rvrz~i,4 tte :-et can be interpreted as the path of
diaturbo-it .rn-Llcee, site*, as on~e goes alonl a charsoteristio line,
one traeveisa tmhe ".sed a aa&disturbance &uld, that Is, at the
loo"• •oelco tr of sound ralative to% 4.o -0 ,:
A ,he ,.o .. or a characteristioc diagrm for a chaaberst
un Is shown IU. Firs ;. 'an this figure the point-. 0, A, S, C, D,
etc. am poirtsi on• J.. projectile path; the line 0-0' represents the
heoinnin• of the conimtat-41imter barrel seotor, the line T .TI repr-
sent. the end of the taerI.LV.

entrance and exit to the transiioo eoation is obtained from equations

(10), (11), and (12). Thus, thepe equationf tar- ; combined to yield
the relation between rr, end , I,

011
with equation (19A,. .qiustia (10) and (Aconveniently yiel the 4
rel.tione betwee • , @ 1, %,Lad
•t for use in the oalculatior.
21. To aegin the nuserleAl solution, az initial point along the pro-
jectile path' (poiant A in rigure 3) am be obtained by asesalag that the
wessur*-velcoity r•i.stionahip behind the projectile up to that point

O
ITLL

-!- -,
 1 ~CONP'IDEMAL
NAVORD Report 3635

asation. This approx-

in the same as that at the exit of the transition
to a. = .08 for the optiuiZ
imation hias been found to be satiatactor) up
desired by taking point A
chambrage gm;.it can be made as accurate as
as close as desired to point 0.
from point A by tba usual
22. The characteristics not in continued
from Taints 0 and A, point 1 La calculated;
nuwij~aeiO 1 methods. Thus, calavlatedo
froa 1 :"ýd A, point B is and so on. Conditions &t the sdtt
1, 2, 3, 4, etc.) are
of the transition section (rpeented by peints
calculated from the value Of I on the upati-esa impulses (6.9:,
equations (19), (10),' and (12). To
A-1, B-29 C-3, etc.) and the use of
becoming too coarse, a parabola is
prey:--t the C~iarp-terlstics net from a
fittLi -A ti-roug the point3 D, E, arrý F In
Figure 3. With thi -raý-Wlg
0, 'And ? a-* aalculated and t-004 to
the POWu ~ ,O4 Y', t,
continue the characteristics net.

V. Calculated Projectile Behavior for a Oun with

Chamber-to-Bore Disaseter hatio Equal to 1.5
velocity and tho chamber-to-
23. From the relation between the max"=~ the expression for the percent
bert d'.saeter WUc, *quatL,,r (17), and
ratio which Yields a
velocity increase, equation (18), the disaseter
iuc-26ase Qian be
of thed-"optimum chs&abrage msxtIMM valocitY
valse of 50% T.is t--- 1.511 for a' I -- -l
4 aIulated. -"t:14p
ellantg(andapproA
-qi" int-Iz t -

2)); therefore, toaw ual.uulatiofl of

a X souai v.o 1.25 gas love Prgure chambered run with Dl/D2 equAl to
* *'ojectile tehavior was doue for a
diagram is shown in Fig-

4,
portion of the %-Auml characteristice the
&.~3 Pr%.jectile path of
tar 4.~ acultedvalues for fiints aloi,. 1
4 s en
*l'1 in-ted 1.5).
the ta'JD2 .- . g1wr Are" .Ve'r i. Ta'AeA ar
(re_____db___n___,2__,__e__)

2A. plate of Wojeotile velocity ii. versus travel 5 !'re given in Fig-
with chamber-to..bors disameter
U"r 5 for guns using a 4 v 1.4 Wa,
~equal to 1 (see reference W)". t..511 (the 6 Is Gase versus herm), aWd
the calculated
UAL.
(optima chambrage CI).(•igure
.) It is apparte trfm
nt teo o cuves that U16
nthe le veloaity region.
halfway between the
a Velocity of the iJ/D2 = 1.511 gun is aPPjtozitely
6 v*locitiss. Thus, the D1/D2 - 1.5
VIID2 a 1 a:W the D1/D2 = 00 optiana
the
gvn, iiiieh yiels "0 of s944 cabmbrege velocc ~y leorease at
is to Yield ApOairately " of the optiam
4 maioh velocito,
2,
increase for %U velocities. The ourve of Figure
~mhravevlocity
h
Aio applies to the mulmad velocity Increase at Infinite travel.
of a obasberid gm
theruoreo,ade be opplied to the velocity Increase
pTojectile travel. This ctve ise frPlottedIn Figure Is with the
a tg velocity increase',
oibeled the Opercent of the optimn. chmabrege
or4tnas

