IPA16-255-SG

PROCEEDINGS, INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION

Fortieth Annual Convention & Exhibition, May 2016

PERSPECTIVE OF ISOLATED CARBONATE BUILDUPS FOR HYDROCARBONS

EXPLORATION TARGETS IN MENJANGAN ISLAND, BALI, INDONESIA

Kevin Muster Regulus Victor*

Muhammad Bima Perkasa Alam*
Delyuzar Ilahude**

ABSTRACT variations in porosity and to detect both direct and

Carbonate buildups of all ages serve as reservoirs
for approximately 40 billion BOE of recoverable
hydrocarbons. Isolated carbonate buildups are
commonly attractive exploration targets. In
Menjangan Island, the shape and locations of
tertiary buildups occurs by reflect tectonic,
topographic, or hydrographic control. The thickness
of ramp tertiary buildup reservoirs is seldom greater
than 100-200 m. This research is located in
Menjangan Island at coordinates S08o03’-08o07’
latitude and W114o25’-114o35’ longitude. The
sequence stratigraphy of the research area from old
to young are Selatan Formation, Prapatagung
Formation, Asah Formation, Jemberana Vocanic
Rocks, Volcanic Rocks Ancient Buyan-Bratan and
Ancient Batur, and the youngest deposition. The
method use for this research is by improving the
resolution and subsequent geological interpretation
of high-resolution Sparker seismic reflection
surveys that are being developed for shallow
marine. The result of seismic data interpreted in L4
and L6 seismic trajectory. Isolated carbonate
buildup is located in Bali-Flores Basin, the type of
this basin is back arc-thrust. This seismic can be
identifying onlap, toplap, and downlap data to
present the isolated carbonate buildup margin
reservoir candidates. The paleontology analysis to
prove that isolated carbonate buildup formed by
organic material content.
Isolated carbonate buildups have a characteristic
combination of seismic faults that aid in recognition
and evaluation of their hydrocarbon potential. The
hydrocarbon potential field is characterized by two
main productive faults. Paleontology analysis
showed one of them is a skeletal buildup from the
Selatan Formation. The reservoir can be found in
mid or outer ramp isolated tertiary buildups.
Geological structures that can be observed in this
track is the fault found in the eastern part of the
track. This fault appears to the surface of the seabed
surface. The ability of the seismic data to indicate
indirect indications of hydrocarbons within the
buildups is illustrated.
Keywords: carbonate buildups, Menjangan Island,
reservoirs, seismic, stratigraphy
INTRODUCTION
Carbonate buildups of all ages serve as reservoirs
for approximately 40 billion BOE of recoverable
hydrocarbon (Longman, 1993). To identify modern
carbonate reservoirs there are three types: flat spots,
dim spots, and buildups. Isolated carbonate buildups
are commonly attractive exploration targets. This
can be identified from marine geological and
geophysical investigation in order to identify the
existence of these reservoirs. Carbonate buildup is a
carbonate composed of high organic content that
always look for high ground and the sun so that
always piles up. Geologically, the Menjangan Island
is a carbonate buildup located on the north side of
Bali. In Menjangan Island, the shape and locations
of carbonate occurs by reflect tectonic buildup,
topographic, or hydrographic control. The focus by
explorationists is on depositional models for
petroleum exploration and development in
carbonate rimmed shelves or in large isolated
buildups than in ramp system (Burchette and
Wright, 1992). The purpose of this study is to
indicate the presence of carbonate buildups as an
indication of the presence of hydrocarbons as an
exploration target from seismic 2D imaging. Based
on the geological sheet Bali scale of 1:250,000
(MM Purbo Hadiwidjojo, 1971), the sequence
stratigraphy of the research area: (1) Selatan
Formation, Miocene age consist of predominantly
limestone (2) Prapatagung Formation and Asah
Formation, Miocene-Pliocene age consists of lava,
breccia, tuff stone sublime, limestone and marl, (3)
Jemberana volcanic rock is composed of lava,
breccia, tuff from the volcanic activity of Mount
Klatakan, Mount Merbuk, and Mount Patas, and

