Nobel Prize Laureates

List of Nobel laureates
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Nobel laureates receive a gold medal together with a diploma and (as of 2012) 8 million SEK (roughly
US$1.2 million, €0.93 million).
Nobel laureates of 2012 Alvin E. Roth, Brian Kobilka, Robert J. Lefkowitz, David J. Wineland, and
Serge Haroche during the ceremony
The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: Nobelpriset, Norwegian: Nobelprisen) are prizes awarded annually by the
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institutet, and the
Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the
fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] They were established by
the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel
Foundation. The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was established in 1968 by the Sveriges
Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributions to the field of economics. Each recipient, or
"laureate", receives a gold medal, a diploma, and a sum of money, which is decided by the Nobel
Foundation, yearly.[2]
Contents
• 1 Prize
• 2 Laureates
• 3 List of laureates
• 4 Notes
• 5 See also
• 6 References
• 7 External links
Prize
Each prize is awarded by a separate committee; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the
Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or
Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace.[3] Each recipient receives a
medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years.[2] In 1901, the recipients of
the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In
2008, the laureates were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK.[4] The awards are presented in
Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[5]
In years in which the Nobel Prize is not awarded due to external events or a lack of nominations, the
prize money is returned to the funds delegated to the relevant prize.[6] The Nobel Prize was not awarded
between 1940 and 1942 due to the outbreak of World War II.[7]
Laureates
Between 1901 and 2017, the Nobel Prizes and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences were
awarded 585 times to 923 people and organizations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than
once, this makes a total of 892 individuals (including 844 men, 48 women) and 24 organizations.[8] Four
Nobel laureates were not permitted by their governments to accept the Nobel Prize. Adolf Hitler forbade
three Germans, Richard Kuhn (Chemistry, 1938), Adolf Butenandt (Chemistry, 1939), and Gerhard
Domagk (Physiology or Medicine, 1939), from accepting their Nobel Prizes, and the government of the
Soviet Union pressured Boris Pasternak (Literature, 1958) to decline his award. Two Nobel laureates,
Jean-Paul Sartre (Literature, 1964) and Lê Ðức Thọ (Peace, 1973), declined the award; Sartre declined
the award as he declined all official honors, and Lê declined the award due to the situation Vietnam was
in at the time.
Six laureates have received more than one prize; of the six, the International Committee of the Red Cross
has received the Nobel Peace Prize three times, more than any other.[9] UNHCR has been awarded the
Nobel Peace Prize twice. Also the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Bardeen twice, and the
Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Frederick Sanger. Two laureates have been awarded twice but not in the
same field: Marie Curie (Physics and Chemistry) and Linus Pauling (Chemistry and Peace). Among the
892 Nobel laureates, 48 have been women; the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie,
who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903.[10] She was also the first person (male or female) to be
awarded two Nobel Prizes, the second award being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, given in 1911.[9]
List of laureates
Physiology
Year Physics Chemistry Literature Peace Economics
or Medicine
Jacobus Henricus Emil Adolf von Sully Henry Dunant;
1901 Wilhelm Röntgen —
van 't Hoff Behring Prudhomme Frédéric Passy
Hendrik Lorentz; Hermann Emil Theodor Élie Ducommun;
1902 Ronald Ross —
Pieter Zeeman Fischer Mommsen Charles Albert Gobat
Henri Becquerel;
Niels Ryberg Bjørnstjerne
1903 Pierre Curie; Svante Arrhenius Randal Cremer —
Finsen Bjørnson
Marie Curie
Frédéric
Mistral; Institut de Droit
1904 Lord Rayleigh William Ramsay Ivan Pavlov —
José International
Echegaray
Physiology
or Medicine
Henryk
1905 Philipp Lenard Adolf von Baeyer Robert Koch Bertha von Suttner —
Sienkiewicz
Camillo Golgi;
Giosuè
1906 J. J. Thomson Henri Moissan Santiago Ramón Theodore Roosevelt —
Carducci
y Cajal
Ernesto Teodoro
Albert Abraham Charles Louis Rudyard
1907 Eduard Buchner Moneta; —
Michelson Alphonse Laveran Kipling
Louis Renault
Rudolf Klas Pontus
Élie Metchnikoff;
1908 Gabriel Lippmann Ernest Rutherford Christoph Arnoldson; —
Paul Ehrlich
Eucken Fredrik Bajer
Auguste Marie
Karl Ferdinand
François Beernaert;
Braun; Emil Theodor Selma
1909 Wilhelm Ostwald Paul-Henri-Benjamin —
Guglielmo Kocher Lagerlöf
d'Estournelles de
Marconi
Constant
Johannes Diderik International Peace
1910 Otto Wallach Albrecht Kossel Paul Heyse —
van der Waals Bureau
Tobias Asser;
Marie Maurice
1911 Wilhelm Wien Allvar Gullstrand Alfred Hermann —
Skłodowska-Curie Maeterlinck
Fried
Victor Grignard; Gerhart
1912 Gustaf Dalén Alexis Carrel Elihu Root —
Paul Sabatier Hauptmann
Heike
Rabindranath
1913 Kamerlingh Alfred Werner Charles Richet Henri La Fontaine —
Tagore
Onnes
Theodore William
1914 Max von Laue Robert Bárány None None —
Richards
William Henry
Bragg; Romain
1915 Richard Willstätter None None —
William Rolland
Lawrence Bragg
Verner von
1916 None None None None —
Heidenstam
Karl Adolph
International
Charles Glover Gjellerup;
1917 None None Committee of the —
Barkla Henrik
Red Cross
Pontoppidan
1918 Max Planck Fritz Haber None None None —
1919 Johannes Stark None Jules Bordet Carl Spitteler Woodrow Wilson —
Charles Édouard Knut
1920 Walther Nernst August Krogh Léon Bourgeois —
Guillaume Hamsun
Anatole Hjalmar Branting;
1921 Albert Einstein Frederick Soddy None —
France Christian Lous Lange
1922 Niels Bohr Francis William Archibald Hill; Jacinto Fridtjof Nansen —
Aston Otto Fritz Benavente
Physiology
or Medicine
Meyerhof
Frederick
Robert Andrews Banting;
1923 Fritz Pregl W. B. Yeats None —
Millikan John James
Rickard Macleod
Władysław
1924 Manne Siegbahn None Willem Einthoven None —
Reymont
James Franck; George
Richard Adolf Austen Chamberlain;
1925 Gustav Ludwig None Bernard —
Zsigmondy Charles G. Dawes
Hertz Shaw
Jean Baptiste Grazia Aristide Briand;
1926 Theodor Svedberg Johannes Fibiger —
Perrin Deledda Gustav Stresemann
Arthur Compton;
Heinrich Otto Julius Wagner- Henri Ferdinand Buisson;
1927 Charles Thomson —
Wieland Jauregg Bergson Ludwig Quidde
Rees Wilson
Owen Willans Adolf Otto Sigrid
1928 Charles Nicolle None —
Richardson Reinhold Windaus Undset
Christiaan
Arthur Harden;
Eijkman; Thomas
1929 Louis de Broglie Hans von Euler- Frank B. Kellogg —
Frederick Mann
Chelpin
Gowland Hopkins
Sinclair
1930 C. V. Raman Hans Fischer Karl Landsteiner Nathan Söderblom —
Lewis
Jane Addams;
Carl Bosch; Otto Heinrich Erik Axel
1931 None Nicholas Murray —
Friedrich Bergius Warburg Karlfeldt
Butler
Charles Scott
Werner John
1932 Irving Langmuir Sherrington; None —
Heisenberg Galsworthy
Edgar Adrian
Erwin
Thomas Hunt
1933 Schrödinger; None Ivan Bunin Norman Angell —
Morgan
Paul Dirac
George Whipple;
George Minot; Luigi
1934 None Harold Urey Arthur Henderson —
William P. Pirandello
Murphy
Frédéric Joliot-
1935 James Chadwick Curie; Hans Spemann None Carl von Ossietzky —
Irène Joliot-Curie
Victor Francis
Henry Hallett
Hess; Eugene Carlos Saavedra
1936 Peter Debye Dale; —
Carl David O'Neill Lamas
Otto Loewi
Anderson
Clinton Davisson;
Norman Haworth; Albert Szent- Roger Martin The Viscount Cecil
1937 George Paget —
Paul Karrer Györgyi du Gard of Chelwood
Thomson
1938 Enrico Fermi Richard Kuhn[A] Corneille Pearl S. Buck Nansen International —
Physiology
or Medicine
Heymans Office For Refugees
Adolf Butenandt;
Gerhard Frans Eemil
1939 Ernest Lawrence [A] None —
Domagk[A] Sillanpää
Leopold Ružička
1940 None None None None None —
Henrik Dam;
1943 Otto Stern George de Hevesy Edward Adelbert None None —
Doisy
Joseph Erlanger; Johannes International
1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi Otto Hahn Herbert Spencer Vilhelm Committee of the —
Gasser Jensen Red Cross
Alexander
Fleming;
Artturi Ilmari Gabriela
1945 Wolfgang Pauli Ernst Boris Cordell Hull —
Virtanen Mistral
Chain;
Howard Florey
James B. Sumner;
John Howard
Percy Williams Hermann Joseph Hermann Emily Greene Balch;
1946 Northrop; —
Bridgman Muller Hesse John Mott
Wendell Meredith
Stanley
Carl Ferdinand
Friends Service
Cori;
Edward Victor Council;
1947 Robert Robinson Gerty Cori; André Gide —
Appleton American Friends
Bernardo
Service Committee
Houssay
Paul Hermann
1948 Patrick Blackett Arne Tiselius T. S. Eliot None[B] —
Müller
Walter Rudolf
Hess; William
1949 Hideki Yukawa William Giauque John Boyd Orr —
António Egas Faulkner
Moniz
Philip Showalter
Hench;
Otto Diels; Bertrand
1950 C. F. Powell Edward Calvin Ralph Bunche —
Kurt Alder Russell
Kendall;
Tadeus Reichstein
John Cockcroft; Edwin McMillan; Pär
1951 Max Theiler Léon Jouhaux —
Ernest Walton Glenn T. Seaborg Lagerkvist
Archer John
Felix Bloch;
Porter Martin; François
1952 Edward Mills Selman Waksman Albert Schweitzer —
Richard Laurence Mauriac
Purcell
Millington Synge
1953 Frits Zernike Hermann Hans Adolf Winston George Marshall —
Staudinger Krebs; Churchill
Physiology
or Medicine
Fritz Albert
Lipmann
John Franklin
Enders;
Frederick United Nations High
Max Born; Ernest
1954 Linus Pauling Chapman Commissioner for —
Walther Bothe Hemingway
Robbins; Refugees
Thomas Huckle
Weller
Willis Lamb; Vincent du Halldór
1955 Hugo Theorell None —
Polykarp Kusch Vigneaud Laxness
André Frédéric
John Bardeen; Cyril Norman Cournand;
Walter Houser Hinshelwood; Werner Juan Ramón
1956 None —
Brattain; Nikolay Forssmann; Jiménez
William Shockley Semyonov Dickinson W.
Richards
Chen Ning Yang; Albert
1957 The Lord Todd Daniel Bovet Lester B. Pearson —
Tsung-Dao Lee Camus
George Wells
Pavel Cherenkov; Beadle;
Boris
1958 Ilya Frank; Frederick Sanger Edward Lawrie Dominique Pire —
Pasternak[C]
Igor Tamm Tatum;
Joshua Lederberg
Emilio G. Segrè;
Jaroslav Arthur Kornberg; Salvatore
1959 Owen Philip Noel-Baker —
Heyrovský Severo Ochoa Quasimodo
Chamberlain
Frank Macfarlane
Saint-John
1960 Donald A. Glaser Willard Libby Burnet; Albert Lutuli —
Perse
Peter Medawar
Robert
Hofstadter; Georg von
1961 Melvin Calvin Ivo Andrić Dag Hammarskjöld —
Rudolf Békésy
Mössbauer
Francis Crick;
Max Perutz; John
1962 Lev Landau James D. Watson; Linus Pauling —
John Kendrew Steinbeck
Maurice Wilkins
International
Eugene Wigner; John Eccles;
Committee of the
Maria Goeppert- Karl Ziegler; Alan Lloyd Giorgos
1963 Red Cross; —
Mayer; Giulio Natta Hodgkin; Seferis
League of Red Cross
J. Hans D. Jensen Andrew Huxley
societies
Charles Hard
Konrad Emil
Townes;
Bloch; Jean-Paul Martin Luther King,
1964 Nikolay Basov; Dorothy Hodgkin —
Feodor Felix Sartre[D] Jr.
Alexander
Konrad Lynen
Prokhorov
Physiology
or Medicine
United Nations
Sin-Itiro François Jacob;
International
Tomonaga; Robert Burns André Michel Mikhail
1965 Children's —
Julian Schwinger; Woodward Lwoff; Sholokhov
Emergency Fund
Richard Feynman Jacques Monod
(UNICEF)
Francis Peyton
Shmuel
Robert S. Rous;
1966 Alfred Kastler Yosef Agnon; None —
Mulliken Charles Brenton
Nelly Sachs
Huggins
Manfred Eigen; Ragnar Granit;
Miguel
Ronald George Haldan Keffer
1967 Hans Bethe Ángel None —
Wreyford Norrish; Hartline;
Asturias
George Porter George Wald
Robert W. Holley;
Har Gobind
Luis Walter Yasunari
1968 Lars Onsager Khorana; René Cassin —
Alvarez Kawabata
Marshall Warren
Nirenberg
Ragnar
Max Delbrück;
Murray Gell- Derek Barton; Samuel International Labour Frisch;
1969 Alfred Hershey;
Mann Odd Hassel Beckett Organization Jan
Salvador Luria
Tinbergen
Julius Axelrod;
Hannes Alfvén; Luis Federico Aleksandr Paul
1970 Ulf von Euler; Norman Borlaug
Louis Néel Leloir Solzhenitsyn Samuelson
Bernard Katz
Earl Wilbur Simon
1971 Dennis Gabor Gerhard Herzberg Pablo Neruda Willy Brandt
Sutherland, Jr. Kuznets
Christian B.
John Bardeen;
Anfinsen; Gerald Edelman; John Hicks;
Leon Cooper;
1972 Stanford Moore; Rodney Robert Heinrich Böll None Kenneth
John Robert
William Howard Porter Arrow
Schrieffer
Stein
Leo Esaki; Ernst Otto Karl von Frisch;
Ivar Giaever; Fischer; Konrad Lorenz; Henry Kissinger; Wassily
1973 Patrick White
Brian David Geoffrey Nikolaas Le Duc Tho[E] Leontief
Josephson Wilkinson Tinbergen
Albert Claude;
Eyvind Gunnar
Christian de
Martin Ryle; Johnson; Seán MacBride; Myrdal;
1974 Paul Flory Duve;
Antony Hewish Harry Eisaku Satō Friedrich
George Emil
Martinson Hayek
Palade
Aage Bohr; David Baltimore; Leonid
Ben Roy John Cornforth; Renato Dulbecco; Eugenio Kantorovich;
1975 Andrei Sakharov
Mottelson; Vladimir Prelog Howard Martin Montale Tjalling
James Rainwater Temin Koopmans
1976 Burton Richter; William Lipscomb Baruch Samuel Saul Bellow Betty Williams; Milton
Samuel C. C. Blumberg; Mairead Maguire Friedman
Ting Daniel Carleton
Physiology
or Medicine
Gajdusek
Philip Warren
Anderson; Roger Guillemin;
Nevill Francis Andrew Schally; Vicente Amnesty Bertil Ohlin;
1977 Ilya Prigogine
Mott; Rosalyn Sussman Aleixandre International James Meade
John Hasbrouck Yalow
Van Vleck
Pyotr Kapitsa;
Werner Arber;
Arno Allan Isaac
Daniel Nathans; Anwar Sadat; Herbert A.
1978 Penzias; Peter D. Mitchell Bashevis
Hamilton O. Menachem Begin Simon
Robert Woodrow Singer
Smith
Wilson
Sheldon Lee Allan McLeod
Theodore
Glashow; Herbert C. Brown; Cormack; Odysseas
1979 Mother Teresa Schultz;
Abdus Salam; Georg Wittig Godfrey Elytis
Arthur Lewis
Steven Weinberg Hounsfield
Baruj Benacerraf;
James Cronin; Paul Berg;
Jean Dausset; Czesław Adolfo Pérez Lawrence
1980 Val Logsdon Walter Gilbert;
George Davis Miłosz Esquivel Klein
Fitch Frederick Sanger
Snell
Nicolaas
Roger Wolcott
Bloembergen; United Nations High
Kenichi Fukui; Sperry;
1981 Arthur Leonard Elias Canetti Commissioner for James Tobin
Roald Hoffmann David H. Hubel;
Schawlow; Refugees
Torsten Wiesel
Kai Siegbahn
Sune Bergström;
Gabriel Alva Myrdal;
Kenneth G. Bengt I. George
1982 Aaron Klug García Alfonso García
Wilson Samuelsson; Stigler
Márquez Robles
John Vane
Subrahmanyan
Chandrasekhar; Barbara William Gérard
1983 Henry Taube Lech Wałęsa
William Alfred McClintock Golding Debreu
Fowler
Niels Kaj Jerne;
Carlo Rubbia;
Robert Bruce Georges J. F. Jaroslav Richard
1984 Simon van der Desmond Tutu
Merrifield Köhler; Seifert Stone
Meer
César Milstein
Michael Stuart International
Herbert A.
Klaus von Brown; Claude Physicians for the Franco
1985 Hauptman;
Klitzing Joseph L. Simon Prevention of Modigliani
Jerome Karle
Goldstein Nuclear War
Dudley R.
Ernst Ruska; Stanley Cohen;
Herschbach; Wole James M.
1986 Gerd Binnig; Rita Levi- Elie Wiesel
Yuan T. Lee; Soyinka Buchanan
Heinrich Rohrer Montalcini
John Polanyi
1987 Johannes Georg Donald J. Cram; Susumu Joseph Óscar Arias Robert
Bednorz; Jean-Marie Lehn; Tonegawa Brodsky Solow
Karl Alexander Charles J.
Physiology
or Medicine
Müller Pedersen
James W. Black;
Leon M. Johann
Gertrude B. United Nations
Lederman; Deisenhofer; Naguib Maurice
1988 Elion; Peace-Keeping
Melvin Schwartz; Robert Huber; Mahfouz Allais
George H. Forces
Jack Steinberger Hartmut Michel
Hitchings
Norman Foster
Ramsey, Jr.; J. Michael
Sidney Altman; Camilo José Tenzin Gyatso (The Trygve
1989 Hans Georg Bishop;
Thomas Cech Cela 14th Dalai Lama) Haavelmo
Dehmelt; Harold E. Varmus
Wolfgang Paul
Harry
Jerome Isaac
Markowitz;
Friedman; Joseph Murray;
Merton
1990 Henry Way Elias James Corey E. Donnall Octavio Paz Mikhail Gorbachev
Miller;
Kendall; Thomas
William F.
Richard E. Taylor
Sharpe
Pierre-Gilles de Erwin Neher; Nadine Ronald
1991 Richard R. Ernst Aung San Suu Kyi
Gennes Bert Sakmann Gordimer Coase
Edmond H.
Rudolph A. Derek
1992 Georges Charpak Fischer; Rigoberta Menchú Gary Becker
Marcus Walcott
Edwin G. Krebs
Russell Alan Richard J. Robert
Hulse; Kary Mullis; Roberts; Toni Nelson Mandela; Fogel;
1993
Joseph Hooton Michael Smith Phillip Allen Morrison F. W. de Klerk Douglass
Taylor, Jr. Sharp North
John
Harsanyi;
Bertram Yasser Arafat;
George Andrew Alfred G. Gilman; Kenzaburō John Forbes
1994 Brockhouse; Shimon Peres;
Olah Martin Rodbell Ōe Nash, Jr.;
Clifford Shull Yitzhak Rabin
Reinhard
Selten
Joseph Rotblat;
Paul J. Crutzen; Edward B. Lewis;
Martin Lewis Pugwash
Mario J. Molina; Christiane Seamus Robert
1995 Perl; Conferences on
Frank Sherwood Nüsslein-Volhard; Heaney Lucas, Jr.
Frederick Reines Science and World
Rowland Eric F. Wieschaus
Affairs
David Lee;
James
Douglas Robert F. Curl Jr.; Peter C. Doherty; Carlos Filipe
Wisława Mirrlees;
1996 Osheroff; Harry Kroto; Rolf M. Ximenes Belo;
Szymborska William
Robert Coleman Richard Smalley Zinkernagel José Ramos-Horta
Vickrey
Richardson
1997 Steven Chu; Paul D. Boyer; Stanley B. Dario Fo International Robert C.
Claude Cohen- John E. Walker; Prusiner Campaign to Ban Merton;
Tannoudji; Jens Christian Landmines; Myron
William Daniel Skou Jody Williams Scholes
Phillips
1998 Robert B. Walter Kohn; Robert F. José John Hume; Amartya Sen
Physiology
or Medicine
Laughlin;
Furchgott;
Horst Ludwig
John Pople Louis Ignarro; Saramago David Trimble
Störmer;
Ferid Murad
Daniel C. Tsui
Gerard 't Hooft;
Médecins Sans Robert
1999 Martinus J. G. Ahmed Zewail Günter Blobel Günter Grass
Frontières Mundell
Veltman
Alan J. Heeger; James
Zhores Alferov; Arvid Carlsson;
Alan Heckman;
2000 Herbert Kroemer; Paul Greengard; Gao Xingjian Kim Dae-jung
MacDiarmid; Daniel
Jack Kilby Eric Kandel
Hideki Shirakawa McFadden
George
Eric Allin William Standish
Leland H. Akerlof;
Cornell; Knowles;
Hartwell; United Nations; Michael
2001 Wolfgang Ryōji Noyori; V. S. Naipaul
Tim Hunt; Kofi Annan Spence;
Ketterle; Karl Barry
Paul Nurse Joseph
Carl Wieman Sharpless
Stiglitz
Raymond Davis,
Jr.; Sydney Brenner; Daniel
John Fenn;
Masatoshi H. Robert Kahneman;
2002 Koichi Tanaka; Imre Kertész Jimmy Carter
Koshiba; Horvitz; Vernon L.
Kurt Wüthrich
Riccardo John Sulston Smith
Giacconi
Alexei
Alexeyevich Robert F.
Peter Agre;
Abrikosov; Paul Lauterbur; Engle;
2003 Roderick J. M. Coetzee Shirin Ebadi
Vitaly Ginzburg; Peter Mansfield Clive
MacKinnon
Anthony James Granger
Leggett
David Gross; Aaron Finn E.
Hugh David Ciechanover; Richard Axel; Elfriede Kydland;
2004 Wangari Maathai
Politzer; Avram Hershko; Linda B. Buck Jelinek Edward C.
Frank Wilczek Irwin Rose Prescott
Roy J. Glauber; Yves Chauvin; Robert
International Atomic
John L. Hall; Robert H. Grubbs; Barry Marshall; Aumann;
2005 Harold Pinter Energy Agency;
Theodor W. Richard R. Robin Warren Thomas
Mohamed ElBaradei
Hänsch Schrock Schelling
John C. Mather; Roger D. Andrew Fire; Orhan Muhammad Yunus; Edmund
2006
George Smoot Kornberg Craig Mello Pamuk Grameen Bank Phelps
Leonid
Intergovernmental
Mario Capecchi; Hurwicz;
Albert Fert; Doris Panel on Climate
2007 Gerhard Ertl Martin Evans; Eric Maskin;
Peter Grünberg Lessing Change;
Oliver Smithies Roger
Al Gore
Myerson
2008 Yoichiro Nambu; Osamu Harald zur J. M. G. Le Martti Ahtisaari Paul
Makoto Shimomura; Hausen; Clézio Krugman
Kobayashi; Martin Chalfie; Françoise Barré-
Toshihide Roger Y. Tsien Sinoussi;
Physiology
or Medicine
Maskawa Luc Montagnier
Venkatraman Elizabeth Elinor
Charles K. Kao;
Ramakrishnan; Blackburn; Ostrom;
2009 Willard S. Boyle; Herta Müller Barack Obama
Thomas A. Steitz; Carol W. Greider; Oliver E.
George E. Smith
Ada Yonath Jack W. Szostak Williamson
Peter A.
Diamond;
Andre Geim; Richard F. Heck;
Robert G. Mario Vargas Dale T.
2010 Konstantin Ei-ichi Negishi; Liu Xiaobo[F]
Edwards Llosa Mortensen;
Novoselov Akira Suzuki
Christopher
A. Pissarides
Bruce Beutler;
Ellen Johnson Thomas J.
Saul Perlmutter; Jules A.
Tomas Sirleaf; Sargent;
2011 Adam G. Riess; Dan Shechtman Hoffmann;
Tranströmer Leymah Gbowee; Christopher
Brian Schmidt Ralph M.
Tawakel Karman A. Sims
Steinman
Alvin E.
Serge Haroche; Brian K. Kobilka;
John B. Gurdon; Roth;
2012 David J. Robert J. Mo Yan European Union
Shinya Yamanaka Lloyd S.
Wineland Lefkowitz
Shapley
James E. Eugene F.
Rothman; Fama;
Martin Karplus; Organisation for the
François Englert; Randy W. Lars Peter
2013 Michael Levitt; Alice Munro Prohibition of
Peter W. Higgs Schekman; Hansen;
Arieh Warshel Chemical Weapons
Thomas C. Robert J.
Südhof Shiller
Isamu Akasaki; Eric Betzig; John O'Keefe;
Patrick Kailash Satyarthi;
2014 Hiroshi Amano; Stefan Hell; May-Britt Moser; Jean Tirole
Modiano Malala Yousafzai
Shuji Nakamura William Moerner Edvard Moser
William C.
Takaaki Kajita; Tomas Lindahl;
Campbell; Svetlana Tunisian National Angus
2015 Arthur B. Paul L. Modrich;
Satoshi Ōmura; Alexievich Dialogue Quartet Deaton
McDonald Aziz Sancar
Tu Youyou
David J.
Jean-Pierre
Thouless; Oliver Hart;
2016[ Sauvage;
Duncan Haldane; Yoshinori Ohsumi Bob Dylan Juan Manuel Santos Bengt R.
11] Fraser Stoddart;
John M. Holmström
Ben Feringa
Kosterlitz
Jacques Dubochet; Jeffrey C. Hall;
Rainer Weiss; International
Joachim Frank; Michael Rosbash; Kazuo Richard
2017 Barry Barish; Campaign to Abolish
Richard Michael W. Ishiguro Thaler
Kip Thorne Nuclear Weapons
Henderson Young
Physiology
or Medicine
Notes
• A In 1938 and 1939, the government of Germany did not allow three German Nobel nominees to
accept their Nobel Prizes. The three were Richard Kuhn, Nobel laureate in Chemistry in 1938;
Adolf Butenandt, Nobel laureate in Chemistry in 1939; and Gerhard Domagk, Nobel laureate in
Physiology or Medicine in 1939. They were later awarded the Nobel Prize diploma and medal,
but not the money.[9]
• B In 1948, the Nobel Prize in Peace was not awarded. The Nobel Foundation's website suggests
that it would have been awarded to Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, however, due to his
assassination earlier that year, it was left unassigned in his honor.[12]
• CIn 1958, Russian-born Boris Pasternak, under pressure from the government of the Soviet
Union, was forced to decline the Nobel Prize in Literature.[9]
• D In 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre refused to accept the Nobel Prize in Literature, as he had consistently
refused all official honors in the past.[9]
• E In 1973, Lê Ðức Thọ declined the Nobel Peace Prize. His reason was that he felt he did not
deserve it because although he helped negotiate the Paris Peace Accords (a cease-fire in the
Vietnam War), there had been no actual peace agreement.[7][9]
• F In 2010, Liu Xiaobo was unable to receive the Nobel Peace Prize as he was sentenced to 11
years of imprisonment by the Chinese authorities.[13]
See also
• List of Nobel laureates by country
• List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation
• Nobel Prize laureates by secondary school affiliation
List of Nobel laureates in Physics
Front side (obverse) of the Nobel Prize Medal for Physics presented to Edward Victor Appleton in 1947
The Nobel Prize in Physics (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysik) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish
Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes
established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions
in physics.[1] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and
awarded by a committee that consists of five members elected by the Royal Swedish Academy of
Sciences.[2] The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the
anniversary of Nobel's death.[3] Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize
that has varied throughout the years.[4]
Contents
• 1 Statistics
• 2 Laureates
• 3 See also
• 4 References
• 4.1 Notes
• 4.2 Citations
• 4.3 Sources
Statistics
The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, of Germany, who
received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. John Bardeen is the only
laureate to win the prize twice—in 1956 and 1972. Maria Skłodowska-Curie also won two Nobel Prizes,
for physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911. William Lawrence Bragg was, until October 2014, the
youngest ever Nobel laureate; he won the prize in 1915 at the age of 25.[5] Two women have won the
prize: Curie and Maria Goeppert-Mayer (1963).[6] As of 2017, the prize has been awarded to 206
individuals. There have been six years in which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded (1916, 1931,
1934, 1940–1942).
Laureates
Year Laureate[A] Country[B] Rationale[C]
"in recognition of the extraordinary services
Wilhelm Conrad he has rendered by the discovery of the
1901 Germany
Röntgen remarkable rays subsequently named after
him"[7]
Hendrik Lorentz Netherlands "in recognition of the extraordinary service