Lk)J'-;4- %/~ --
 CONFIDENTIaL
NAVC•WD Report 3635
/U

where %Lis the projectile velocity of the chambered gun, LLCh/ 1 ,h

is the projeotile velocity of the constant-diameter gum, and u...j a. 3
to the projectile velocity of the optimum cha brage PmL all to be taken
at a given projectile travel. Figure 8 is a E, versus x plot fur
chambered guns (Dl/D2 a 1, 1.5p, ) drawn for It equal to 1.25 by
analogy witb th..e 7 equal to 1.4 plot@.*

25. Figures r, , (or 8), and 7 can no,# be employed to obtain the pro-
jectile velocity for any chambered gun with effeatively inf.nite length
chamber, For example, to obtain the nuzzle velocity of an effectivel-
infinite chamber length gun of Dl/D2 x 2, and I a 1.4, whose diJn-
sionleis baz:el oencO' x suals .015l one would find from Figare 7
that ,U opt.uma chami'.ag velocity tncrecee is 70 percent. From ?,
,are 1". I-,b, ;.: .126, t.%,/D.J .149; therefore

~-.I26 - .70
.'49 .126
and the velocity of this gun would be

LL4 , o LL .71

i• C',,.-,ion of the First Topuls8o Reflected from the Breech

26. It h,-.: o,'m;.iasieed that. the analysis pre.entsd in this paper

it for a gnm whose viAmboa lenrbh to g e inft~ite. Tor•- gM
in which the . elitn* to ir•.• ally a!i ouried :rnd ,*t . o
jectile behtvior 's unaffected by the clwa&ber back end (the breech) untml
the rerefaitika impulses which origiuate f'rk the pror.~tll &..ioaare
reileoted ferom the brteeb and reaub the projectile. (The first buch
impelse is referrnd to at the fi'et :frleaAtod impulse from th %,jah.)
A gw whose chamber length is jajul infnite is, therefore, .o.
in which the chamber is of suffiolent ltmgth so that t.e firsi. retf~i.-Wd
impulse does not eeah the projectile while it it In the barrel. A gun
utiose barrel la•eth Is short would requiri a relatively short chamber
for an effectively infinite chamber length, wher-es a long barreled gun
would require & relatively - ng chamber. It.e ia;ýroes refloeted from
Ots breech which originated from the paojeotilo are rarefaction .tmls"es
when they r.ach the proJoet 4 1,, they lower the pressure of the
behind the pro•ie•tile. and, oonsequently, the pmj*jeti)e ,elvoWY is
lese than if there w~re no br•ech reflecting tho.. impulses. aw the
chamber-to-bore -flnme r ratio inereases, the effects of these reflected

;An error in the K - 1.25 case ocourr'ng iu rere . (a) has osen
corrected in Fitgws S.
XKrFIDUT AL

- . #. ~- -
 COLFIDENTIAL
NA7ORD Report 3635

rarefaction impulses become itrczand les s (3see doussion in refer-

on," W). In fact, the one-disnsional theor used here dtowtu tratee
if D t/heo2
st~iat is infinite, there ia no effect due to a breech.)
S27.infinilA
Obtaining tbe chamber length necessary to be effectively
requires the calctuation of the reflflted
path or •ke first imprlses.
hAs
bfore, the eases of D/e r = 1, 1..5, and oo are tonstderad, For a
gn of constantdi ameter, Heybey (
(e )) has obtaind analytic
Sexpreasions for the path of the first reflected Impulse in the ofbase
a perf eltgas. These aydbe traasfortee to yield

0 .. +I)/" C.S I

xe Is the dimensionless dl/tarce f1ro the breech to the insti..

Awhere
position of the projectile back end and U9t
t i the domenwionlest pro-

The relation between thebrrel velcto be te travel

X for aoa
(onstDmD
t1-40 ter gun (oiferenze
W)s is ti

inctihe vaelocit when the first reflected impls rache the pE*section.le
refmeacivn c l nst nt at n'be obtaina dl asue. thus, the 1 ie ii •
chabe" b t.irrel
length) and projeitile velocity. These relations are
for the tigtres 9 and 10 as the D/romt = ploti. i
ermquatio n(0)o (19)
28. L
or &iaplueitimen ealgulati.in eohstrates
tha, fortwwL~
the path o hs lenths.
w)
first JOO t-jg'e
reflected be
impulse
between the ehagben, and barrel is taken to be sero. An exoamnation of
equation (1o) or (1t) dtocstratesp& t the optim qirdfo
re.
• tWe
(Di/D =s O0 ), the v elo
q)ty
of the in the tmssectin is zero,
eober
and the pressure,
a oound ilct , y, ondtetar prsjoesdi..en in the
fir mberstb
reai constant at their Initial values. Thus, the Impulses ir, LAW
chamsber seatces travelat the initial sound vlocity;
tamthe tipe re *e rad
for
equal to 2byX,,,/,!.o
ft Alo nor,
e e .di'.ansionles.•y,
traval f mthe4 transition
"•Ce4/{-11point
. a back is