*University of Padjadjaran **Marine Geological Institute-

Bandung
rocks belonging in age to the Lower Quaternary (4)
Palasari Formation and volcanic rocks Buyan-
Bratan and Batur Purba that lower Quaternary age
consist of conglomerates, sandstones, lime stones,
tuffs and lava (5) Youngest deposition sediment
where the age is Quarternary is composed of
claystone, sandstone, and gravel. The research was
located in Menjangan Island on coordinates
S08o03’-08o07’ latitude and W114o25’-114o35’
longitude. Menjangan Island is a tourism area with
beautiful coral and fish in the area.
METHOD
This method used for this study is by improving the
resolution and subsequent geological interpretation
of high-resolution Sparker seismic reflection
surveys that are being developed for shallow
marine. The seismic data is recorded using the
sound energy of 600 Joules, the sweep recording
every 0.5 seconds and trigger explosions set
between 1 second. Positioning of the seismic
trajectory was achieved by using Motorola
equipment Mini Ranger III to the master unit
located on the ship and transpondent units located
on land. To map the depths of the sea, we used a
tool Housing echo sounder JMC Model 8001 using
a ceramic transducer frequency of 200 KHz. The
seismic data were interpreted as carbonate build-up
is a seismic bold path on the track map namely track
L4 and L6. Paleontology analysis was performed to
identify fossils in a carbonate sediment sample. A
carbonate sample was taken in the depth 0-50 m.
Analysis was performed of microfossils in the
carbonate sample in sieve size 177 mm and 250
mm.
RESULTS
In this investigation area there are two islands,
Menjangan Island and Tabuan Island. Tabuan
Island is located within 3 Km of the island of Java
and Menjangan Island is located within 1.5 Km of
the island of Bali. The depth of the ocean in the area
reaches up to 490 m in the selected section of the
Menjangan Island Sea (Figure 1). In the research
area of seismic wave velocity was valued on
sequences A (V1), sequence B (V2), and sequence
C (V3) and was determined namely: V1 = 1600
m/s; V2 = 1700 m/s; V3 = 2000 m/ s. The result of
seismic data identifying in L4 and L6 trajectory
estimated isolated carbonate buildup, we find the
trace trajectory of carbonate reflection and label
interval of progradation, retrogradation, and
aggradation. Many factor to govern growth of
carbonate in research area are water salinity,
temperature of seabed surface, sun penetration,
direction and speed current. Water salinity in
Menjangan Island between 31-34%0. In general
water salinity equally spread in other place. The
water salinity in a good condition between 27-40%o.
Sun penetration in study area reach 100%. The
study area was located in Bali-Flores Basin with
structures classification is back arck-thrust zone.
While the Bali-Flores Basin represent an excellent
modern analog of the initial stage of a foreland fold-
thrust belt formation, here the Sunda Shelf is down
bowed to south resulting in the compressional
deformation along the southern margin of the Bali
Basin (Hardi P, 1992). After interpretation of the
seismic recordings, we obtained depths of the sea
water, the thickness of the sequence A, B sequences
thickness, and depth of sequence C which is the
basement of the study area. In track L.4.2 parallel to
the north coast of Bali (Figure 2), analysis of
seismic records showed three sedimentary
sequences (A, B, C) with a parallel reflection
configuration-sub parallel and divergent oblique
stratified which is a zone of "stratified shoreline
pro-gradation”. There was carbonate buildup on this
track in the 2D seismic. Geological structures were
observed with the emergence of several fault-the
fault surface shallow and one among the fault at
(00:08) is the boundary between the base bedrock
contact with A sequence. Tracks L6 sequence
(Figure 3) which is located to the south of the track
L4 has a configuration pattern reflections almost the
same as the estimate of the pattern of sediment
deposition and sediment grain size is nearly the
same as well. The thickness of ramp tertiary buildup
reservoirs is seldom greater than 100-200 m into the
seabed which is estimated as a carbonate buildup
that is often found around Menjangan Island to
Tanjung Pasir Putih. It would be expected that the
morphology of the seabed in the area is affected by
the system of erosion, sedimentation, and
underwater currents strong enough to flow into the
waters of the Strait of Bali. Seabed slope is 10o at
Menjangan Island at a depth of 100-300 m (D.
Ilahude et al, 1990). From the analysis of the
carbonate sample in the micro or macro research
area, we gained some benthonic and plantonic
foraminifera, Ostracods, and molluscs that were
micro and macro. Species were also found of
foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber, Globorotalia
menardii, G. obsesa, Neogloboquadrina dutertrei
and Pulleniatina precursor showed that the
sediments are in the Miocene-Recent age of
carbonate buildup so this is thought to be part of the
Selatan Formation. In the benthonic foraminifera
Ammonia beccarii, other species were discovered,
namely: Amphistegina spp, Bolivina spp, Calcarina
calcar, Cellanthus spp, Cibides spp, Elphidium spp,
Opercullina spp, Pseudohauterina orientalis,
Gavelinopsis sp, Lagena sulcata. Some of these
species are found in waters with low salinity. In
another analysis we also found that this type of
Gastropod Molluscs and Pelecypoda varies so much
and was collected together with coral fragments
along the beaches. From some of the analysis, it can
be estimated that this formed a carbonate buildup of
some organic material which typically becomes a