they rendered by their researches into the
1902
influence of magnetism upon radiation
Pieter Zeeman Netherlands phenomena"[8]
Antoine Henri "for his discovery of spontaneous
France
Becquerel radioactivity"[9]
1903 Pierre Curie France "for their joint researches on the radiation
phenomena discovered by Professor Henri
Maria Skłodowska- Poland Becquerel"[9]
Curie France
"for his investigations of the densities of the
1904 Lord Rayleigh United Kingdom most important gases and for his discovery of
argon in connection with these studies"[10]
Philipp Eduard Anton Austria-Hungary
1905 "for his work on cathode rays"[11]
von Lenard Germany
"for his theoretical and experimental
Joseph John
1906 United Kingdom investigations on the conduction of electricity
Thomson
by gases"[12]
"for his optical precision instruments and the
Albert Abraham United States
1907 spectroscopic and metrological investigations
Michelson Poland
carried out with their aid"[13]
"for his method of reproducing colours
1908 Gabriel Lippmann France photographically based on the phenomenon of
interference"[14]
Guglielmo Marconi Italy

"for their contributions to the development of
1909
Karl Ferdinand wireless telegraphy"[15]
Germany
Braun
Johannes Diderik van "for his work on the equation of state for
1910 Netherlands
der Waals gases and liquids"[16]
"for his discoveries regarding the laws
1911 Wilhelm Wien Germany
governing the radiation of heat"[17]
"for his invention of automatic valves
1912 Nils Gustaf Dalén Sweden designed to be used in combination with gas
accumulators in lighthouses and buoys"[18]
"for his investigations on the properties of
Heike Kamerlingh-
1913 Netherlands matter at low temperatures which led, inter
Onnes
alia, to the production of liquid helium"[19]
"For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays
1914 Max von Laue Germany by crystals",[20] an important step in the
development of X-ray spectroscopy.
William Henry Bragg United Kingdom

"For their services in the analysis of crystal
Australia structure by means of X-rays",[21] an
1915
William Lawrence important step in the development of X-ray
Bragg United Kingdom crystallography
1916 Not awarded World War I

"For his discovery of the characteristic
Charles Glover Röntgen radiation of the elements",[22]
1917 United Kingdom
Barkla another important step in the development of
X-ray spectroscopy
"for the services he rendered to the
1918 Max Planck Germany advancement of physics by his discovery of
energy quanta"[23]
"for his discovery of the Doppler effect in
1919 Johannes Stark Germany canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in
electric fields"[24]
"for the service he has rendered to precision
Charles Édouard
1920 Switzerland measurements in physics by his discovery of
Guillaume
anomalies in nickel-steel alloys"[25]
"for his services to theoretical physics, and
Germany
1921 Albert Einstein especially for his discovery of the law of the
Switzerland
photoelectric effect"[26]
"for his services in the investigation of the
1922 Niels Bohr Denmark structure of atoms and of the radiation
emanating from them"[27]
Robert Andrews "for his work on the elementary charge of
1923 United States
Millikan electricity and on the photoelectric effect"[28]
"for his discoveries and research in the field of
1924 Manne Siegbahn Sweden
X-ray spectroscopy"[29]
James Franck Germany

"for their discovery of the laws governing the
1925
impact of an electron upon an atom"[30]
Gustav Hertz Germany
"for his work on the discontinuous structure of

1926 Jean Baptiste Perrin France matter, and especially for his discovery of
sedimentation equilibrium"[31]
Arthur Holly "for his discovery of the effect named after
United States
Compton him"[32]
1927 "for his method of making the paths of
Charles Thomson
United Kingdom electrically charged particles visible by
Rees Wilson
condensation of vapour"[32]
"for his work on the thermionic phenomenon
Owen Willans
1928 United Kingdom and especially for the discovery of the law
Richardson
named after him"[33]
Louis Victor Pierre
"for his discovery of the wave nature of
1929 Raymond, 7th Duc France
electrons"[34]
de Broglie
"for his work on the scattering of light and for
Chandrasekhara
1930 India the discovery of the effect named after
Venkata Raman
him"[35]
1931 Not awarded
"for the creation of quantum mechanics, the
application of which has, inter alia, led to the
1932 Werner Heisenberg Germany
discovery of the allotropic forms of
hydrogen"[36]
Erwin Schrödinger Austria

"for the discovery of new productive forms of
1933
atomic theory"[37]
Paul Dirac United Kingdom
1934 Not awarded
1935 James Chadwick United Kingdom "for the discovery of the neutron"[38]
Victor Francis Hess Austria "for his discovery of cosmic radiation"[39]

1936
Carl David Anderson United States "for his discovery of the positron"[39]
Clinton Joseph
United States
Davisson "for their experimental discovery of the
1937
George Paget diffraction of electrons by crystals"[40]
United Kingdom
Thomson
"for his demonstrations of the existence of
new radioactive elements produced by
1938 Enrico Fermi Italy neutron irradiation, and for his related
discovery of nuclear reactions brought about
by slow neutrons"[41]
"for the invention and development of the
cyclotron and for results obtained with it,
1939 Ernest Lawrence United States
especially with regard to artificial radioactive
elements"[42]
1940 Not awarded World War II
"for his contribution to the development of the
1943 Otto Stern United States molecular ray method and his discovery of the
magnetic moment of the proton"[43]
United States "for his resonance method for recording the
1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi
Poland magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"[44]
"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle,
1945 Wolfgang Pauli Austria
also called the Pauli principle"[45]
"for the invention of an apparatus to produce
Percy Williams extremely high pressures, and for the
1946 United States
Bridgman discoveries he made there within the field of
high pressure physics"[46]
"for his investigations of the physics of the
Edward Victor
1947 United Kingdom upper atmosphere especially for the discovery
Appleton
of the so-called Appleton layer"[47]
"for his development of the Wilson cloud
Patrick Maynard chamber method, and his discoveries
1948 United Kingdom
Stuart Blackett therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and
cosmic radiation"[48]
"for his prediction of the existence of mesons
1949 Hideki Yukawa Japan on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear
forces"[49]
"for his development of the photographic
method of studying nuclear processes and his
1950 Cecil Frank Powell United Kingdom
discoveries regarding mesons made with this
method"[50]
John Douglas
United Kingdom "for their pioneer work on the transmutation
Cockcroft
1951 of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated
Ernest Thomas atomic particles"[51]
Ireland
Sinton Walton
Switzerland
Felix Bloch "for their development of new methods for
United States
1952 nuclear magnetic precision measurements and
Edward Mills Purcell United States discoveries in connection therewith"[52]
"for his demonstration of the phase contrast