.29. s~ac: , lua of time (egP In the 4-,,t~h benlow) along the 7 aso
the (the. ginnin of the barrel) obtailed Orm the optimum chsbe
"eaoulation can be taken to correspond to the time required for theare
: •~irst impulise to reflect frov the breooh to the transition se•atonj Umei~
: brech ditarate 7reo is equal to (-1),/4 of this time, and the voloo- .e
itt, osiior
y, ad o the projeostile when the first
imulerochsitatQca bst naisd from the optimum tharg cal- ,l
oulat.'on by frolloving the do~merats-a impiulse f'rum P. In this manner
the patba of the first reflected iny-As~s for the Dj/D2 =00 case ar"

CONFIt.4TIAL

ii
 CONFIDENTIAL
NAVORD Peport 3635

obtained. The resultant Dj/D2 C* plots are showm in Figures 9

and 10.

PRO JECTILF..

I I
I.1
ZIP tJ
CHAMBER

)
•---4 Yea/W-,)
F

30. For the D1/D2 - -. 1 case the characteristic equation* ,.a :.4
,.n the. mh'rior mection (where U- + .1) to obtain the path ;f the
lie first reflected enulse. From pointa R sad S used previously in the
)/I2 a 1.10 cic1amWi'nn, ou the T a 0 line (see sketch belov) pint T
valcuit.d: etc.
can be calculated, from T and U the pe'!nt V can '-e

Oer -

X PATH -

L CHA R IR
T t

IxI

12
COWFIDENTIAL

Si*

i-t '- .. A
l - i
 CONFIDENTIAL
NAVORD Report 3635

Point X, which specifies X', , is -the intvriection of the downstream

characteristic R - T - V... and the first upstream impulse (of slope
-2/( -1)). SinIce point Y on the projectile pc-th has bee, calculated
previously, the first reflected impulse pai:, is c•'letel; krown. In
thir manner the chamber length to be effectively i:,.•:nite was calculated
for .e D]/D2 = ,• cave; the results are shown in Figures 9 and 10.

Y•. The curves of Figures 9 and 10 illustrate that vhe DI/;:. = 1.5 case
is approximately midwa., between the DI/D2 = I r'nd D1i/2 = CO cases; there- rt-
fore, tie plot of Figure 2 (or 7) can be used to obtain the chamber lengths gthi
noceear~y to se etfectively infinite for diameter ratios other than 1,

VII. CONCLUDING REKAPJ(S

32. It. ii seen that t.izquantitative results obtained here are in

agreement with the qualitative deopription of tho effect c hambrage
given ir reference (&). There i,brage and a buming propellant are
pictured as creating comprssuion Impul1s which increase the prcjectile
,rlocity. ALiternately, chanbrage and a burning propeolle can be viewed 1(
* as asking possible the closer -<,sitioning of the propel ing gas to the
proJeetile, thereby incr'e•,ing the projeotilp velocity.

3 it ia to be r-phasissu that the conrtu

i. . e ,in- '-
on the influonce of cYAmbrage are applicable und.'r tUh. t.~itions that
(•. thq ,str and bL.:'-el are cylindrical, (b) .he propellant gas is
,'1W bu-ned oefece the projectile moves, tc) the propellant ges is an
i,'a *ac, (C) the expansion of the gas is i|:rc,"oc, (e) the chamber is
sufficiently lc'g thk-' the breecl. *-as ,-., aT.ott :;. -- "ro}-t
1 Xe motion,
and (f) the steady flow equations apply in the trouiaition sect•ion. Thu
validity of the last condition must await experimento] results. The other
conditions are not satisfied by conventional gu,.., sud eanes must be
exercised in the application ct vhsb results to suh lmms; however, they
are closely approached in s(,me unorthodox guns to which these xi-r-ts
Scar; be directly applied. For ionventiopal guns (i.e., in which the ?a-a
pellant burnms diring the projectile motion) the velocity gain from cha.h-
braes cs be less than calculated here. This is due to the fact that a a
-Tessure suseining effect b~hind the projectile can us achieved from the th4
Spropellant's ocrinued burning. This pressure sustainLng effect from
* cctirtued bmring is more and more difficult to obtain as pr'ojectile
S. v•locities 're Increased (because if the high rate.- -f burning required), )
buý i prorea,.-;e sevetaining effect frot chamar..ge is obtainable at high
I~o. 'ties. Thua, the uso of chambrage it particularly advantageous in
high-;,,z,,,y conve.'c-a, guns. NAVORD Report V3T17 (in preparation)
elves an 4. nroximato koth+,ýd of treating nhaabrage in conventional gun