potential petroleum reservoir. The seismic results
show many faults located near the carbonate
buildup it can be considered that hydrocarbons can
be trapped in these fragments or compartments. The
carbonate buildup in this research area several other
prospective can be suggested is carbonate buildup
of Sepanjang Fault Zone. One of the aspect that
Bali-Flores Basin can be found for future
hydrocarbon generally have a heat flow values to
important hydrocarbon form maturation and
migration. Other identification of isolated carbonate
buildup can be identifying with a high angle
reflection compute by the angle of dip margin.
Oil shape was not found in this research area
because it is predicted that ocean currents that are
strong enough to shape the emerging oil is carried
by the ocean currents. To find out more about the
petroleum system, some other information is needed
and some other methods need to be employed, such
as carbon and oxygen isotopes study, X-rays
diffraction, magnetics, well log, geochemistry, and
gravity analysis for all interpreted hydrocarbon play
exploration targets in the Bali basin. Carbonate
buildups have a characteristic combination of
seismic faults that aid in recognition and evaluation
of their hydrocarbon potential. The hydrocarbon
potential field is characterized by two main
productive faults. One of them is a skeletal buildup
in the Selatan Formation. The reservoir can be
found in mid or outer ramp isolated buildups. A
geological structure that can be observed in this
track is the fault found in the eastern part of the
track. This fault appears to the surface of the
seabed. The ability of the seismic data to indicate
variations in porosity and to detect both direct and
indirect indications of hydrocarbons within the
buildups is illustrated in (Figure 4). So with the
organic carbonate buildups, this can indicate the
presence of hydrocarbons, especially for the
reservoir of the Bali Basin but it also entered into a
back-arc thrust zone which could potentially bring
the trapped hydrocarbons. To determine the
production of hydrocarbons in carbonate rocks,
modern course analysis of porosity and permeability
of these rocks is required.
CONCLUSION
In track L.4 parallel to the north coast of Bali,
analysis of seismic recordings identify three
sedimentary sequences (A, B, C) and there is a
carbonate buildup with a few faults that are still
active. On the west track L6 we observed piles of
seabed to the surface with a length of 100-200 m
into the seabed which is estimated (are for numbers)
and considered as a carbonate buildup. The ability
of the seismic data to indicate variations in porosity
and to detect both direct and indirect indications of
hydrocarbons within the buildups is illustrated.
From the analysis of paleontology obtained, four
species of fauna and the benthic foraminifera of
carbonate that Planton, molluscs, ostracods are an
indication that the carbonate buildup age is
Miocene-Recent for part of the Selatan Formation
Formation. The reservoir can be found in mid or
outer isolated tertiary buildups. Geological
structures that can be observed in this track is the
fault found in the eastern part of the track. This fault
appears to the surface of the seabed. To find out
more about the petroleum system, additional
research is needed and more information required
through some other methods such as a carbon and
oxygen isotopes study, Palynology, X-rays
diffraction, magnetics, well logs, Geochemistry, and
gravity analyzes for all the interpretative oil and gas
exploration target plays.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks are due to the Faculty of Geology,
Padjadjaran University, SM IAGI Universitas
Padjadjaran and Marine Geological Institute (MGI)
Bandung for all the support, discussion, and
materials. We also acknowledge Universitas
Padjadjaran for their sponsorship of this paper.
REFERENCE
Bambang, D., Lukman, A., Udaya, K, Delyuzar, I.,
Mimi, K., Hartono., 1990, Investigation of Marine
Geology and Geophysics Bali Strait Area,
Development Center of Marine Geology Bandung.
Burchette T.P, Wright, 1992. Carbonate Ramp
Depositional Systems. Sediment. Geol., 79 .3-57p
Hardi Prasetyo, 1992, :”The Bali-Flores Basin :
Geological Transitional from Extensional to
Subsequent Compressional Deformation”
Proceeding Indonesian Petroleum Association.
Indonesia
Kevin Muster, Muhammad Bima, 2015, “Carbonate
Build-up For Potential National Geotourism in
Menjangan Island, Bali, Indonesia”, International
Journal Chemical and Natural Science. India
Mark W. Longman, 1993. “Future Bright For
Tertiary Carbonate Reservoirs in South East Asia”,
Oil and Gas Journal Volume 91, Issue 51. United
States.
Purbo Hadiwidjojo, M.M, 1971, the Geological
Map Sheet Bali, scale 1: 250,000, Geological
Research and Development Center Bandung.
Sheriff, R.E., 1986, Seismic Stratigraphy.
International Human Resources Development
Corporation,Boston

Figure 1 - Bathymetry map in case study area. This bathymetry is used to explain the depth of seabed.

Figure 2 - Line seismic in the case study area. These were interpreted in L4 and L6 line to identify the
carbonate buildup that has occurred.
Figure 3 – Result of seismic in L4 and L6 seismic trajectory. Interpreted by onlap, downlap, and toplap to
identifying isolated carbonate buildup. This carbonate growth with many another factor and not to
situated in carbonate ramp, but the main geometries are the same.

Figure 4 - The ability of the seismic data to indicate variations in porosity and to detect both direct and
indirect indications of hydrocarbons within the buildups is illustrated on the depositional model
of the Selatan Formation.