1953 Frits Zernike Netherlands method, especially for his invention of the
phase contrast microscope"[53]
"for his fundamental research in quantum
Max Born West Germany mechanics, especially for his statistical
1954 interpretation of the wavefunction"[54]
"for the coincidence method and his
Walther Bothe West Germany
discoveries made therewith"[54]
"for his discoveries concerning the fine
Willis Eugene Lamb United States
structure of the hydrogen spectrum"[55]
1955
United States "for his precision determination of the
Polykarp Kusch
Germany magnetic moment of the electron"[55]
1956 John Bardeen United States "for their researches on semiconductors and
their discovery of the transistor effect"[56]
Walter Houser
United States
Brattain
William Bradford
United States
Shockley
Republic of "for their penetrating investigation of the so-
Tsung-Dao Lee
China called parity laws which has led to important
1957
Republic of discoveries regarding the elementary
Chen Ning Yang particles"[57]
China
Pavel Alekseyevich
Soviet Union
Cherenkov
"for the discovery and the interpretation of the
1958 Ilya Frank Soviet Union
Cherenkov effect"[58]
Igor Yevgenyevich
Soviet Union
Tamm
Italy
Emilio Gino Segrè
United States
1959 "for their discovery of the antiproton"[59]
Owen Chamberlain United States
1960 Donald Arthur Glaser United States "for the invention of the bubble chamber"[60]
"for his pioneering studies of electron

scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby
Robert Hofstadter United States
achieved discoveries concerning the structure
of the nucleons"[61]
1961
Rudolf Ludwig "for his researches concerning the resonance
Mössbauer absorption of gamma radiation and his
West Germany
discovery in this connection of the effect
which bears his name"[61]
Lev Davidovich "for his pioneering theories for condensed
1962 Soviet Union
Landau matter, especially liquid helium"[62]
"for his contributions to the theory of the
atomic nucleus and the elementary particles,
Hungary
Eugene Paul Wigner particularly through the discovery and
United States
application of fundamental symmetry
principles"[63]
1963
Maria Goeppert-
United States
Mayer "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell
structure"[63]
J. Hans D. Jensen West Germany
1964 Nicolay Soviet Union "for fundamental work in the field of quantum
Gennadiyevich electronics, which has led to the construction
Basov of oscillators and amplifiers based on the
Alexander Prokhorov Soviet Union

maser–laser principle"[64]
Charles Hard Townes United States
Richard Phillips
United States
Feynman
"for their fundamental work in quantum
electrodynamics (QED), with deep-ploughing
1965 Julian Schwinger United States
consequences for the physics of elementary
particles"[65]
Shin'ichirō
Japan
Tomonaga
1966 Alfred Kastler France "for the discovery and development of optical
methods for studying Hertzian resonances in
atoms"[66]
1967 Hans Albrecht Bethe United States "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear
reactions, especially his discoveries
concerning the energy production in stars"[67]
"for his decisive contributions to elementary
particle physics, in particular the discovery of
a large number of resonance states, made
1968 Luis Walter Alvarez United States
possible through his development of the
technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber
and data analysis"[68]
1969 Murray Gell-Mann United States "for his contributions and discoveries
concerning the classification of elementary
particles and their interactions"[69]
Hannes Olof Gösta "for fundamental work and discoveries in
Alfvén magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful
Sweden
applications in different parts of plasma
physics"[70]
1970
"for fundamental work and discoveries
concerning antiferromagnetism and
Louis Néel France
ferrimagnetism which have led to important
applications in solid state physics"[70]
Hungary "for his invention and development of the
1971 Dennis Gabor
United Kingdom holographic method"[71]
John Bardeen United States

"for their jointly developed theory of
1972 Leon Neil Cooper United States superconductivity, usually called the BCS-
theory"[72]
John Robert
United States
Schrieffer
1973 "for their experimental discoveries regarding
Leo Esaki Japan tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and
Ivar Giaever United States superconductors, respectively"[73]
Norway
"for his theoretical predictions of the

properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel
Brian David
United Kingdom barrier, in particular those phenomena which
Josephson
are generally known as the Josephson
effect"[73]
Martin Ryle United Kingdom "for their pioneering research in radio

astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and
1974 inventions, in particular of the aperture
Antony Hewish United Kingdom synthesis technique, and Hewish for his
decisive role in the discovery of pulsars"[74]
Aage Bohr Denmark "for the discovery of the connection between

collective motion and particle motion in
1975 atomic nuclei and the development of the
Ben Roy Mottelson Denmark theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus
Leo James Rainwater United States based on this connection"[75]
Burton Richter United States "for their pioneering work in the discovery of
1976 a heavy elementary particle of a new
Samuel Chao Chung kind"[76]
United States
Ting
Philip Warren
United States
Anderson
"for their fundamental theoretical
1977 Nevill Francis Mott United Kingdom investigations of the electronic structure of
magnetic and disordered systems"[77]
John Hasbrouck Van
United States
Vleck
Pyotr Leonidovich "for his basic inventions and discoveries in the
Soviet Union
Kapitsa area of low-temperature physics"[78]
1978 Arno Allan Penzias United States
"for their discovery of cosmic microwave
Robert Woodrow background radiation"[78]
United States
Wilson
Sheldon Lee
United States "for their contributions to the theory of the
Glashow
unified weak and electromagnetic interaction
1979 Abdus Salam Pakistan between elementary particles, including, inter
alia, the prediction of the weak neutral
Steven Weinberg United States current"[79]
James Watson Cronin United States "for the discovery of violations of

1980 fundamental symmetry principles in the decay
Val Logsdon Fitch United States of neutral K-mesons"[80]
Nicolaas Netherlands
Bloembergen United States "for their contribution to the development of
Arthur Leonard laser spectroscopy"[81]
1981 United States
Schawlow
Kai Manne Börje "for his contribution to the development of
Sweden
Siegbahn high-resolution electron spectroscopy"[81]
"for his theory for critical phenomena in
1982 Kenneth G. Wilson United States
connection with phase transitions"[82]
"for his theoretical studies of the physical
Subrahmanyan India
processes of importance to the structure and
Chandrasekhar United States
evolution of the stars"[83]
1983 "for his theoretical and experimental studies
William Alfred of the nuclear reactions of importance in the
United States
Fowler formation of the chemical elements in the
universe"[83]
"for their decisive contributions to the large
Carlo Rubbia Italy project, which led to the discovery of the field
1984
particles W and Z, communicators of weak
Simon van der Meer Netherlands interaction"[84]
"for the discovery of the quantized Hall
1985 Klaus von Klitzing West Germany
effect"[85]
"for his fundamental work in electron optics,
Ernst Ruska West Germany and for the design of the first electron
microscope"[86]
1986
Gerd Binnig West Germany
"for their design of the scanning tunneling
microscope"[86]
Heinrich Rohrer Switzerland
Johannes Georg
West Germany "for their important break-through in the
Bednorz
1987 discovery of superconductivity in ceramic
Karl Alexander materials"[87]
Switzerland
Müller
Leon Max Lederman United States "for the neutrino beam method and the
Melvin Schwartz United States demonstration of the doublet structure of the
1988
leptons through the discovery of the muon
Jack Steinberger United States neutrino"[88]
"for the invention of the separated oscillatory
Norman Foster
United States fields method and its use in the hydrogen
Ramsey
maser and other atomic clocks"[89]
1989
United States
Hans Georg Dehmelt "for the development of the ion trap
Germany
technique"[89]
Wolfgang Paul West Germany
Jerome I. Friedman United States "for their pioneering investigations
1990 concerning deep inelastic scattering of
Henry Way Kendall United States electrons on protons and bound neutrons,
Richard E. Taylor Canada

which have been of essential importance for
the development of the quark model in
"for discovering that methods developed for
studying order phenomena in simple systems
Pierre-Gilles de
1991 France can be generalized to more complex forms of
Gennes
matter, in particular to liquid crystals and
polymers"[91]
"for his invention and development of particle
France
1992 Georges Charpak detectors, in particular the multiwire
Poland
proportional chamber"[92]
Russell Alan Hulse United States "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a
1993 discovery that has opened up new possibilities
Joseph Hooton for the study of gravitation"[93]
United States
Taylor, Jr.
"for the development of neutron
spectroscopy" and "for pioneering
Bertram Brockhouse Canada contributions to the development of neutron
scattering techniques for studies of condensed
matter"[94]
1994
"for the development of the neutron
diffraction technique" and "for pioneering
Clifford Glenwood
United States contributions to the development of neutron
Shull
scattering techniques for studies of condensed
matter"[94]
"for the discovery of the tau lepton" and "for
Martin Lewis Perl United States pioneering experimental contributions to
lepton physics"[95]
1995
"for the detection of the neutrino" and "for
Frederick Reines United States pioneering experimental contributions to
lepton physics"[95]
David Morris Lee United States
"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-

1996 Douglas D. Osheroff United States
3"[96]
Robert Coleman
United States
Richardson
Steven Chu United States
Claude Cohen- "for development of methods to cool and trap

1997 France
Tannoudji atoms with laser light."[97]
William Daniel
United States
Phillips
1998 "for their discovery of a new form of quantum
Robert B. Laughlin United States
fluid with fractionally charged
Horst Ludwig Germany excitations"[98]
Störmer
Republic of
Daniel Chee Tsui China
United States
Gerard 't Hooft Netherlands

"for elucidating the quantum structure of
1999
Martinus J. G. electroweak interactions in physics"[99]
Netherlands
Veltman
Zhores Ivanovich
Russia "for developing semiconductor
Alferov
heterostructures used in high-speed- and
2000 Herbert Kroemer Germany optoelectronics"[100]
"for his part in the invention of the integrated

Jack St. Clair Kilby United States
circuit"[100]
Eric Allin Cornell United States
"for the achievement of Bose–Einstein
Carl Edwin Wieman United States condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms,
2001
and for early fundamental studies of the
properties of the condensates"[101]
Wolfgang Ketterle Germany
Raymond Davis, Jr. United States "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics,

in particular for the detection of cosmic
Masatoshi Koshiba Japan neutrinos"[102]
2002
"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics,
Italy
Riccardo Giacconi which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-
United States
ray sources"[102]
Alexei Alexeyevich Russia
Abrikosov United States
Vitaly Lazarevich "for pioneering contributions to the theory of
2003 Russia
Ginzburg superconductors and superfluids"[103]
Anthony James United Kingdom
Leggett United States
David J. Gross United States

"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in
2004
Hugh David Politzer United States the theory of the strong interaction"[104]
Frank Wilczek United States
"for his contribution to the quantum theory of
Roy J. Glauber United States
optical coherence"[105]
2005 John L. Hall United States "for their contributions to the development of
laser-based precision spectroscopy, including
Theodor W. Hänsch Germany the optical frequency comb technique"[105]
2006 John C. Mather United States "for their discovery of the blackbody form and
anisotropy of the cosmic microwave
George F. Smoot United States background radiation"[106]
Albert Fert France

"for the discovery of giant
2007
Peter Grünberg Germany magnetoresistance"[107]
Makoto Kobayashi Japan "for the discovery of the origin of the broken
symmetry which predicts the existence of at
Toshihide Maskawa Japan least three families of quarks in nature"[108]
2008
"for the discovery of the mechanism of
Japan
Yoichiro Nambu spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic
United States
physics"[108]
Hong Kong "for groundbreaking achievements concerning
Charles K. Kao United Kingdom the transmission of light in fibers for optical
United States communication"[109]
2009 Canada
Willard S. Boyle
United States "for the invention of an imaging
semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor"[109]
George E. Smith United States
Russia
Andre Geim United Kingdom
Netherlands "for groundbreaking experiments regarding
2010
the two-dimensional material graphene"[110]
Konstantin Russia
Novoselov United Kingdom
Saul Perlmutter United States

"for the discovery of the accelerating
2011 Australia expansion of the Universe through
Brian P. Schmidt
United States observations of distant supernovae"[111]
Adam G. Riess United States
Serge Haroche France "for ground-breaking experimental methods

2012 that enable measuring and manipulation of
David J. Wineland United States individual quantum systems."[112]
"for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism

François Englert Belgium that contributes to our understanding of the
origin of mass of subatomic particles, and
2013 which recently was confirmed through the
Peter Higgs United Kingdom discovery of the predicted fundamental
particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments
at CERN's Large Hadron Collider"[113]
2014 Isamu Akasaki Japan "for the invention of efficient blue light-
emitting diodes which has enabled bright and
Hiroshi Amano Japan

energy-saving white light sources"[114]
Japan
Shuji Nakamura
United States
Takaaki Kajita Japan
"for the discovery of neutrino oscillations,
2015
which shows that neutrinos have mass"[115]
Arthur B. McDonald Canada
United Kingdom
David J. Thouless
United States
"for theoretical discoveries of topological
2016 F. Duncan M. United Kingdom phase transitions and topological phases of
Haldane United States matter"[116]
United Kingdom
John M. Kosterlitz
United States
Germany
Rainer Weiss
United States
"for decisive contributions to the LIGO
2017 Kip Thorne United States detector and the observation of gravitational
waves"[117]
Barry Barish United States
See also
• List of Nobel laureates
• List of Nobel laureates by country
• List of physicists
References
Notes
^ A. The form and spelling of the names in the name column is according to nobelprize.org, the official
website of the Nobel Foundation. Alternative spellings and name forms, where they exist, are given at the
articles linked from this column. Where available, an image of each Nobel laureate is provided. For the
official pictures provided by the Nobel Foundation, see the pages for each Nobel laureate at
nobelprize.org.
^ B. The information in the country column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the
Nobel Foundation. This information may not necessarily reflect the recipient's birthplace or citizenship.
^ C. The citation for each award is quoted (not always in full) from nobelprize.org, the official website of
the Nobel Foundation. The links in this column are to articles (or sections of articles) on the history and
areas of physics for which the awards were presented. The links are intended only as a guide and
explanation. For a full account of the work done by each Nobel laureate, please see the biography articles
linked from the name column.
List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Swedish: Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish
Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes
established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, who died in 1896. These prizes are awarded for outstanding
contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] As dictated by
Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that
consists of five members elected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.[2] The first Nobel Prize in
Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, of the Netherlands. Each recipient
receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years.[3] In 1901,
van 't Hoff received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. The award is
presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[4]
At least 25 laureates have received the Nobel Prize for contributions in the field of organic chemistry,
more than any other field of chemistry.[5] Two Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry, Germans Richard
Kuhn (1938) and Adolf Butenandt (1939), were not allowed by their government to accept the prize.
They would later receive a medal and diploma, but not the money. Frederick Sanger is one out of two
laureates to be awarded the Nobel prize twice in the same subject, in 1958 and 1980. John Bardeen is the
other and was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1956 and 1972. Two others have won Nobel Prizes
twice, one in chemistry and one in another subject: Maria Skłodowska-Curie (physics in 1903, chemistry
in 1911) and Linus Pauling (chemistry in 1954, peace in 1962).[6] As of 2017, the prize has been
awarded to 177 individuals, including four women: Maria Skłodowska-Curie, Irène Joliot-Curie (1935),
Dorothy Hodgkin (1964), and Ada Yonath (2009).[7][8] There have been eight years in which the Nobel
Prize in Chemistry was not awarded.
Contents
• 1 Laureates
• 2 See also
• 3 References
• 3.1 Notes
• 3.2 Citations
• 3.3 Sources
Laureates
Year Laureate Country Rationale
Jacobus Henricus van "[for his] discovery of the laws of chemical
1901 Netherlands
't Hoff dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions"[9]
Hermann Emil
1902 Germany "[for] his work on sugar and purine syntheses"[10]
Fischer
Svante August
1903 Sweden "[for] his electrolytic theory of dissociation"[11]
Arrhenius
"[for his] discovery of the inert gaseous elements in
1904 Sir William Ramsay United Kingdom air, and his determination of their place in the
periodic system"[12]
Johann Friedrich "[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and
1905 Wilhelm Adolf von Germany the chemical industry, through his work on organic
Baeyer dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"[13]
"[for his] investigation and isolation of the element
1906 Henri Moissan France fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace called after
him"[14]
"for his biochemical researches and his discovery
1907 Eduard Buchner Germany
of cell-free fermentation"[15]
"for his investigations into the disintegration of the
United Kingdom
1908 Ernest Rutherford elements, and the chemistry of radioactive
New Zealand
substances"[16]
"[for] his work on catalysis and for his
investigations into the fundamental principles
1909 Wilhelm Ostwald Germany
governing chemical equilibria and rates of
reaction"[17]
"[for] his services to organic chemistry and the
1910 Otto Wallach Germany chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field
of alicyclic compounds"[18]
"[for] the discovery of the elements radium and
Maria Skłodowska- Poland polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study
1911
Curie France of the nature and compounds of this remarkable
element"[19]
Victor Grignard France "for the discovery of the [...] Grignard reagent"[20]
1912 "for his method of hydrogenating organic
Paul Sabatier France compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated
metals"[20]
"[for] his work on the linkage of atoms in
1913 Alfred Werner Switzerland molecules [...] especially in inorganic
chemistry"[21]
"[for] his accurate determinations of the atomic
Theodore William
1914 United States weight of a large number of chemical
Richards
elements"[22]
Richard Martin "for his researches on plant pigments, especially
1915 Germany
Willstätter chlorophyll"[23]
1916
Not awarded
1917
"for the synthesis of ammonia from its
1918 Fritz Haber Germany
elements"[24]
1919 Not awarded
Walther Hermann
1920 Germany "[for] his work in thermochemistry"[25]
Nernst
"for his contributions to our knowledge of the
chemistry of radioactive substances, and his
1921 Frederick Soddy United Kingdom
investigations into the origin and nature of
isotopes"[26]
"for his discovery, by means of his mass
Francis William spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-
1922 United Kingdom
Aston radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the
whole-number rule"[27]
"for his invention of the method of micro-analysis
1923 Fritz Pregl Austria
of organic substances"[28]
1924 Not awarded
"for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature
Richard Adolf Germany
1925 of colloid solutions and for the methods he
Zsigmondy Hungary
used"[29]
The (Theodor)
1926 Sweden "for his work on disperse systems"[30]
Svedberg
Heinrich Otto "for his investigations of the constitution of the bile
1927 Germany
Wieland acids and related substances"[31]
Adolf Otto Reinhold "[for] his research into the constitution of the
1928 Germany
Windaus sterols and their connection with the vitamins"[32]
Arthur Harden United Kingdom

"for their investigations on the fermentation of
1929 Hans Karl August sugar and fermentative enzymes"[33]
Simon von Euler- Sweden
Chelpin
"for his researches into the constitution of haemin
1930 Hans Fischer Germany and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of
haemin"[34]
Carl Bosch Germany "[for] their contributions to the invention and