13
* ~~COMAKL~*IAL
 CONFIDENTIAL
NAVORD Report 3635

TABLE I

POINTS ON THE PROJECTILE PATH

(Caloulated for D1/D2 = 1.5, and = 1.4)

Point t U. 00
0 0 0 1.0 1.0 .2r,

A .00048? ,031A7 1300 .985 .8965 1o"9

F, .r x'687 *G376 .,1353 .9792 .863 .;38
.0%015 .1462 .0427 .9768 .F49 .1954
I) .001660 .0597 .0538 .9683 .798 .1937
E .003203 .o841 .0723 .9538 .718 .1908

•.004329 .0951 .08 .9498 .794 .1890

8 .004639 .1026 .085 .9423 .660 .1885
1 .005295 .1102 .090 .9378 .638 . 1876
S.006018 .1181 .095 .9332 .616 .1866
o.06793 .1261 .100 .9289 .597 .1858
.007643 .1341 .105 .9248 .579 .1850
F .008395 .31"h.1 .;18 .35 .-'54
L .)z2 91 .175 .1268 .9074 .
H -315648~ .20i .1397 .8962 .464 .1792
T 120 "-!3 .2317 .1533 .8851 .4,26 .1770
J .026336 .26i90 .1683 .8M3 .38i .1743
x .3127 .184r) .8569 .3.19 .1714
:r L .)44148 0.06 .2007 .8.7 .297 .1691
m .055197 .-144 .2156 .e265 .264 .1653
y N .158593 .8230 .2955 .7491 .131 .1498
0 .4m&)88 1.6289 .4733 .6728 .062 .1346

14
COWPIDITXIAL

its. _ .. . .
 'AVC2Fi Report 3635

LIST OF SYMBOLS
C. - Velocity of sound

A, - Cross-sectional area of propellent chamber

Az - Cross-sectional area of barrel bore

D1 - Diameter of propellant chamber

-- iaaeter of tbrrel bore

h - Enthalpy
I M - Mass of projectile

-Pressure

t -Ti
W Gae or projectile velocity

X - Position coordinate cf gas elenmat

- Distance froa breech to transition section

- Specific heat -

- Gas density

0' - Riemann function, defined as f4 dp/V)$ S S aentropy

A symbol vith a bar is dimensionless and is related to the dimen-

sional quantities by equatlons (5). The subscript "ow refers to the
initial state of the gas at rest in the chamber; the subscript "10
denotes the state of the gas in the chamber at the entranee to the
transition section, and the subscript U20 denaess the state of the gas
in the barrel at the cit of the transition seetion.

"15
cONFIDIWTIAL
 CONFIDENTIAL 1%
NAVORD Report 3635

R&FERENCES

(a) NAVORD Report 2691, The Effect of the Optimum Chambrage on the
Huztle Velocity of Guns with a Qualitative Description of the
Fundamental Phe.omena Occurring During Gun Firing, by A. E. Seigel.

(b) Ni.v'ORD iport $636, h0sUIT.5 of Chombrage Experlinnts on Guns with

Effectively 1.,finite Lengh Chaaber3, by A. E. Seigel and
V. C. D. Uinson.
j (c) P. Car',ere, Proc. Seventh International Congress of Applied
Mechanics 3, 139 (1948).

(d) A. E. Seigol, The Rapid Expansion of Compressed Gases behind a

Piston, (Doctoral Thesis, University of Amsterdam, January 1952).
(e) NOLN 10819, A Solution of U'.range's Problem of Interior Ballistics
by Means u" Its Charace-ristic T-ines, by W. H. Heybeo.

(f) P. de Hauilr, BulluLir 'Tecn. Suisse (omande No. 1, 1 (1948) and

q-],er To,. R~aw. N-i;... 6 (1945).

16
CONFIDENTIAL

].
 CONFIDENTIAL
NAVORD REPORT 3635

I0-
_____
____ __ _ _ __ ____

biM
W!IL
1'~ 0

ISOI 0

I sw
U-.U
<_

'In

LAJ U0.