1931 development of chemical high pressure
Friedrich Bergius Germany methods"[35]
"for his discoveries and investigations in surface
1932 Irving Langmuir United States
chemistry"[36]
1933 Not awarded
1934 Harold Clayton Urey United States "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen"[37]
Frédéric Joliot France

"[for] their synthesis of new radioactive
1935
elements"[38]
Irène Joliot-Curie France
Petrus (Peter) "[for his work on] molecular structure through his
1936 Josephus Wilhelmus Netherlands investigations on dipole moments and the
Debye diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases"[39]
Walter Norman "for his investigations on carbohydrates and
United Kingdom
Haworth vitamin C"[40]
1937
"for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and
Paul Karrer Switzerland vitamins A and B2"
1938 Richard Kuhn Germany "for his work on carotenoids and vitamins"[41]
Adolf Friedrich
Germany "for his work on sex hormones"[42]
Johann Butenandt
1939
Croatia "for his work on polymethylenes and higher
Leopold Ruzicka
Switzerland terpenes"[42]
1940
1941 Not awarded
1942
"for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in
1943 George de Hevesy Germany
the study of chemical processes"[43]
"for his discovery of the fission of heavy
1944 Otto Hahn Germany
nuclei"[44]
"for his research and inventions in agricultural and
Artturi Ilmari
1945 Finland nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder
Virtanen
preservation method"[45]
James Batcheller "for his discovery that enzymes can be
United States
Sumner crystallized"[46]
John Howard
1946 United States
Northrop "for their preparation of enzymes and virus
Wendell Meredith proteins in a pure form"[46]
United States
Stanley
"for his investigations on plant products of
1947 Sir Robert Robinson United Kingdom
biological importance, especially the alkaloids"[47]
"for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption
Arne Wilhelm Kaurin
1948 Sweden analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning
Tiselius
the complex nature of the serum proteins"[48]
"for his contributions in the field of chemical
William Francis thermodynamics, particularly concerning the
1949 United States
Giauque behaviour of substances at extremely low
temperatures"[49]
Otto Paul Hermann
West Germany
Diels "for their discovery and development of the diene
1950
synthesis"[50]
Kurt Alder West Germany
Edwin Mattison
United States
McMillan "for their discoveries in the chemistry of
1951
Glenn Theodore transuranium elements"[51]
United States
Seaborg
Archer John Porter
United Kingdom
Martin "for their invention of partition
1952
Richard Laurence chromatography"[52]
United Kingdom
Millington Synge
"for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular
1953 Hermann Staudinger West Germany
chemistry"[53]
"for his research into the nature of the chemical
1954 Linus Pauling United States bond and its application to the elucidation of the
structure of complex substances"[54]
"for his work on biochemically important sulphur
1955 Vincent du Vigneaud United States compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a
polypeptide hormone"[55]
Sir Cyril Norman
United Kingdom
Hinshelwood "for their researches into the mechanism of
1956
Nikolay Nikolaevich chemical reactions"[56]
Soviet Union
Semenov
Lord (Alexander R.) "for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-
1957 United Kingdom
Todd enzymes"[57]
"for his work on the structure of proteins,
1958 Frederick Sanger United Kingdom
especially that of insulin"[58]
"for his discovery and development of the
1959 Jaroslav Heyrovský Czechoslovakia
polarographic methods of analysis"[59]
"for his method to use carbon-14 for age
1960 Willard Frank Libby United States determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics,
and other branches of science"[60]
"for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation
1961 Melvin Calvin United States
in plants"[61]
Max Ferdinand
United Kingdom
Perutz "for their studies of the structures of globular
1962
John Cowdery proteins"[62]
United Kingdom
Kendrew
Karl Ziegler West Germany

"for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry
1963
and technology of high polymers"[63]
Giulio Natta Italy
"for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the

Dorothy Crowfoot
1964 United Kingdom structures of important biochemical
Hodgkin
substances"[64]
Robert Burns "for his outstanding achievements in the art of
1965 United States
Woodward organic synthesis"[65]
"for his fundamental work concerning chemical
1966 Robert S. Mulliken United States bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by
the molecular orbital method"[66]
Manfred Eigen West Germany
Ronald George "for their studies of extremely fast chemical

1967 United Kingdom reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by
Wreyford Norrish
means of very short pulses of energy"[67]
George Porter United Kingdom
"for the discovery of the reciprocal relations

1968 Lars Onsager United States bearing his name, which are fundamental for the
thermodynamics of irreversible processes"[68]
Derek H. R. Barton United Kingdom "for their contributions to the development of the
1969 concept of conformation and its application in
Odd Hassel Norway chemistry"[69]
"for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their
1970 Luis F. Leloir Argentina
role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates"[70]
"for his contributions to the knowledge of
Canada
1971 Gerhard Herzberg electronic structure and geometry of molecules,
West Germany
particularly free radicals"[71]
"for his work on ribonuclease, especially
concerning the connection between the amino acid
Christian B. Anfinsen United States
sequence and the biologically active
conformation"[72]
1972
Stanford Moore United States "for their contribution to the understanding of the
connection between chemical structure and
William H. Stein United States catalytic activity of the active centre of the
ribonuclease molecule"[72]
Ernst Otto Fischer West Germany "for their pioneering work, performed
independently, on the chemistry of the
1973
Geoffrey Wilkinson United Kingdom organometallic, so called sandwich
compounds"[73]
"for his fundamental work, both theoretical and
1974 Paul J. Flory United States experimental, in the physical chemistry of
macromolecules"[74]
John Warcup Australia "for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-
Cornforth United Kingdom catalyzed reactions"[75]
1975
Yugoslavia "for his research into the stereochemistry of
Vladimir Prelog
Switzerland organic molecules and reactions"[75]
"for his studies on the structure of boranes
1976 William N. Lipscomb United States
illuminating problems of chemical bonding"[76]
"for his contributions to non-equilibrium
1977 Ilya Prigogine Belgium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of
dissipative structures"[77]
"for his contribution to the understanding of
1978 Peter D. Mitchell United Kingdom biological energy transfer through the formulation
of the chemiosmotic theory"[78]
Herbert C. Brown United States "for their development of the use of boron- and
1979 phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively,
Georg Wittig West Germany into important reagents in organic synthesis"[79]
"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of
Paul Berg United States nucleic acids, with particular regard to
recombinant-DNA"[80]
1980 Walter Gilbert United States "for their contributions concerning the
determination of base sequences in nucleic
Frederick Sanger United Kingdom acids"[80]
Kenichi Fukui Japan

"for their theories, developed independently,
1981 United States
Roald Hoffmann concerning the course of chemical reactions"[81]
Poland
"for his development of crystallographic electron
microscopy and his structural elucidation of
1982 Aaron Klug United Kingdom
biologically important nucleic acid-protein
complexes"[82]
"for his work on the mechanisms of electron
1983 Henry Taube United States transfer reactions, especially in metal
complexes"[83]
Robert Bruce "for his development of methodology for chemical
1984 United States
Merrifield synthesis on a solid matrix"[84]
Herbert A. Hauptman United States "for their outstanding achievements in developing
1985 direct methods for the determination of crystal
Jerome Karle United States structures"[85]
1986 Dudley R. "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of

United States
Herschbach chemical elementary processes"[86]
United States
Yuan T. Lee
Taiwan
John C. Polanyi Canada
Hungary
Donald J. Cram United States
"for their development and use of molecules with
1987 Jean-Marie Lehn France structure-specific interactions of high
selectivity"[87]
Charles J. Pedersen United States
Johann Deisenhofer West Germany
Robert Huber West Germany "for their determination of the three-dimensional
1988
structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre"[88]
Hartmut Michel West Germany
Canada
Sidney Altman
United States "for their discovery of catalytic properties of
1989
RNA"[89]
Thomas Cech United States
"for his development of the theory and

1990 Elias James Corey United States
methodology of organic synthesis"[90]
"for his contributions to the development of the
1991 Richard R. Ernst Switzerland methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic
resonance (NMR) spectroscopy"[91]
United States "for his contributions to the theory of electron
1992 Rudolph A. Marcus
Canada transfer reactions in chemical systems"[92]
"for contributions to the developments of methods
within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his invention
Kary B. Mullis United States
of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
method"[93]
1993 "for contributions to the developments of methods
within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his
Michael Smith Canada fundamental contributions to the establishment of
oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis
and its development for protein studies"[93]
United States
1994 George A. Olah "for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"[94]
Hungary
Paul J. Crutzen Netherlands

"for their work in atmospheric chemistry,
1995 Mario J. Molina Mexico particularly concerning the formation and
decomposition of ozone"[95]
F. Sherwood
United States
Rowland
Robert F. Curl Jr. United States
1996 Sir Harold W. Kroto United Kingdom "for their discovery of fullerenes"[96]
Richard E. Smalley United States

1997 Paul D. Boyer United States "for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism
underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate
John E. Walker United Kingdom
(ATP)"[97]
"for the first discovery of an ion-transporting
Jens C. Skou Denmark
enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase"[97]
"for his development of the density-functional
Walter Kohn United States
theory"[98]
1998
"for his development of computational methods in
John A. Pople United Kingdom
quantum chemistry"[98]
United States "for his studies of the transition states of chemical
1999 Ahmed Zewail
Egypt reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy"[99]
Alan J. Heeger United States
United States "for their discovery and development of conductive

2000 Alan G. MacDiarmid
New Zealand polymers"[100]
Hideki Shirakawa Japan
William S. Knowles United States

"for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation
Ryōji Noyori Japan reactions"[101]
2001
"for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation
K. Barry Sharpless United States
reactions"[101]
John B. Fenn United States "for the development of methods for identification
and structure analyses of biological
macromolecules [...] for their development of soft
Koichi Tanaka Japan desorption ionisation methods for mass
spectrometric analyses of biological
macromolecules"[102]
2002
"for the development of methods for identification
and structure analyses of biological
macromolecules [...] for his development of
Kurt Wüthrich Switzerland
nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for
determining the three-dimensional structure of
biological macromolecules in solution"[102]
"for discoveries concerning channels in cell
Peter Agre United States membranes [...] for the discovery of water
channels"[103]
2003
"for discoveries concerning channels in cell
Roderick MacKinnon United States membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic
studies of ion channels"[103]
Aaron Ciechanover Israel
"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein

2004 Avram Hershko Israel
degradation"[104]
Irwin Rose United States

Yves Chauvin France
Robert H. Grubbs United States "for the development of the metathesis method in
2005
organic synthesis"[105]
Richard R. Schrock United States
"for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic
2006 Roger D. Kornberg United States
transcription"[106]
"for his studies of chemical processes on solid
2007 Gerhard Ertl Germany
surfaces"[107]
Osamu Shimomura Japan[108]
"for the discovery and development of the green

2008 Martin Chalfie United States
fluorescent protein, GFP"[109]
Roger Y. Tsien United States
United States
Venkatraman
India
Ramakrishnan
United Kingdom
"for studies of the structure and function of the
2009
Thomas A. Steitz United States ribosome"[110]
Ada E. Yonath Israel
Richard F. Heck United States
"for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic

2010 Ei-ichi Negishi Japan
synthesis"[111]
Akira Suzuki Japan
2011 Dan Shechtman Israel "for the discovery of quasicrystals"[112]
Robert Lefkowitz United States

2012 "for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors"[113]
Brian Kobilka United States
United States
Martin Karplus
Austria
United States
"for the development of multiscale models for
2013 Michael Levitt United Kingdom
complex chemical systems"[114]
Israel[115]
United States
Arieh Warshel
Israel
Eric Betzig United States
Germany "for the development of super-resolved

2014 Stefan W. Hell
Romania[117] fluorescence microscopy"[116]
William E. Moerner United States
Sweden
Tomas Lindahl
United Kingdom
2015 Paul L. Modrich United States "for mechanistic studies of DNA repair"[118]
United States
Aziz Sancar
Turkey
Jean-Pierre Sauvage France
United Kingdom "for the design and synthesis of molecular

2016 Fraser Stoddart
United States machines"[119]
Ben Feringa Netherlands
Jacques Dubochet Switzerland
Germany "for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the

2017 Joachim Frank United high-resolution structure determination of
States[121] biomolecules in solution"[120]
Richard Henderson United Kingdom
See also
• Timeline of chemistry
List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
Front side (obverse) of the Nobel Prize Medal for Physiology or Medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) is awarded
annually by the Swedish Karolinska Institute to scientists and doctors in the various fields of physiology
or medicine. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in
1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or
medicine.[1] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and
awarded by a committee that consists of five members and an executive secretary elected by the
Karolinska Institute.[2][3] While commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Medicine, Nobel
specifically stated that the prize be awarded for "physiology or medicine" in his will. Because of this, the
prize can be awarded in a broader range of fields.[3] The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was
awarded in 1901 to Emil Adolf von Behring, of Germany. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and
a monetary award that has varied throughout the years.[4] In 1901, von Behring received 150,782 SEK,
which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2008. In 2013, the prize was awarded to James E.
Rothman, Randy W. Schekman and Thomas C. Südhof;[5] they were recognised "after discovering how
cells precisely transport material".[6] The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on
December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[7]
Laureates have won the Nobel Prize in a wide range of fields that relate to physiology or medicine. As of
2009, 8 Prizes have been awarded for contributions in the field of signal transduction by G proteins and
second messengers, 13 have been awarded for contributions in the field of neurobiology and 13 have
been awarded for contributions in Intermediary Metabolism.[3] Gerhard Domagk (1939), a German, was
not allowed by his government to accept the prize. He later received a medal and diploma, but not the
money.[8] Twelve women have won the prize: Gerty Cori (1947), Rosalyn Yalow (1977), Barbara
McClintock (1983), Rita Levi-Montalcini (1986), Gertrude B. Elion (1988), Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
(1995), Linda B. Buck (2004), Françoise Barré-Sinoussi (2008), Elizabeth H. Blackburn (2009), Carol W.
Greider (2009), May-Britt Moser (2014)[9] and Tu Youyou (2015). As of 2017, the prize has been
awarded to 214 individuals. There have been nine years in which the Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine was not awarded (1915–1918, 1921, 1925, 1940–1942).
Contents
• 1 Laureates
• 1.1 1901–1950
• 1.2 1951–2000
• 1.3 2001–current
• 2 References
• 2.1 Notes
• 2.2 Citations
• 2.3 Sources
Laureates
1901–1950
"for his work on serum therapy, especially its
application against diphtheria, by which he has
Emil Adolf von
1901 Germany opened a new road in the domain of medical science
Behring
and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a
victorious weapon against illness and deaths"[10]
"for his work on malaria, by which he has shown
United Kingdom how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the
1902 Sir Ronald Ross
India foundation for successful research on this disease
and methods of combating it"[11]
"[for] his contribution to the treatment of diseases,
Niels Ryberg Denmark especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light
1903
Finsen ( Faroe Islands) radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for
medical science"[12]
"in recognition of his work on the physiology of
Ivan Petrovich digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects
1904 Russia
Pavlov of the subject has been transformed and
enlarged"[13]
"for his investigations and discoveries in relation to
1905 Robert Koch Germany
tuberculosis"[14]
Camillo Golgi Italy

"in recognition of their work on the structure of the
1906
Santiago Ramón y nervous system"[15]
Spain
Cajal
Charles Louis "in recognition of his work on the role played by
1907 France
Alphonse Laveran protozoa in causing diseases"[16]
Ilya Ilyich
Russia
Mechnikov
1908 "in recognition of their work on immunity"[17]
Paul Ehrlich Germany
Emil Theodor "for his work on the physiology, pathology and

1909 Switzerland
Kocher surgery of the thyroid gland"[18]
1910 Albrecht Kossel Germany "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge
of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins,
including the nucleic substances"[19]
1911 Allvar Gullstrand Sweden "for his work on the dioptrics of the eye"[20]
"[for] his work on vascular suture and the

1912 Alexis Carrel France
transplantation of blood vessels and organs"[21]
1913 Charles Richet France "[for] his work on anaphylaxis"[22]
"for his work on the physiology and pathology of the

1914 Robert Bárány Austria-Hungary
vestibular apparatus"[23]
1915
1916
Not awarded
1917
1918
1919 Jules Bordet Belgium "for his discoveries relating to immunity"[24]
Schack August "for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating

1920 Denmark
Steenberg Krogh mechanism"[25]
1921 Not awarded
Archibald Vivian "for his discovery relating to the production of heat
United Kingdom
Hill in the muscle"[26]
1922 "for his discovery of the fixed relationship between
Otto Fritz
Germany the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of
Meyerhof
lactic acid in the muscle"[26]
Sir Frederick Grant
Canada
Banting
1923 "for the discovery of insulin"[27]
John James
United Kingdom
Rickard Macleod
"for the discovery of the mechanism of the
1924 Willem Einthoven Netherlands
electrocardiogram"[28]
1925 Not awarded
Johannes Andreas
1926 Denmark "for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma"[29]
Grib Fibiger
"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria
Julius Wagner-
1927 Austria inoculation in the treatment of dementia
Jauregg
paralytica"[30]
Charles Jules Henri
1928 France "for his work on typhus"[31]
Nicolle
Christiaan Eijkman Netherlands "for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin"[32]

1929
Sir Frederick "for his discovery of the growth-stimulating
United Kingdom
Gowland Hopkins vitamins"[32]
1930 Karl Landsteiner Austria "for his discovery of human blood groups"[33]
Otto Heinrich "for his discovery of the nature and mode of action
1931 Germany
Warburg of the respiratory enzyme"[34]
Sir Charles Scott
United Kingdom
Sherrington "for their discoveries regarding the functions of
1932
Edgar Douglas neurons"[35]
United Kingdom
Adrian
Thomas Hunt "for his discoveries concerning the role played by the
1933 United States
Morgan chromosome in heredity"[36]
George Hoyt
United States
Whipple
George Richards "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in
1934 United States
Minot cases of anaemia"[37]
William Parry
United States
Murphy
"for his discovery of the organizer effect in
1935 Hans Spemann Germany
embryonic development"[38]
Sir Henry Hallett
United Kingdom
Dale "for their discoveries relating to chemical
1936
Austria transmission of nerve impulses"[39]
Otto Loewi
Germany
Albert Szent- "for his discoveries in connection with the biological
1937 Györgyi von Hungary combustion processes, with special reference to
Nagyrapolt vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid"[40]
"for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and
Corneille Jean
1938 Belgium aortic mechanisms in the regulation of
François Heymans
respiration"[41]
"for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of
1939 Gerhard Domagk Germany
prontosil"[42]
1940
1941 Not awarded
1942
Carl Peter Henrik
Denmark "for his discovery of vitamin K"[43]
Dam
1943
Edward Adelbert "for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin
United States
Doisy K"[43]
Joseph Erlanger United States

"for their discoveries relating to the highly
1944
Herbert Spencer differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"[44]
United States
Gasser
Sir Alexander
United Kingdom
Fleming
Sir Ernst Boris "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect
1945 United Kingdom
Chain in various infectious diseases"[45]
Howard Walter
Australia
Florey
Hermann Joseph "for the discovery of the production of mutations by
1946 United States
Muller means of X-ray irradiation"[46]
Carl Ferdinand
United States
Cori "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic
Gerty Theresa conversion of glycogen"[47]
1947 United States
Cori, née Radnitz
"for his discovery of the part played by the hormone
Bernardo Alberto
Argentina of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of
Houssay
sugar"[47]
Paul Hermann "for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a
1948 Switzerland
Müller contact poison against several arthropods"[48]
"for his discovery of the functional organization of
Walter Rudolf Hess Switzerland the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the
1949 internal organs"[49]
António Caetano "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of
Portugal
Egas Moniz leucotomy (lobotomy) in certain psychoses"[49]
Philip Showalter
United States "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the
Hench
1950 adrenal cortex, their structure and biological
Edward Calvin effects"[50]
United States
Kendall
Switzerland
Tadeusz Reichstein
Poland
1951–2000
"for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and
1951 Max Theiler South Africa
how to combat it"[51]
Selman Abraham "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first
1952 United States
Waksman antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"[52]
Sir Hans Adolf
United Kingdom "for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"[53]
Krebs
1953
Fritz Albert "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its
United States
Lipmann importance for intermediary metabolism"[53]
1954 John Franklin United States "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis
Enders viruses to grow in cultures of various types of
Frederick Chapman
United States
Robbins
tissue"[54]
Thomas Huckle
United States
Weller
Axel Hugo Theodor "for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode
1955 Sweden
Theorell of action of oxidation enzymes"[55]
André Frédéric
United States
Cournand
"for their discoveries concerning heart
1956 Werner Forssmann West Germany catheterization and pathological changes in the
circulatory system"[56]
Dickinson W.
United States
Richards
"for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds
that inhibit the action of certain body substances,
1957 Daniel Bovet Italy
and especially their action on the vascular system
and the skeletal muscles"[57]
George Wells
United States
Beadle "for their discovery that genes act by regulating
Edward Lawrie definite chemical events"[58]
1958 United States
Tatum
"for his discoveries concerning genetic
Joshua Lederberg United States recombination and the organization of the genetic
material of bacteria"[58]
Arthur Kornberg United States "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the
1959 biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and
United States deoxyribonucleic acid"[59]
Severo Ochoa
Spain
Sir Frank
Australia
Macfarlane Burnet "for discovery of acquired immunological
1960
Sir Peter Brian Brazil tolerance"[60]
Medawar United Kingdom
"for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of
1961 Georg von Békésy United States
stimulation within the cochlea"[61]
Francis Harry
United Kingdom
Compton Crick
James Dewey "for their discoveries concerning the molecular
1962 United States structure of nucleic acids and its significance for
Watson
information transfer in living material"[62]
Maurice Hugh New Zealand
Frederick Wilkins United Kingdom
1963 Sir John Carew Australia "for their discoveries concerning the ionic
Eccles mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in
Sir Alan Lloyd
United Kingdom
Hodgkin the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell
Sir Andrew Fielding membrane"[63]
United Kingdom
Huxley
Konrad Bloch United States "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism
1964 and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid
Feodor Lynen West Germany metabolism"[64]
François Jacob France
"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of

1965 André Lwoff France
enzyme and virus synthesis"[65]
Jacques Monod France
Peyton Rous United States "for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses"[66]

1966
Charles Brenton "for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment
United States
Huggins of prostatic cancer"[66]
Finland
Ragnar Granit
Sweden
"for their discoveries concerning the primary
Haldan Keffer
1967 United States physiological and chemical visual processes in the
Hartline
eye"[67]
George Wald United States
Robert W. Holley United States
India "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its

1968 Har Gobind
United function in protein synthesis"[68]
Khorana
States[69]
Marshall W.
United States
Nirenberg
Max Delbrück United States
"for their discoveries concerning the replication

1969 Alfred D. Hershey United States mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"[70]
Italy
Salvador E. Luria
United States
1970 Julius Axelrod United States "for their discoveries concerning the humoral
transmittors in the nerve terminals and the
Ulf von Euler Sweden mechanism for their storage, release and
inactivation"[71]
Sir Bernard Katz United Kingdom
Earl W. Sutherland, "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of
1971 United States
Jr. the action of hormones"[72]
Gerald M. Edelman United States "for their discoveries concerning the chemical
1972
Rodney R. Porter United Kingdom structure of antibodies"[73]
Karl von Frisch West Germany
"for their discoveries concerning organization and
Konrad Lorenz Austria
1973 elicitation of individual and social behaviour
patterns"[74]
Nikolaas Tinbergen Netherlands
Albert Claude Belgium
"for their discoveries concerning the structural and
1974 Christian de Duve Belgium
functional organization of the cell"[75]
George E. Palade Romania
David Baltimore United States

"for their discoveries concerning the interaction
1975 Italy between tumour viruses and the genetic material of
Renato Dulbecco
United States the cell"[76]
Howard Martin
United States
Temin
Baruch S. Blumberg United States "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms
1976 for the origin and dissemination of infectious
D. Carleton diseases"[77]
United States
Gajdusek
Roger Guillemin United States
Canada "for their discoveries concerning the peptide
Andrew V. Schally Poland United hormone production of the brain"[78]
1977
States
"for the development of radioimmunoassays of
Rosalyn Yalow United States
peptide hormones"[78]
Werner Arber Switzerland

"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their
1978 Daniel Nathans United States application to problems of molecular genetics"[79]
Hamilton O. Smith United States
Allan M. Cormack South Africa
"for the development of computer assisted
1979 Sir Godfrey N.
United Kingdom tomography"[80]
Hounsfield
Baruj Benacerraf Venezuela
"for their discoveries concerning genetically
1980 Jean Dausset France determined structures on the cell surface that
regulate immunological reactions"[81]
George D. Snell United States
1981 Roger W. Sperry United States "for his discoveries concerning the functional
specialization of the cerebral hemispheres"[82]
David H. Hubel Canada
"for their discoveries concerning information
Torsten N. Wiesel Sweden processing in the visual system"[82]
Sune K. Bergström Sweden

Bengt I. Samuelsson Sweden "for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and
1982
related biologically active substances"[83]
Sir John R. Vane United Kingdom
1983 Barbara McClintock United States "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"[84]
Niels K. Jerne Denmark "for theories concerning the specificity in

Georges J.F. Köhler West Germany development and control of the immune system and
1984
the discovery of the principle for production of
Argentina monoclonal antibodies"[85]
César Milstein
United Kingdom
Michael S. Brown United States

"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of
1985
cholesterol metabolism"[86]
Joseph L. Goldstein United States
Stanley Cohen United States

1986 "for their discoveries of growth factors"[87]
Rita Levi-
Italy
Montalcini
"for his discovery of the genetic principle for
1987 Susumu Tonegawa Japan
generation of antibody diversity"[88]
Sir James W. Black United Kingdom
Gertrude B. Elion United States "for their discoveries of important principles for
1988
drug treatment"[89]
George H. Hitchings United States
J. Michael Bishop United States

"for their discovery of the cellular origin of
1989
retroviral oncogenes"[90]
Harold E. Varmus United States
Joseph E. Murray United States "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell
1990 transplantation in the treatment of human
E. Donnall Thomas United States disease"[91]
Erwin Neher Germany
"for their discoveries concerning the function of
1991
Bert Sakmann Germany single ion channels in cells"[92]
Switzerland "for their discoveries concerning reversible protein

Edmond H. Fischer
1992 United States phosphorylation as a biological regulatory
Edwin G. Krebs United States mechanism"[93]
Sir Richard J.
United Kingdom
1993 Roberts "for their discoveries of split genes"[94]
Phillip A. Sharp United States
Alfred G. Gilman United States
"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of
1994
Martin Rodbell United States these proteins in signal transduction in cells"[95]
Edward B. Lewis United States
Christiane Nüsslein-
Germany "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control
1995 Volhard
of early embryonic development"[96]
Eric F. Wieschaus United States
Peter C. Doherty Australia "for their discoveries concerning the specificity of
1996
Rolf M. Zinkernagel Switzerland the cell mediated immune defence"[97]
"for his discovery of Prions - a new biological
1997 Stanley B. Prusiner United States
principle of infection"[98]
Robert F. Furchgott United States
"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a
Louis J. Ignarro United States
1998 signalling molecule in the cardiovascular
system"[99]
Ferid Murad United States
"for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic
Germany
1999 Günter Blobel signals that govern their transport and localization
United States
in the cell"[100]
Arvid Carlsson Sweden
"for their discoveries concerning signal
2000 Paul Greengard United States
transduction in the nervous system"[101]
Eric R. Kandel United States
2001–current
Leland H. United
Hartwell States
United "for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell
2001 Sir Tim Hunt
Kingdom cycle"[102]
United
Sir Paul M. Nurse
Kingdom
South
Sydney Brenner
Africa
United "for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of
2002 H. Robert Horvitz
States organ development and programmed cell death'"[103]
Sir John E. United
Sulston Kingdom
2003 Paul Lauterbur United "for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance
States imaging"[104]
Sir Peter United
Mansfield Kingdom
United
Richard Axel
States "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the
2004
United organization of the olfactory system"[105]
Linda B. Buck
States
Barry J. Marshall Australia

"for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori
2005
and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease"[106]
J. Robin Warren Australia
United
Andrew Z. Fire
States "for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing
2006
United by double-stranded RNA"[107]
Craig C. Mello
States
United
Mario R. Capecchi
States
"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific
2007 Sir Martin J. United gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem
Evans Kingdom cells."[108]
United
Oliver Smithies
States
"for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing
Harald zur Hausen Germany
cervical cancer"[109]
2008 Françoise Barré-

France
Sinoussi "for their discovery of human immunodeficiency
virus"[109]
Luc Montagnier France
United
Elizabeth H.
States
Blackburn
Australia
United "for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by
2009 Carol W. Greider
States telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"[110]
United
Jack W. Szostak
States
Sir Robert G. United
2010 "for the development of in vitro fertilization"[111]
Edwards Kingdom
United
Bruce A. Beutler
States "for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate
immunity"[112]
Jules A. Hoffmann France
2011
"for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in
Ralph M.
Canada adaptive immunity"[112]
Steinman
(awarded posthumously)[113][114]
Sir John B. United
Gurdon Kingdom "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed
2012
to become pluripotent"[115]
Shinya Yamanaka Japan
United
James E. Rothman
States
Randy W. United
"for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle
2013 Schekman States
traffic, a major transport system in our cells"[5]
United
Thomas C. Südhof States
Germany
United
States
John O'Keefe
United
Kingdom "for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning
2014
system in the brain"
May-Britt Moser Norway
Edvard I. Moser Norway

Ireland
William C.
United
Campbell "for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against
2015 States
infections caused by roundworm parasites"[116]
Satoshi Ōmura Japan
"for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against
Tu Youyou China
Malaria"[116]
2016 Yoshinori Ohsumi Japan "for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy"[117]
United "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling

2017 Jeffrey C. Hall
States the circadian rhythm"[118]
United
Michael Rosbash
States
United
Michael W. Young
States
List of Nobel laureates in Literature
Horace Engdahl, the former permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy, announcing that Jean-Marie
Gustave Le Clézio won the 2008 Nobel Prize in Literature
The Nobel Prize in Literature (Swedish: Nobelpriset i litteratur) is awarded annually by the Swedish
Academy to authors for outstanding contributions in the field of literature. It is one of the five Nobel
Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which are awarded for outstanding contributions in
chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] As dictated by Nobel's will, the
award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five
members elected by the Swedish Academy.[2] The first Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded in 1901 to
Sully Prudhomme of France.[3] Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize
that has varied throughout the years.[4] In 1901, Prudhomme received 150,782 SEK, which is equivalent
to 8,823,637.78 SEK in January 2018. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on
December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[5]
As of 2017, the Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded to 114 individuals.[6] When he received the
award in 1958, Russian-born Boris Pasternak was forced to publicly reject the award under pressure from
the government of the Soviet Union. In 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre made known that he did not wish to accept
the Nobel Prize in Literature,[7] as he had consistently refused all official honors in the past.[8] However
the Nobel committee does not acknowledge refusals, and includes Pasternak and Sartre in its list of Nobel
laureates.[9]
Fourteen women have won the Nobel Prize in Literature, more than any other Nobel Prize with the
exception of the Nobel Peace Prize.[10][11] Among all the years the Nobel Prize in Literature has been
awarded, there have been only four instances in which the award was given to two people (1904, 1917,
1966, 1974). There have been seven years in which the Nobel Prize in Literature was not awarded (1914,
1918, 1935, 1940–1943).[6] The country with the most recipients of the Nobel Prize in Literature is
France, with 16, followed by the United States and the United Kingdom with 11.
Contents
• 1 Laureates
• 2 Nobel laureates by country
• 3 Nobel laureates by language
• 4 Nobel laureates by gender
• 5 References
Laureates
Year Picture Laureate Country Language(s) Citation Genre(s)
"in special recognition of
his poetic composition,
which gives evidence of
Sully lofty idealism, artistic poetry,
1901 France French
Prudhomme perfection and a rare essay
combination of the
qualities of both heart and
intellect"[12]
"the greatest living master
of the art of historical
Theodor writing, with special
1902 Germany German history, law
Mommsen reference to his
monumental work, A
History of Rome"[13]
"as a tribute to his noble,
magnificent and versatile
poetry, which has always poetry,
Bjørnstjerne
1903 Norway Norwegian been distinguished by novel,
Bjørnson
both the freshness of its drama
inspiration and the rare
purity of its spirit"[14]
"in recognition of the
fresh originality and true
inspiration of his poetic
production, which
Frédéric faithfully reflects the poetry,
France Provençal
Mistral natural scenery and native philology
spirit of his people, and,
in addition, his significant
1904 work as a Provençal
philologist"[15]
"in recognition of the
numerous and brilliant
compositions which, in
José
Spain Spanish an individual and original drama
Echegaray
manner, have revived the
great traditions of the
Spanish drama"[15]
Poland "because of his
Henryk
1905 (born in Russian Polish outstanding merits as an novel
Sienkiewicz
empire) epic writer"[16]
1906 Giosuè Italy Italian "not only in consideration poetry
Carducci of his deep learning and
critical research, but
above all as a tribute to
the creative energy,
freshness of style, and
lyrical force which
characterize his poetic
masterpieces"[17]
"in consideration of the
power of observation,
originality of
imagination, virility of
Rudyard United novel, short
1907 English ideas and remarkable
Kipling Kingdom story, poetry
talent for narration that
characterize the creations
of this world-famous
author"[18]
"in recognition of his
earnest search for truth,
his penetrating power of
thought, his wide range of
Rudolf vision, and the warmth
1908 Christoph Germany German and strength in philosophy
Eucken presentation with which
in his numerous works he
has vindicated and
developed an idealistic
philosophy of life"[19]
"in appreciation of the
lofty idealism, vivid
Selma imagination and spiritual novel, short
1909 Sweden Swedish
Lagerlöf perception that story
characterize her
writings"[20]
"as a tribute to the
consummate artistry,
permeated with idealism,
which he has poetry,
Paul von demonstrated during his drama,
1910 Germany German
Heyse long productive career as novel, short
a lyric poet, dramatist, story
novelist and writer of
world-renowned short
stories"[21]
1911 Maurice Belgium French "in appreciation of his drama,
Maeterlinck many-sided literary poetry,
activities, and especially essay
of his dramatic works,
which are distinguished
by a wealth of
imagination and by a
poetic fancy, which
reveals, sometimes in the
guise of a fairy tale, a
deep inspiration, while in
a mysterious way they
appeal to the readers' own
feelings and stimulate
their imaginations"[22]
"primarily in recognition
of his fruitful, varied and
Gerhart drama,
1912 Germany German outstanding production in
Hauptmann novel
the realm of dramatic
art"[23]
"because of his
profoundly sensitive,
fresh and beautiful verse,
by which, with poetry,
Rabindranath India (formerly Bengali and consummate skill, he has novel,
1913
Tagore British Raj) English made his poetic thought, drama, short
expressed in his own story, music
English words, a part of
the literature of the
West"[24]
1914 Not awarded
"as a tribute to the lofty
idealism of his literary
production and to the
Romain
1915 France French sympathy and love of novel
Rolland
truth with which he has
described different types
of human beings"[25]
significance as the
Verner von poetry,
1916 Sweden Swedish leading representative of
Heidenstam novel
a new era in our
literature"[26]
"for his varied and rich
Karl Adolph
Denmark Danish poetry, which is inspired poetry
Gjellerup
by lofty ideals"[27]
1917
"for his authentic
Henrik
Denmark Danish descriptions of present- novel
Pontoppidan
day life in Denmark"[27]
1918 Not awarded
"in special appreciation of
1919 Carl Spitteler Switzerland German his epic, Olympian poetry
Spring"[28]
"for his monumental
1920 Knut Hamsun Norway Norwegian work, Growth of the novel
Soil"[29]
brilliant literary
achievements,
characterized as they are
Anatole novel,
1921 France French by a nobility of style, a
France poetry
profound human
sympathy, grace, and a
true Gallic
temperament"[30]
"for the happy manner in
which he has continued
Jacinto
1922 Spain Spanish the illustrious traditions drama
Benavente
of the Spanish
drama"[31]
"for his always inspired
poetry, which in a highly
William
1923 Ireland English artistic form gives poetry
Butler Yeats
expression to the spirit of
a whole nation"[32]
Władysław "for his great national
1924 Poland Polish novel
Reymont epic, The Peasants"[33]
"for his work which is
marked by both idealism
George and humanity, its drama,
1925 Bernard Ireland[34] English stimulating satire often literary
Shaw being infused with a criticism
singular poetic
beauty"[35]
"for her idealistically
inspired writings, which
with plastic clarity picture
Grazia the life on her native poetry,
1926 Italy Italian
Deledda island and with depth and novel
sympathy deal with
human problems in
general"[36]
"in recognition of his rich
and vitalizing ideas and
Henri
1927 France French the brilliant skill with philosophy
Bergson
which they have been
presented"[37]
"principally for her
Norway
powerful descriptions of
1928 Sigrid Undset (Born in Norwegian novel
Northern life during the
Denmark)
Middle Ages"[38]
1929 Thomas Germany German "principally for his great novel, short
Mann novel, Buddenbrooks, story, essay
which has won steadily
increased recognition as
one of the classic works
of contemporary
literature"[39]
"for his vigorous and
graphic art of description
Sinclair novel, short
1930 United States English and his ability to create,
Lewis story, drama
with wit and humour, new
types of characters"[40]
Erik Axel "The poetry of Erik Axel
1931 Sweden Swedish poetry
Karlfeldt Karlfeldt"[41]
"for his distinguished art
John United of narration, which takes
1932 English novel
Galsworthy Kingdom its highest form in The
Forsyte Saga"[42]
"for the strict artistry with
France which he has carried on short story,
1933 Ivan Bunin (Born in Russian Russian the classical Russian poetry,
Empire) traditions in prose novel
writing"[43]
"for his bold and
drama,
Luigi ingenious revival of
1934 Italy Italian novel, short
Pirandello dramatic and scenic
story
art"[44]
1935 Not awarded
"for the power, honesty
and deep-felt emotions of
Eugene
1936 United States English his dramatic works, drama
O'Neill
which embody an original
concept of tragedy"[45]
"for the artistic power and
truth with which he has
depicted human conflict
Roger Martin as well as some
1937 France French novel
du Gard fundamental aspects of
contemporary life in his
novel cycle Les
Thibault"[46]
"for her rich and truly
epic descriptions of
novel,
1938 Pearl S. Buck United States English peasant life in China and
biography
for her biographical
masterpieces"[47]
1939 Frans Eemil Finland Finnish "for his deep novel
Sillanpää understanding of his
country's peasantry and
the exquisite art with
which he has portrayed
their way of life and their
relationship with
Nature"[48]
1940 Not awarded
1941 Not awarded
1942 Not awarded
1943 Not awarded
"for the rare strength and
fertility of his poetic
Johannes imagination with which is
1944 Vilhelm Denmark Danish combined an intellectual poetry
Jensen curiosity of wide scope
and a bold, freshly
creative style"[49]
"for her lyric poetry,
which inspired by
powerful emotions, has
Gabriela made her name a symbol
1945 Chile Spanish poetry
Mistral of the idealistic
aspirations of the entire
Latin American
world"[50]
"for his inspired writings,
which while growing in
Switzerland boldness and penetration,
Hermann novel,
1946 (Born in German exemplify the classical
Hesse poetry
Germany) humanitarian ideals and
high qualities of
style"[51]
"for his comprehensive
and artistically significant
writings, in which human
problems and conditions
1947 André Gide France French novel, essay
have been presented with
a fearless love of truth
and keen psychological
insight"[52]
United
"for his outstanding,
Kingdom
1948 T. S. Eliot English pioneer contribution to poetry
(Born in the
present-day poetry"[53]
United States)
"for his powerful and
artistically unique
William novel, short
1949 United States English contribution to the
Faulkner story
modern American
novel"[54]
1950 Bertrand United English "in recognition of his philosophy
Russell Kingdom varied and significant
writings in which he
champions humanitarian
ideals and freedom of
thought"[55]
"for the artistic vigour
and true independence of
mind with which he poetry,
Pär
1951 Sweden Swedish endeavours in his poetry novel, short
Lagerkvist
to find answers to the story, drama
eternal questions
confronting mankind"[56]
"for the deep spiritual
insight and the artistic
François intensity with which he novel, short
1952 France French
Mauriac has in his novels story
penetrated the drama of
human life"[57]
"for his mastery of
historical and
biographical description history,
Winston United
1953 English as well as for brilliant essay,
Churchill Kingdom
oratory in defending memoirs
exalted human
values"[58]
"for his mastery of the art
of narrative, most
recently demonstrated in novel, short
Ernest
1954 United States English The Old Man and the story,
Hemingway
Sea, and for the influence screenplay
that he has exerted on
contemporary style"[59]
"for his vivid epic power, novel, short
Halldór which has renewed the story,
1955 Iceland Icelandic
Laxness great narrative art of drama,
Iceland"[60] poetry
"for his lyrical poetry,
which in Spanish
Juan Ramón
1956 Spain Spanish language constitutes an poetry
Jiménez
example of high spirit
and artistical purity"[61]
"for his important literary
novel, short
production, which with
France story,
clear-sighted earnestness
1957 Albert Camus (Born in French French drama,
illuminates the problems
Algeria) philosophy,
of the human conscience
essay
in our times"[62]
"for his important
achievement both in
novel,
Boris contemporary lyrical
1958 Soviet Union Russian poetry,
Pasternak poetry and in the field of
translation
the great Russian epic
tradition"[63]
"for his lyrical poetry,
which with classical fire
Salvatore
1959 Italy Italian expresses the tragic poetry
Quasimodo
experience of life in our
own times"[64]
"for the soaring flight and
the evocative imagery of
France
Saint-John his poetry, which in a
1960 (Born in French poetry
Perse visionary fashion reflects
Guadeloupe)
the conditions of our
time"[65]
"for the epic force with
which he has traced
Yugoslavia
Serbo- themes and depicted novel, short
1961 Ivo Andrić (Born in Austria-
Croatian[66] human destinies drawn story
Hungary)
from the history of his
country"[67]
"for his realistic and
imaginative writings,
novel, short
John combining as they do
1962 United States English story,
Steinbeck sympathetic humour and
screenplay
keen social
perception"[68]
"for his eminent lyrical
Greece writing, inspired by a poetry,
Giorgos
1963 (Born in the Greek deep feeling for the essay,
Seferis
Ottoman Empire) Hellenic world of memoirs
culture"[69]
"for his work, which rich novel,
in ideas and filled with philosophy,
Jean-Paul the spirit of freedom and drama,
1964 France French
Sartre the quest for truth, has literary
exerted a far-reaching criticism,
influence on our age"[70] screenplay
"for the artistic power and
integrity with which, in
his epic of the Don, he
Mikhail
1965 Soviet Union Russian has given expression to a novel
Sholokhov
historic phase in the life
of the Russian
people"[71]
1966 "for his profoundly
Israel
Shmuel Yosef characteristic narrative art novel, short
(Born in Austria- Hebrew
Agnon with motifs from the life story
Hungary)
of the Jewish people"[72]
Nelly Sachs Sweden German "for her outstanding poetry,
(Born in lyrical and dramatic drama
Germany) writing, which interprets
Israel's destiny with
touching strength"[72]
"for his vivid literary
achievement, deep-rooted
Miguel Ángel in the national traits and novel,
1967 Guatemala Spanish
Asturias traditions of Indian poetry
peoples of Latin
America"[73]
"for his narrative mastery,
which with great
Yasunari novel, short
1968 Japan Japanese sensibility expresses the
Kawabata story
essence of the Japanese
mind"[74]
"for his writing, which -
in new forms for the
novel,
Samuel English and novel and drama - in the
1969 Ireland drama,
Beckett French destitution of modern
poetry
man acquires its
elevation"[75]
"for the ethical force with
Aleksandr which he has pursued the
1970 Soviet Union Russian novel
Solzhenitsyn indispensable traditions
of Russian literature"[76]
"for a poetry that with the
action of an elemental
1971 Pablo Neruda Chile Spanish force brings alive a poetry
continent's destiny and
dreams"[77]
"for his writing, which
through its combination
of a broad perspective on
his time and a sensitive novel, short
1972 Heinrich Böll West Germany German
skill in characterization story
has contributed to a
renewal of German
literature"[78]
"for an epic and
Australia psychological narrative
novel, short
1973 Patrick White (Born in the English art, which has introduced
story, drama
United Kingdom) a new continent into
literature"[79]
"for a narrative art,
Eyvind farseeing in lands and
Sweden Swedish novel
Johnson ages, in the service of
1974 freedom"[80]
"for writings that catch poetry,
Harry
Sweden Swedish the dewdrop and reflect novel,
Martinson
the cosmos"[80] drama
"for his distinctive poetry,
which, with great artistic
Eugenio sensitivity, has interpreted
1975 Italy Italian poetry
Montale human values under the
sign of an outlook on life
with no illusions"[81]
"for the human
understanding and subtle
United States novel, short
1976 Saul Bellow English analysis of contemporary
(Born in Canada) story
culture that are combined
in his work"[82]
"for a creative poetic
writing, which
illuminates man's
condition in the cosmos
Vicente and in present-day
1977 Spain Spanish poetry
Aleixandre society, at the same time
representing the great
renewal of the traditions
of Spanish poetry
between the wars"[83]
"for his impassioned
narrative art which, with
Isaac novel, short
United States roots in a Polish-Jewish
1978 Bashevis Yiddish story,
(Born in Poland) cultural tradition, brings
Singer memoirs
universal human
conditions to life"[84]
"for his poetry, which,
against the background of
Greek tradition, depicts
Odysseas with sensuous strength poetry,
1979 Greece Greek
Elytis and intellectual clear- essay
sightedness modern man's
struggle for freedom and
creativeness"[85]
"who with
uncompromising clear-
Czesław Poland (born in sightedness voices man's poetry,
1980 Polish
Miłosz Lithuania) exposed condition in a essay
world of severe
conflicts"[86]
"for writings marked by a novel,
United
broad outlook, a wealth drama,
1981 Elias Canetti Kingdom German
of ideas and artistic memoirs,
(Born in Bulgaria)
power"[87] essay
1982 Gabriel Colombia Spanish "for his novels and short novel, short
García stories, in which the story,
Márquez fantastic and the realistic screenplay
are combined in a richly
composed world of
imagination, reflecting a
continent's life and
conflicts"[88]
"for his novels, which
with the perspicuity of
realistic narrative art and
novel,
William United the diversity and
1983 English poetry,
Golding Kingdom universality of myth,
drama
illuminate the human
condition in the world of
today"[89]
"for his poetry, which
endowed with freshness,
Czechoslovakia and rich inventiveness
Jaroslav
1984 (Born in Austria- Czech provides a liberating poetry
Seifert
Hungary) image of the indomitable
spirit and versatility of
man"[90]
"who in his novel
combines the poet's and
France the painter's creativeness
Claude
1985 (Born in French French with a deepened novel
Simon
Madagascar) awareness of time in the
depiction of the human
condition"[91]
"who in a wide cultural
perspective and with drama,
1986 Wole Soyinka Nigeria English poetic overtones fashions novel,
the drama of poetry
existence"[92]
"for an all-embracing
United States
Joseph Russian and authorship, imbued with poetry,
1987 (Born in the
Brodsky English clarity of thought and essay
Soviet Union)
poetic intensity"[93]
"who, through works rich
in nuance - now clear-
sightedly realistic, now
Naguib
1988 Egypt Arabic evocatively ambiguous - novel
Mahfouz
has formed an Arabian
narrative art that applies
to all mankind"[94]
"for a rich and intensive
prose, which with
Camilo José restrained compassion novel, short
1989 Spain Spanish
Cela forms a challenging story
vision of man's
vulnerability"[95]
"for impassioned writing
with wide horizons,
poetry,
1990 Octavio Paz Mexico Spanish characterized by sensuous
essay
intelligence and
humanistic integrity"[96]
"who through her
magnificent epic writing
Nadine has - in the words of novel, short
1991 South Africa English
Gordimer Alfred Nobel - been of story, essay
very great benefit to
humanity"[97]
"for a poetic oeuvre of
great luminosity,
Derek sustained by a historical poetry,
1992 Saint Lucia English
Walcott vision, the outcome of a drama
multicultural
commitment"[98]
"who in novels
characterized by
Toni visionary force and poetic
1993 United States English novel
Morrison import, gives life to an
essential aspect of
American reality"[99]
"who with poetic force
creates an imagined
world, where life and
Kenzaburō novel, short
1994 Japan Japanese myth condense to form a
Ōe story
disconcerting picture of
the human predicament
today"[100]
"for works of lyrical
Ireland beauty and ethical depth,
Seamus
1995 (Born in Northern English which exalt everyday poetry
Heaney
Ireland) miracles and the living
past"[101]
"for poetry that with
ironic precision allows
the historical and
Wisława
1996 Poland Polish biological context to poetry
Szymborska
come to light in
fragments of human
reality"[102]
"who emulates the jesters
of the Middle Ages in
1997 Dario Fo Italy Italian scourging authority and drama
upholding the dignity of
the downtrodden"[103]
1998 José Portugal Portuguese "who with parables novel,
Saramago sustained by imagination, drama,
compassion and irony
continually enables us
poetry
once again to apprehend
an elusory reality"[104]
"whose frolicsome black
novel,
fables portray the
1999 Günter Grass Germany German drama,
forgotten face of
poetry
history"[105]
"for an oeuvre of
universal validity, bitter
France (since novel,
insights and linguistic
1998) drama,
2000 Gao Xingjian Chinese ingenuity, which has
China (1940– literary
opened new paths for the
1998) criticism
Chinese novel and
drama"[106]
"for having united
perceptive narrative and
United
incorruptible scrutiny in
Kingdom
2001 V. S. Naipaul English works that compel us to novel, essay
(Born in Trinidad
see the presence of
& Tobago)
suppressed
histories"[107]
"for writing that upholds
the fragile experience of
2002 Imre Kertész Hungary Hungarian the individual against the novel
barbaric arbitrariness of
history"[108]
"who in innumerable
Australia (Born guises portrays the novel, essay,
2003 J. M. Coetzee English
in South Africa) surprising involvement of translation
the outsider"[109]
"for her musical flow of
voices and counter-voices
in novels and plays that
Elfriede with extraordinary novel,
2004 Austria German
Jelinek linguistic zeal reveal the drama
absurdity of society's
clichés and their
subjugating power"[110]
"who in his plays
uncovers the precipice
United under everyday prattle drama,
2005 Harold Pinter English
Kingdom and forces entry into screenplay
oppression's closed
rooms"[111]
2006 Orhan Pamuk Turkey Turkish "who in the quest for the novel,
melancholic soul of his screenplay,
native city has discovered essay
new symbols for the clash
and interlacing of
cultures"[112]
"that epicist of the female
experience, who with novel,
United scepticism, fire and drama,
2007 Doris Lessing Kingdom English visionary power has poetry, short
(Born in Iran) subjected a divided story,
civilisation to memoirs
scrutiny"[113]
"author of new
departures, poetic
adventure and sensual novel, short
J. M. G. Le France
2008 French ecstasy, explorer of a story, essay,
Clézio Mauritius
humanity beyond and translation
below the reigning
civilization"[114]
"who, with the
concentration of poetry
Germany
and the frankness of novel,
2009 Herta Müller (Born in German
prose, depicts the poetry
Romania)
landscape of the
dispossessed"[115]
"for his cartography of
structures of power and novel, short
Mario Vargas Peru his trenchant images of story, essay,
2010 Spanish
Llosa Spain the individual's drama,
resistance, revolt, and memoirs
defeat"[116]
"because, through his
Tomas condensed, translucent poetry,
2011 Sweden Swedish
Tranströmer images, he gives us fresh translation
access to reality"[117]
"who with hallucinatory
realism merges folk tales, novel, short
2012 Mo Yan China Chinese
history and the story
contemporary"[118]
"master of the
2013 Alice Munro Canada English contemporary short short story
story"[119]
"for the art of memory
with which he has evoked
Patrick the most ungraspable
2014 France French novel
Modiano human destinies and
uncovered the life-world
of the occupation"[120]
"for her polyphonic
Belarus
Svetlana writings, a monument to history,
2015 (Born in the Russian
Alexievich suffering and courage in essay
Soviet Union)
our time" [121]
"for having created new
poetic expressions within poetry,
2016 Bob Dylan United States English
the great American song songwriting
tradition"[122]
"who, in novels of great
emotional force, has
United
Kazuo uncovered the abyss
2017 Kingdom (born in English novel
Ishiguro beneath our illusory sense
Japan)
of connection with the
world"[123]
Nobel laureates by country

The 114 Nobel laureates in literature from 1901 to 2017 have come from the following countries:
Country Number
France 16
United Kingdom 11
United States 11
Germany 8
Sweden 8
Italy 6
Spain 6
Ireland 4
Poland 4
Russia/USSR 4
Denmark 3
Norway 3
Chile 2
China 2
Greece 2
Japan 2
South Africa 2
Switzerland 2
Austria 1
Australia 1
Belarus 1
Belgium 1
Bulgaria 1
Canada 1
Colombia 1
Czechoslovakia 1
Egypt 1
Finland 1
Guatemala 1
Country Number
Hungary 1
Iceland 1
India 1
Israel 1
Mauritius 1
Mexico 1
Nigeria 1
Peru 1
Portugal 1
Saint Lucia 1
Turkey 1
Yugoslavia 1
One Nobel laureate is classified as stateless (Ivan Bunin, 1933).
Nobel laureates by language

The 114 Nobel laureates in literature from 1901 to 2017 have written in the following languages:
Language Number
English 29 (32)
French 14
German 13
Spanish 11
Swedish 7
Italian 6
Russian 6
Polish 4
Danish 3
Norwegian 3
Chinese 2
Greek 2
Japanese 2
Arabic 1
Bengali 1
Czech 1
Finnish 1
Hebrew 1
Hungarian 1
Icelandic 1
Provençal (Occitan) 1
Portuguese 1
Serbo-Croatian 1
Turkish 1
Language Number
Yiddish 1
Rabindranath Tagore (Nobel Prize in Literature 1913) wrote in Bengali and English, Samuel Beckett
(Nobel Prize in Literature 1969) wrote in French and English and Joseph Brodsky (Nobel Prize in
Literature 1987) wrote poetry in Russian and prose in English. These three Nobel laureates have been
sorted under Bengali, French and Russian, respectively.[124]
Nobel laureates by gender