-~4

"Wil AOO'13A
U'3V -011103I'OU fnlNixv

CONFIDENTIAL
 I CONFIDENTIAL
- NAVORD REPORT 3635

3w
K'W W

in LW
L

ii~~ - cr

-CID

1W I Z

-z Ic
R ' r
0

I - li
 CONFIDENTIAL
NAVORD REPORT 3635

(r~

'II
VV
w

Cf

-U

9w
(;ON~iENTIA
 CONFIDENTIAL
3635
NAVORD REPCRT

i
•" ~Di

62 I

7 1.4

I N 0.015-
C10

-
/ N
.44

/7
p.9

41

I 'a

0 0

I i
0
1 0
0 0U s'.u6

L DIAGRAM FOR CHAMBERE~D GUN

APORTION Of CHARACTERISTICS
FiG.4oOFDETA

CONFIDE NTIA L

l l l li I 'I
; ; l ll; ; = l== I
 GONFIDENTIAL
NMA/ORD REPORT 3635

K
HD z

w i

II ~LL.
X:
0
=>2

F-i

'~>-,

tr~> 1 oW

> >
I )
(.)_
w)
w
_j

0 W

CONFh TIAL
 p NAVORD REPORT 3635

-4 0 0

C 0

A
CONFID. a

AJ 61
"I
 CONFIENTIAL
NAVORD REPORT 3635

I-.

UW
I~
O
H --
"

rc
0LWO

maz~
I4 w
LAJLIJ
2-4
Z ol

Lr.-
- -- -.-.
J CONFIDENTIAL
NAVORD REPORT 3635

co CAI -T

LL

j~
8

I I'
1 mc

0zc1
-
_ _ _ _L _ U__

6L-"J
11 l rIiw
Io w

2n42
CONFIENTI>

dt
Ii) ~CONFIDENTIAL
I 4i

NAVORD REPORT 3635

LU w

z z
- ~:w w

___Og- 0

zzz

-z--p

*W - L.L.

CONFU. >TA

t 6_

-J.a
 if
-
CONFIDENTIAL
NAVORD REPORT 3635

ZW

, U- W

AJ -I

z
0I-

jLL j 0 wI--

in w.

0¾
uj
-- ~iV i19N1
j39#4H~ .LHL~43 13Wx

x
U3
26w
CONEIDENI.'d
A0
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0. Ric* Corporation
getroitF. Controls
Att~t
806 City, Street
Che-tnut 9
Redwood Califonlig via INSMAT
Attn: tessearch Director
Viat Assistant Inspector of Naval Maetorial
533 W.ddlefi6ld Road
Redwood City, California

I,-.7
 Superintendent
U. S. Naval Gun Factory
Washinoton 25, D. C.

* Redel, Incorporated
7405 Varna Street
North Hollywood, California
i&. I.•pentor of Naval Material
1206 S. Stee Street
Los Angeles 15, Califuonia

Mathieson Chemical Corporation

Research Division
NiL-,ari Fa1s, Now "ork
.Aa: inspeLtor of Naval MsterWar
Hntel 3uffalo - 14t. Floor
Washington and Swan Streets
Buffalo 3, New York

Experiment, Incorporited
P. 0. Box 1-T
Richmond 2, Virginia
Attn: brran via INSAT

Navy Research Section

U*br*%y. of Cr,!isq
c/o Technical Inf-.m.tl,.. D..visiun
"•ashinw%,t 25, D. C.
.Aoflcv of Navel Research
o..•nent of the Havy
Washrngton 25, D. C.
Attr•: Code 4b6

Cnrnell Aeronautical Laboratory, Inc.

4455 Geneses Street
&xfralo 21, New !;rk via INSMAT
Attn: Mr. J. T. Grey

Olin Industries, Inc.

Winchester Divisi,,n
Neu Raven, Connecticut via INSMAT
Attn: Pr. R. S. Holmes

Stanford Research Institute

Palo Alto
California via LNSMAT

* Attni Librarian

,
II
-. *..
 I
Powder Comlpnn
Hercules~Wilmington,
Delaware

Attn: LAboratory via INSMAT

Commandinlg Officbr (R & D) (PC)

Springfield Ar-ory
%4,ringrielbd, Mass8.

Mr. E. H. Smith
SE.H. Smith and Company
ersingDrive
cý%
IPsilver Spring, Maryland via INSMAT

1 t
fr Bernar-' Lewis
Coambstion and Explosives Research, Inc.

I' Alcoa Building via INSMAT

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