The 114 Nobel laureates in literature from 1901 to 2017 were from the following genders :
Decade Males Females

1900–1909 9 1
1910–1919 9 0
1920–1929 8 2
1930–1939 8 1
1940–1949 5 1
1950–1959 10 0
1960–1969 10 1
1970–1979 11 0
1980–1989 10 0
1990–1999 7 3
2000–2009 7 3
2010–2017 6 2
Total 100 14
List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates
The Norwegian Nobel Institute (headquarters pictured) assists the Norwegian Nobel Committee in
selecting recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize and in organising the annual award in Oslo.
The Norwegian Nobel Committee each year awards the Nobel Peace Prize (Norwegian and Swedish:
Nobels fredspris) "to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between
nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace
congresses."[1] It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died
in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology
or medicine.[2] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Norwegian Nobel
Committee and awarded by a committee of five people elected by the Parliament of Norway.[3] The first
Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in 1901 to Frédéric Passy and Henry Dunant; the prize was most recently
awarded to the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons in 2017. Each recipient receives a
medal, a diploma, and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years.[4] In 1901, Passy and
Dunant shared a Prize of 150,782 Swedish kronor, which was equal to 7,731,004 kronor in 2008. The
Peace Prize is presented annually in Oslo, in the presence of the King of Norway, on December 10, the
anniversary of Nobel's death, and is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm.[5] Unlike the other
prizes, the Peace Prize is occasionally awarded to an organisation (such as the International Committee of
the Red Cross, a three-time recipient) rather than an individual.
The prize is considered the most controversial of the Nobel Prizes with several of the selections having
been criticised.[6][7] Despite having been nominated five times, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi never
won the Prize. Following his assassination in 1948, the committee considered awarding it to him
posthumously but decided against it and instead withheld the Prize that year with the explanation that
"there was no suitable living candidate."[8] In 1961, Dag Hammarskjöld, who died after his nomination
but several months before the announcement, became the only laureate to be recognised posthumously;
following this, the statutes were changed to make a future posthumous prize nearly impossible.[9] In
1973, Le Duc Tho declined the Prize, because "he was not in a position to accept the Prize, citing the
situation in Vietnam as his reason."[10] Linus Pauling, the Nobel Peace Prize laureate in 1962, is the only
person to have been awarded two unshared Nobel Prizes; he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954.
[10] At 17 years of age, Malala Yousafzai, the 2014 recipient, is the youngest to be awarded the Peace
Prize.
Contents
• 1 Laureates
• 2 See also
• 3 Notes
• 4 References
• 4.1 Citations
• 4.2 Sources
Laureates
As of 2016, the Peace Prize has been awarded to 104 individuals and 23 organizations. Sixteen women
have won the Nobel Peace Prize, more than any other Nobel Prize.[11] Only two recipients have won
multiple Prizes: the International Committee of the Red Cross has won three times (1917, 1944, and
1963) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has won twice (1954 and
1981).[10] There have been 19 years since its creation in which the Peace Prize was not awarded, more
times than any other Nobel Prize.
Lê Đức Thọ is the only person to refuse to accept a Nobel Peace Prize.[12] He was jointly awarded the
1973 award with Henry Kissinger but declined the prize on grounds that such "bourgeois
sentimentalities" were not for him[93] and that the Paris Peace Accords were not being adhered to in full.

For his role in founding the International
Henry Dunant Switzerland
Committee of the Red Cross[9][13]
1901 "[For] being one of the main founders of
the Inter-Parliamentary Union and also the
Frédéric Passy France
main organizer of the first Universal Peace
Congress"[9][13]
"[For his role as] the first honorary
Élie Ducommun secretary of the International Peace
Bureau"[9][14]
1902 Switzerland
"[For his role as the] first Secretary
Charles Albert Gobat General of the Inter-Parliamentary
Union"[9][14]
"[For his role as] the 'first father' of the
1903 William Randal Cremer United Kingdom
Inter-Parliamentary Union"[9][15]
"[F]or its efforts as an unofficial body to
Institute of
1904 Belgium formulate the general principles of the
International Law
science of international law"[9][16]
For writing Lay Down Your Arms and
1905 Bertha von Suttner Austria-Hungary contributing to the creation of the Prize[9]
[17]
"[For] his successful mediation to end the
Russo-Japanese war and for his interest in
1906 Theodore Roosevelt United States arbitration, having provided the Hague
arbitration court with its very first case"[9]
[18]
1907 Ernesto Teodoro Italy "[For his work as a] key leader of the
Moneta Italian peace movement"[9][19]
"[For his work as a] leading French
international jurist and a member of the
Louis Renault France
Permanent Court of Arbitration at The
Hague"[9][19]
"[For his work as] founder of the Swedish
Klas Pontus Arnoldson Sweden
Peace and Arbitration League"[9][20]
"[For being] the foremost peace advocate
1908 in Scandinavia, combining work in the
Fredrik Bajer Denmark Inter-Parliamentary Union with being the
first president of the International Peace
Bureau"[9][20]
"[For being a] representative to the two
Auguste Beernaert Belgium Hague conferences, and a leading figure in
the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[9][21]
1909 "[For] combined diplomatic work for
Paul Henri
Franco-German and Franco-British
d'Estournelles de France
understanding with a distinguished career
Constant
in international arbitration"[9][21]
Permanent International "[For acting] as a link between the peace
1910 Switzerland
Peace Bureau societies of the various countries"[22][23]
"[For being a] member of the Court of
Arbitration as well as the initiator of the
Tobias Asser Netherlands
Conferences on International Private
1911 Law"[9][24]
"[For his work as] founder of the German
Alfred Fried Austria-Hungary
Peace Society"[9][24]
"[F]or his strong interest in international
1912 Elihu Root[A] United States arbitration and for his plan for a world
court"[9][25]
"[For his work as] head of the International
1913 Henri La Fontaine Belgium
Peace Bureau"[9][26]
1914
1915 Not awarded due to World War I.
1916
"[For undertaking] the tremendous task of
International trying to protect the rights of the many
1917 Committee of the Red Switzerland prisoners of war on all sides [of World War
Cross I], including their right to establish
contacts with their families"[9][27]
1918 Not awarded due to World War I.
"[F]or his crucial role in establishing the
1919 Woodrow Wilson United States
League of Nations"[9][28]
"[For his participation] in both the Hague
Conferences of 1899 and 1907" and for his
1920 Léon Bourgeois France work towards "what became the League to
such an extent that he was frequently
called its 'spiritual father'"[9][29]
"[F]or his work in the League of
Hjalmar Branting Sweden
Nations"[9][30]
1921 "[For his work as] the first secretary of the
Norwegian Nobel Committee" and "the
Christian Lange
secretary-general of the Inter-
Parliamentary Union"[9][30]
Norway
"[For] his work in aiding the millions in
Russia struggling against famine" and "his
1922 Fridtjof Nansen
work for the refugees in Asia Minor and
Thrace"[31][32]
1923
Not awarded
1924
Sir Austen
United Kingdom For work on the Locarno Treaties[9][33]
Chamberlain[A]
"[F]or [work on] the Dawes Plan for
1925 German reparations which was seen as
Charles G. Dawes[A] United States having provided the economic
underpinning of the Locarno Pact of
1925"[9][33]
Aristide Briand France

1926 For work on the Locarno Treaties[9][34]
Gustav Stresemann Germany
Ferdinand Buisson France

"[For] contributions to Franco-German
1927
popular reconciliation"[9][35]
Ludwig Quidde Germany
1928 Not awarded

"[F]or the Kellogg-Briand pact, whose
signatories agreed to settle all conflicts by
1929 Frank B. Kellogg[A] United States
peaceful means and renounced war as an
instrument of national policy"[9][36]
"[F]or his efforts to involve the churches
1930 Nathan Söderblom Sweden not only in work for ecumenical unity, but
also for world peace"[9][37]
"[F]or her social reform work" and
Jane Addams "leading the Women's International League
for Peace and Freedom"[9][38]
1931 United States "[For his promotion] of the Briand-Kellogg
pact" and for his work as the "leader of the
Nicholas Murray Butler
more establishment-oriented part of the
American peace movement"[9][38]
1932 Not awarded
1933 Sir Norman Angell[A] United Kingdom For authoring The Great Illusion and for
being a "supporter of the League of
Nations as well as an influential publicist
[and] educator for peace in general"[39]
"[F]or his work for the League, particularly
1934 Arthur Henderson
its efforts in disarmament"[9][40][41]
"[For his] struggle against Germany's
1935 Carl von Ossietzky[B] Germany
rearmament"[9][42]
1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas Argentina "[F]or his mediation of an end to the
Chaco War between Paraguay and
Bolivia"[9][43]
The Viscount Cecil of For his work with the League of
1937 United Kingdom
Chelwood Nations[9][44]
Nansen International
1938 League of Nations For its work in aiding refugees[45]
Office for Refugees
1939
1940
1941 Not awarded due to World War II.
1942
1943
1944 International Switzerland
"[F]or the great work it has performed
Committee of the Red
during the war in behalf of humanity"[46]
Cross
"[For] his fight against isolationism at
home, his efforts to create a peace bloc of
1945 Cordell Hull states on the American continents, and his
work for the United Nations
Organization"[47]
"Formerly Professor of History and
United States
Sociology; Honorary International
Emily Greene Balch
President, Women's International League
1946 for Peace and Freedom"[48]
John Raleigh Mott "Chairman, International Missionary
Council; President, World Alliance of
Young Men's Christian Associations"[48]
Friends Service
United Kingdom
Council "compassion for others and the desire to
1947
American Friends help them"[49]
United States
Service Committee
Not awarded because "there was no suitable living candidate." (A tribute to the recently
1948
assassinated Gandhi in India.)[8]
"Physician; Alimentary Politician;
Prominent organizer and Director, General
1949 The Lord Boyd-Orr United Kingdom Food and Agricultural Organization;
President, National Peace Council and
World Union of Peace Organizations"[50]
1950 Ralph Bunche United States "Professor, Harvard University Cambridge,
MA; Director, division of Trusteeship,
U.N.; Acting Mediator in Palestine,
1948"[51]
"President of the International Committee
of the European Council, vice president of
the International Confederation of Free
1951 Léon Jouhaux Trade Unions, vice president of the World
France Federation of Trade Unions, member of the
ILO Council, delegate to the United
Nations"[52]
"Missionary surgeon; Founder of
1952 Albert Schweitzer
Lambaréné (République de Gabon)"[53]
"General President American Red Cross;
Former Secretary of State and of Defense;
1953 George C. Marshall United States
Delegate U.N.; Originator of [the]
'Marshall Plan'"[54]
Office of the United
Nations High "An international relief organization
1954 United Nations
Commissioner for founded by the U.N. in 1951"[55]
Refugees
1955
Not awarded
1956
"former Secretary of State for External
Affairs of Canada; former President of the
7th Session of the United Nations General
1957 Lester Bowles Pearson Canada Assembly";[56] "for his role in trying to
end the Suez conflict and to solve the
Middle East question through the United
Nations."[9]
"Father in the Dominican Order; Leader of
the relief organization for refugees
1958 Dominique Pire Belgium
"L'Europe du Coeur au Service du
Monde""[57]
"Member of Parliament; lifelong ardent
1959 Philip Noel-Baker United Kingdom worker for international peace and co-
operation"[58]
"President of the African National
South Africa
Congress,"[59] "was in the very forefront
1960 Albert Lutuli (Born in Southern
of the struggle against apartheid in South
Rhodesia)
Africa."[9]
"Secretary General of the U.N.,"[60]
1961 Dag Hammarskjöld[C] Sweden awarded "for strengthening the
organization."[9]
"for his campaign against nuclear weapons
1962 Linus Pauling United States
testing"[61]
1963 International Switzerland For their work in the protection of human
Committee of the Red rights in the ICRC's 100 years of existence.
Cross [62]
League of Red Cross
Societies
Campaigner for civil rights, "first person in
the Western world to have shown us that a
struggle can be waged without violence."
King spent his time working in various
areas of the civil rights movement; from
1964 Martin Luther King, Jr. United States
equal education to economic
disenfranchisement of minorities. King
also organized the March on Washington,
where he gave his famous “I Have a
Dream Speech”.[63]
United Nations
1965 Children's Fund United Nations "An international aid organization." [64]
(UNICEF)
1966
Not awarded
1967
"President of the European Court for
1968 René Cassin France
Human Rights"[65]
International Labour
1969 United Nations [66]
Organization
"International Maize and Wheat
Improvement Center;"[67] "for his
contributions to the "green revolution" that
1970 Norman E. Borlaug United States
was having such an impact on food
production particularly in Asia and in Latin
America."[9]
"Chancellor of the Federal Republic of
1971 Willy Brandt West Germany Germany; for West Germany's
Ostpolitik"[68]
1972 Not awarded
United States "For the 1973 Paris agreement intended to
Henry Kissinger
(Born in Germany) bring about a cease-fire in the Vietnam war
1973
and a withdrawal of the American
Lê Đức Thọ[D] Vietnam (North) forces"[9][69]
"President of the International Peace
Bureau; President of the Commission of
Namibia."[70] "For his strong interest in
human rights: piloting the European
Ireland
Seán MacBride Convention on Human Rights through the
(Born in France)
Council of Europe, helping found and then
1974 lead Amnesty International and serving as
secretary-general of the International
Commission of Jurists"[9]
"Prime Minister of Japan,"[70] "for his
renunciation of the nuclear option for
Eisaku Satō Japan
Japan and his efforts to further regional
reconciliation"[9]
"[for his] struggle for human rights, for
1975 Andrei Sakharov[E] Soviet Union disarmament, and for cooperation between
all nations"[71]
Betty Williams "Founder[s] of the Northern Ireland Peace
1976 Movement (later renamed Community of
Mairead Corrigan United Kingdom Peace People)"[72]
"[for] protecting the human rights of

1977 Amnesty International
prisoners of conscience"[9][73]
Mohamed Anwar Al-
Egypt
Sadat "for the Camp David Agreement, which
1978 Israel brought about a negotiated peace between
Menachem Begin Poland Egypt and Israel"[74]
(Born in Russia)
India
(Born in Skopje, now
1979 Mother Teresa "Founder of Missionaries of Charity"[75]
Republic of
Macedonia)
"Human rights leader;"[76] "founded non-
violent human rights organizations to fight
1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel Argentina
the military junta that was ruling his
country (Argentina)."[9]
Office of the United
Nations High "An international relief organization
1981 United Nations
Commissioner for founded by the U.N. in 1951"[77]
Refugees
Alva Myrdal Sweden "[for] their magnificent work in the
disarmament negotiations of the United
1982 Nations, where they have both played
Alfonso García Robles Mexico crucial roles and won international
recognition"[78][79]
"Founder of Solidarność; campaigner for
1983 Lech Wałęsa Poland
human rights"[80]
"Bishop of Johannesburg; former Secretary
1984 Desmond Tutu South Africa General, South African Council of
Churches"[81]
For "authoritative information and by
creating an awareness of the catastrophic
consequences of atomic warfare. The
committee believes that this in turn
International Physicians
contributes to an increase in the pressure of
1985 for the Prevention of United States
public opposition to the proliferation of
Nuclear War
atomic weapons and to a redefining of
priorities, with greater attention being paid
to health and other humanitarian
issues."[82]
United States "Chairman of "The President's
1986 Elie Wiesel
(Born in Romania) Commission on the Holocaust""[83]
"for his work for peace in Central America,
1987 Óscar Arias Costa Rica efforts which led to the accord signed in
Guatemala on August 7 this year"[84]
"[for] their efforts [that] have made
United Nations Peace- important contributions towards the
1988 United Nations
Keeping Forces realization of one of the fundamental tenets
of the United Nations"[85][86]
"In his struggle for the liberation of Tibet
[he] consistently has opposed the use of
violence. He has instead advocated
Tenzin Gyatso, India
1989 peaceful solutions based upon tolerance
14th Dalai Lama (Born in Tibet)[87]
and mutual respect in order to preserve the
historical and cultural heritage of his
people."[88][89]
General Secretary of the Communist Party
of the Soviet Union and President of the
Soviet Union, "for his leading role in the
1990 Mikhail Gorbachev Soviet Union
peace process which today characterizes
important parts of the international
community"[90]
"for her non-violent struggle for
1991 Aung San Suu Kyi[F] Burma
democracy and human rights"[91]
"for her work for social justice and ethno-
1992 Rigoberta Menchú Guatemala cultural reconciliation based on respect for
the rights of indigenous peoples"[92]
Nelson Mandela "for their work for the peaceful termination

of the apartheid regime, and for laying the
1993 South Africa
Frederik Willem de foundations for a new democratic South
Klerk Africa"[93]
Palestine
Yasser Arafat
(Born in Egypt) "to honour a political act which called for
great courage on both sides, and which has
1994 Yitzhak Rabin Israel opened up opportunities for a new
development towards fraternity in the
Israel Middle East."[94]
Shimon Peres
(Born in Poland)
United Kingdom
Joseph Rotblat "for their efforts to diminish the part
(Born in Poland)
played by nuclear arms in international
1995 Pugwash Conferences politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate
on Science and World Canada such arms"[95]
Affairs
Carlos Filipe Ximenes
Belo "for their work towards a just and peaceful
1996 East Timor
solution to the conflict in East Timor."[96]
José Ramos-Horta
International Campaign
Switzerland
to Ban Landmines "for their work for the banning and
1997
clearing of anti-personnel mines"[97]
Jody Williams United States
John Hume Ireland

"for their efforts to find a peaceful solution
1998
to the conflict in Northern Ireland"[98]
David Trimble United Kingdom
"in recognition of the organization's

Médecins Sans
1999 Switzerland pioneering humanitarian work on several
Frontières
continents"[99]
"for his work for democracy and human
rights in South Korea and in East Asia in
2000 Kim Dae-jung South Korea
general, and for peace and reconciliation
with North Korea in particular"[100]
United Nations United Nations "for their work for a better organized and
2001
Kofi Annan Ghana more peaceful world"[101]
"for his decades of untiring effort to find

peaceful solutions to international
2002 Jimmy Carter United States conflicts, to advance democracy and
human rights, and to promote economic
and social development"[102]
"for her efforts for democracy and human
rights. She has focused especially on the
2003 Shirin Ebadi Iran
struggle for the rights of women and
children."[103]
"for her contribution to sustainable
2004 Wangari Muta Maathai Kenya
development, democracy and peace"[104]
International Atomic "for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy
United Nations
Energy Agency from being used for military purposes and
2005 to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful
Mohamed ElBaradei Egypt purposes is used in the safest possible
way"[105]
Muhammad Yunus "for advancing economic and social
opportunities for the poor, especially
2006 Bangladesh
Grameen Bank women, through their pioneering
microcredit work"[106]
Intergovernmental "for their efforts to build up and
Panel on Climate United Nations disseminate greater knowledge about man-
2007 Change made climate change, and to lay the
foundations for the measures that are
Al Gore United States needed to counteract such change"[107]
"for his efforts on several continents and
2008 Martti Ahtisaari Finland over more than three decades, to resolve
international conflicts"[108]
"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen
2009 Barack Obama United States international diplomacy and cooperation
between peoples."[109]
"for his long and non-violent struggle for
2010 Liu Xiaobo China
fundamental human rights in China"[110]
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf

Liberia "for their non-violent struggle for the
safety of women and for women's rights to
2011 Leymah Gbowee
full participation in peace-building
work"[111]
Tawakkul Karman Yemen
"for over six decades contributed to the

advancement of peace and reconciliation,
2012 European Union European Union
democracy and human rights in
Europe."[112]
Organisation for the
"for its extensive efforts to eliminate
2013 Prohibition of International
chemical weapons."[113]
Chemical Weapons
Kailash Satyarthi India "for their struggle against the suppression
2014 of children and young people and for the
Malala Yousafzai Pakistan right of all children to education"[114]
"for its decisive contribution to the

Tunisian National building of a pluralistic democracy in
2015 Tunisia
Dialogue Quartet Tunisia in the wake of the Jasmine
Revolution of 2011"[115]
2016 Juan Manuel Santos Colombia "for his resolute efforts to bring the
country's more than 50-year-long civil war
to an end, a war that has cost the lives of at
least 220,000 Colombians and displaced
close to six million people"[116]
2017 Switzerland "for its work to draw attention to the
International Campaign catastrophic humanitarian consequences of
to Abolish Nuclear any use of nuclear weapons and for its
Weapons ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-
based prohibition of such weapons"[117].
See also
• List of Nobel laureates
• List of peace activists
Notes
A Elihu Root, Austen Chamberlain, Charles G. Dawes, Frank B. Kellogg, and Norman Angell were
all awarded their respective Prizes one year late because the Committee decided that none of the
nominations in the year in which they are listed as being awarded the Prize met the criteria in
Nobel's will; per its rules the Committee delayed the awarding of the Prizes until the next year,
although they were awarded as the previous year's Prize.[25][33][36][39]
B Carl von Ossietzky's Prize was awarded in absentia because he was refused a passport by the
government of Germany.[118]
C Dag Hammarskjöld's Prize was awarded posthumously.
D Lê Đức Thọ declined to accept the Prize.[69]
E Andrei Sakharov's Prize was awarded in absentia because he was refused a passport by the
government of the Soviet Union.[119]
F Aung San Suu Kyi's Prize was awarded in absentia because she was being held prisoner by the
government of Burma. Following her release from house arrest and election to the Pyithu Hluttaw,
Suu Kyi accepted her award in person on 16 June 2012.[120]
G Liu Xiaobo's Prize was awarded in absentia because he was imprisoned in China.[121]
List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in
Economics
(Redirected from List of Nobel laureates in Economics)
The announcement of the 2008 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in Stockholm. The winner
of the prize was Paul Krugman.
The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, officially known as The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in
Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (Swedish: Sveriges riksbanks pris i ekonomisk vetenskap
till Alfred Nobels minne), is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to researchers
in the field of economic sciences.[1] The first prize was awarded in 1969 to Ragnar Frisch and Jan
Tinbergen.[2] Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied
throughout the years.[3] In 1969, Frisch and Tinbergen were given a combined 375,000 SEK, which is
equivalent to 2,871,041 SEK in December 2007. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual
ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[4]
As of the awarding of the 2017 prize, 49 Nobel Memorial Prizes in Economic Sciences have been given
to 79 individuals.[5] Up to 2007, nine awards had been given for contributions to the field of
macroeconomics, more than any other category.[6] The institution with the most affiliated laureates in
economic sciences is the University of Chicago, which has 29 affiliated laureates.[7]
Contents
• 1 Laureates
• 2 See also
• 3 References
• 3.1 Citations
• 3.2 Sources
Laureates
Institution
(most
significant
Year Laureate Country Rationale Alma mater
tenure/at
time of
receipt)
Ragnar "for having developed and University of Oslo University of
Norway
Frisch applied dynamic models Oslo
1969
Jan for the analysis of Erasmus
Netherlands economic processes"[2] Leiden University
Tinbergen University
"for the scientific work
through which he has
developed static and Massachusetts
Paul United
1970 dynamic economic theory Harvard University Institute of
Samuelson States
and actively contributed to Technology
raising the level of analysis
in economic science"[8]
"for his empirically
founded interpretation of
economic growth which
Simon United has led to new and Columbia Harvard
1971
Kuznets States deepened insight into the University University
economic and social
structure and process of
development"[9]
United "for their pioneering University of University of
John Hicks
Kingdom contributions to general Oxford Oxford
1972 economic equilibrium
Kenneth United theory and welfare Columbia Stanford
Arrow States theory."[10] University University
"for the development of the
Soviet
input-output method and
Wassily Union Harvard
1973 for its application to University of Berlin
Leontief United University
important economic
States
problems"[11]
Gunnar "for their pioneering work Stockholm Stockholm
Sweden in the theory of money and University
Myrdal University
economic fluctuations and
for their penetrating London
1974 Austria analysis of the School of
Friedrich interdependence of University of
United Economics,
Hayek economic, social and Vienna
Kingdom University of
institutional Chicago
phenomena."[12]
1975 Leonid Soviet "for their contributions to Leningrad State Novosibirsk
Kantorovich Union the theory of optimum University State
allocation of resources"[13] University
Institution
(most
significant
tenure/at
time of
receipt)
Netherlands University of
Tjalling University of
United Chicago, Yale
Koopmans Leiden
States University
"for his achievements in
the fields of consumption
analysis, monetary history
Milton United Columbia University of
1976 and theory and for his
Friedman States University Chicago
demonstration of the
complexity of stabilisation
policy"[14]
"for their pathbreaking Stockholm
Stockholm
Bertil Ohlin Sweden contribution to the theory University School of
1977 of international trade and Economics
James United international capital University of University of
Meade Kingdom movements"[15] Cambridge Cambridge
"for his pioneering research
Carnegie
Herbert A. United into the decision-making University of
1978 Mellon
Simon States process within economic Chicago
University
organizations"[16]
South Dakota State
Theodore United "for their pioneering University, University of
Schultz States research into economic University of Chicago
development research with Wisconsin-Madison
1979
particular consideration of
Saint Lucia the problems of developing
Arthur London School of Princeton
United countries."[17]
Lewis Economics University
Kingdom
"for the creation of
econometric models and
Massachusetts
Lawrence United the application to the University of
1980 Institute of
Klein States analysis of economic Pennsylvania
Technology
fluctuations and economic
policies"[18]
"for his analysis of
financial markets and their
United Yale
1981 James Tobin relations to expenditure Harvard University
States University
decisions, employment,
production and prices"[19]
"for his seminal studies of
industrial structures,
George United University of University of
1982 functioning of markets and
Stigler States Chicago Chicago
causes and effects of public
regulation"[20]
1983 Gérard France "for having incorporated École Normale University of
Debreu new analytical methods Supérieure California,
Institution
(most
significant
tenure/at
time of
receipt)
into economic theory and
for his rigorous
Berkeley
reformulation of the theory
of general equilibrium"[21]
"for having made
fundamental contributions
to the development of
Richard United systems of national University of University of
1984
Stone Kingdom accounts and hence greatly Cambridge Cambridge
improved the basis for
empirical economic
analysis"[22]
"for his pioneering Massachusetts
Franco The New School for
1985 Italy analyses of saving and of Institute of
Modigliani Social Research
financial markets"[23] Technology
"for his development of the
contractual and
James M. United constitutional bases for the University of George Mason
1986
Buchanan States theory of economic and Chicago University
political decision-
making"[24]
"for his contributions to the Massachusetts
Robert United
1987 theory of economic Harvard University Institute of
Solow States
growth"[25] Technology
École
"for his pioneering Nationale
contributions to the theory Supérieure
Maurice École
1988 France of markets and efficient des Mines de
Allais Polytechnique
utilization of Paris, Paris
resources"[26] Nanterre
University
"for his clarification of the
probability theory
Trygve foundations of University of
1989 Norway University of Oslo
Haavelmo econometrics and his Oslo
analyses of simultaneous
economic structures"[27]
1990 United "for their pioneering work City
Harry University of
States in the theory of financial University of
Markowitz Chicago
economics"[28] New York
Merton Johns Hopkins Carnegie
Miller University Mellon
University,
University of
Institution
(most
significant
tenure/at
time of
receipt)
Chicago
University of
William F. Stanford
California, Los
Sharpe University
Angeles
"for his discovery and
clarification of the University of
significance of transaction Chicago,
Ronald United London School of
1991 costs and property rights London
Coase Kingdom Economics
for the institutional School of
structure and functioning of Economics
the economy"[29]
"for having extended the
domain of microeconomic
United analysis to a wide range of University of University of
1992 Gary Becker
States human behaviour and Chicago Chicago
interaction, including non-
market behaviour"[30]
Robert "for having renewed Johns Hopkins University of
Fogel research in economic University Chicago
history by applying
United economic theory and
1993 University of Washington
Douglass States quantitative methods in
North order to explain economic California, University in
and institutional Berkeley St Louis
change"[31]
University of
John
Stanford University California,
Harsanyi United "for their pioneering Berkeley
States analysis of equilibria in the Princeton
1994 John Forbes Princeton
Nash theory of non-cooperative University University
games."[32]
Reinhard Goethe University University of
Germany
Selten Frankfurt Bonn
"for having developed and
applied the hypothesis of
rational expectations, and
Robert United thereby having transformed University of University of
1995
Lucas, Jr. States macroeconomic analysis Chicago Chicago
and deepened our
understanding of economic
policy"[33]
1996 James United "for their fundamental University of University of
Mirrlees Kingdom contributions to the Cambridge Oxford,
economic theory of University of
incentives under Cambridge
Institution
(most
significant
tenure/at
time of
receipt)
Canada
William asymmetric Columbia Columbia
United
Vickrey information"[34] University University
States
Massachusetts Massachusetts
Robert C. United
Institute of Institute of
Merton States "for a new method to Technology Technology
1997 determine the value of
Canada derivatives."[35] Massachusetts
Myron University of
United Institute of
Scholes Chicago
States Technology
Harvard
Amartya "for his contributions to University of University,
1998 India
Sen welfare economics"[36] Cambridge University of
Cambridge
monetary and fiscal policy
Massachusetts
Robert under different exchange Columbia
1999 Canada Institute of
Mundell rate regimes and his University
Technology
analysis of optimum
currency areas"[37]
"for his development of
James United theory and methods for Princeton University of
Heckman States analyzing selective University Chicago
samples"[38]
2000 University of
"for his development of California
Daniel United theory and methods for University of Berkeley,
McFadden States analyzing discrete Minnesota Massachusetts
choice"[38] Institute of
Technology
Georgetown
Massachusetts University,
George
Institute of University of
Akerlof
Technology California
"for their analyses of Berkeley
United
2001 Michael markets with asymmetric Harvard
States Harvard University
Spence information"[39] University
Princeton
Massachusetts
Joseph E. University,
Institute of
Stiglitz Columbia
Technology
University
2002 Daniel Israel "for having integrated University of Princeton
Kahneman United insights from psychological California, University,
States research into economic Berkeley University of
science, especially British
Institution
(most
significant
tenure/at
time of
receipt)
concerning human
judgment and decision-
Columbia
making under
uncertainty"[40]
"for having established
laboratory experiments as a
Vernon L. United tool in empirical economic University of
Harvard University
Smith States analysis, especially in the Arizona
study of alternative market
mechanisms"[40]
"for methods of analyzing
University of
Robert F. United economic time series with
Cornell University California,
Engle States time-varying volatility
San Diego
(ARCH)"[41]
2003
"for methods of analyzing
University of
Clive United economic time series with University of
California,
Granger Kingdom common trends Nottingham
San Diego
(cointegration)"[41]
"for their contributions to Carnegie
Finn E. Carnegie Mellon
Norway dynamic macroeconomics: Mellon
Kydland University
the time consistency of University
2004
economic policy and the Carnegie
Edward C. United driving forces behind Carnegie Mellon
Mellon
Prescott States business cycles."[42] University
University
United Massachusetts Hebrew
Robert J.
States Institute of University of
Aumann "for having enhanced our Technology
Israel Jerusalem
understanding of conflict
2005 Yale
and cooperation through
Thomas C. United game-theory analysis."[43] Harvard University University,
Schelling States Harvard
University
Edmund S. United intertemporal tradeoffs in Columbia
2006 Yale University
Phelps States macroeconomic University
policy"[44]
University of
Poland
Leonid London School of Minnesota,
United
Hurwicz Economics Iowa State
States
"for having laid the University
2007 Eric S. foundations of mechanism Harvard
design theory"[45] Harvard University
Maskin United University
Roger B. States Northwestern
Harvard University
Myerson University
Institution
(most
significant
tenure/at
time of
receipt)
"for his analysis of trade Massachusetts Massachusetts
Paul United
2008 patterns and location of Institute of Institute of
Krugman States
economic activity"[46] Technology Technology
"for her analysis of
University of
Elinor economic governance, Indiana
California, Los
Ostrom especially the University
Angeles
commons"[47]
United
2009 University of
States "for his analysis of
Pennsylvania,
Oliver E. economic governance, Carnegie Mellon
University of
Williamson especially the boundaries University
California
of the firm"[47]
Berkeley
Massachusetts Massachusetts
Peter A.
Institute of Institute of
Diamond United Technology Technology
States "for their analysis of
Dale T. Carnegie Mellon Northwestern
2010 markets with search
Mortensen University University
frictions"[48]
Christopher London
London School of
A. Cyprus School of
Economics
Pissarides Economics
Hoover
Thomas J. "for their empirical Institution,
Harvard University
Sargent United research on cause and University of
2011 Minnesota
States effect in the
Christopher macroeconomy"[49] University of
Harvard University
A. Sims Minnesota
Stanford
Alvin E. University,
Stanford University
Roth "for the theory of stable Harvard
United University
2012 allocations and the practice
States
of market design."[50] University of
Lloyd S. Princeton
California,
Shapley University
Los Angeles
Eugene F. University of University of
Fama Chicago Chicago
Lars Peter "for their empirical University of University of
United
2013 Hansen analysis of asset Minnesota Chicago
States
prices."[51] Massachusetts
Robert J. Yale
Institute of
Shiller University
Technology
2014 Jean Tirole France "for his analysis of market Massachusetts Massachusetts
power and regulation".[52] Institute of Institute of
Institution
(most
significant
tenure/at
time of
receipt)
Technology,
Toulouse
School of
Economics,
Technology
École des
hautes études
en sciences
sociales
United University of
Angus Kingdom University of Bristol,
2015 consumption, poverty, and
Deaton United Cambridge Princeton
welfare".[53]
States University
Massachusetts
United
Institute of
Kingdom Princeton
Oliver Hart Technology,
United University
Harvard
States
"for their contributions to University
2016
contract theory".[54] Massachusetts
Institute of
Bengt
Finland Stanford University Technology,
Holmström
Yale
University
Cornell
"for his contributions to
Richard United University of University,
2017 behavioural economics".
Thaler States Rochester University of
[55]
Chicago

Nobel Prize Laureates

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Nobel Prize Laureates

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

List of Nobel laureates

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hendrik Lorentz Netherlands "in recognition of the extraordinary service

Guglielmo Marconi Italy

William Henry Bragg United Kingdom

1916 Not awarded World War I

James Franck Germany

"for his work on the discontinuous structure of

Erwin Schrödinger Austria

1934 Not awarded

Victor Francis Hess Austria "for his discovery of cosmic radiation"[39]

"for his demonstration of the phase contrast

"for his pioneering studies of electron

Alexander Prokhorov Soviet Union

John Bardeen United States

"for his theoretical predictions of the

Martin Ryle United Kingdom "for their pioneering research in radio

Aage Bohr Denmark "for the discovery of the connection between

James Watson Cronin United States "for the discovery of violations of

Richard E. Taylor Canada

David Morris Lee United States

"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-

Steven Chu United States

Claude Cohen- "for development of methods to cool and trap

Gerard 't Hooft Netherlands

"for his part in the invention of the integrated

Raymond Davis, Jr. United States "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics,

David J. Gross United States

George F. Smoot United States background radiation"[106]

Albert Fert France

Saul Perlmutter United States

Serge Haroche France "for ground-breaking experimental methods

"for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism

Hiroshi Amano Japan

Arthur Harden United Kingdom

Carl Bosch Germany "[for] their contributions to the invention and

Frédéric Joliot France

Karl Ziegler West Germany

"for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the

Manfred Eigen West Germany

Ronald George "for their studies of extremely fast chemical

"for the discovery of the reciprocal relations

Kenichi Fukui Japan

1986 Dudley R. "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of

"for his development of the theory and

Paul J. Crutzen Netherlands

Richard E. Smalley United States

Alan J. Heeger United States

United States "for their discovery and development of conductive

Hideki Shirakawa Japan

William S. Knowles United States

Aaron Ciechanover Israel

"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein

Irwin Rose United States

Osamu Shimomura Japan[108]

"for the discovery and development of the green

Roger Y. Tsien United States

Ada E. Yonath Israel

Richard F. Heck United States

"for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic

Akira Suzuki Japan

2011 Dan Shechtman Israel "for the discovery of quasicrystals"[112]

Robert Lefkowitz United States

Eric Betzig United States