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La mayor parte de las Bacterias posee una pared celular rígida rodeando
al protoplasto. Las excepciones son los micoplasmas (dentro del
dominio Bacteria) y algunas arqueas, como Thermoplasma.
a) el grado de entrecruzamiento;
Caption:
The Gram stain. (a) Steps in the Gram stain procedure.
Figure: 04-04a-02
Caption:
The Gram stain. (a) Steps in the Gram stain procedure.
1 min Cristal Violeta
Lavar Iodo
Decolorante -Etoh
Etanol y acetona
Safranina 1 min
Lavar Safranina
Resumen de cambios de color
Resultado
Aspectos importantes de la
tinción gram
• Pasos críticos
• Preparación del Frotis
• Decolorización
• Organismos Gram variable
• Tiempo de crecimiento del cultivo
Prolonged decolorization
95% ethanol decolorizes more slowly, and may be recommended for
inexperienced technicians while experienced workers can use the acetone-
alcohol mix. Skill is needed to gauge when decolorization is complete.
Excessive counterstaining
As the counterstain is also a basic dye, it is possible to replace the crystal
violet—iodine complex in gram- positive cells with an over-exposure to the
counterstain. The counterstain should not be left on the slide for more than
30 seconds.
Gram Variable
Verificación de la tinción gram
Prueba KOH
This test has the advantage of simplicity, and it can be performed on older
cultures. False negative results can occur in the test by using too little
inoculum or too much KOH (DNA-induced viscosity not noticeable).
False positive results can occur from too heavy an inoculum (the
solution will appear to gel, but not string), or inoculation with mucoid
colonies. This can serve as a valuable adjunct to the tradition gram
Stringing DNA
Aminopeptidase Test
L-alanine aminopeptidase is an enzyme localized in the bacterial cell
wall which cleaves the amino acid L-alanine from various peptides.
Significant activity is found almost only in Gram-negative
microorganisms, all Gram-positive or Gram-variable microorganisms
so far studied display no or very weak activity (Cerny 1976, Carlone et
al. 1983). To perform the test, the reagent is used to make a
suspension (with the bacteria). Aminopeptidase activity of the
bacteria causes the release of 4-nitroaniline from the reagent,
turning the suspension yellow. The test is especially useful for non-
fermenters and gram-variable organisms, and is a one step test with
several suppliers of kits. Results of the test are available in 5 minutes.
Figure: 04-31a-c
Caption:
Manner in which the peptide and glycan units are connected in formation of the peptidoglycan sheet. (a) No interbridge in gram-
negative Bacteria. (b) Glycine interbridge in Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive). (c) Overall structure of peptidoglycan. The
diagram depicts several ribbons of peptidoglycan cross-linked to one another. To visualize an entire single layer of peptidoglycan,
imagine these cross-linked ribbons extending around a cylinder or sphere representing the cell as shown. G, N-acetylglucosamine;
M, N-acetylmuramic acid.
Tetrapéptido (entrecruzamiento)
Efecto de la penicilina
sobre el
entrecruzamiento de
los Tetrapéptidos
Funciones: captación de magnesio, anclaje de la pared a la membrana,
barrera de permeabilidad, son importantes antígenos de superficie con
capacidad inmunogénica.
Pared Gram Negativo
Figure 4.49 Outer membrane
Polysaccharide of LPS
The Pyrogen-Test is done in two parts: the Pre- or Shamtest and the main
test. According to the European pharmacopoeia, the pre test is 1 to 3 days
befor the main test. A pyrogen-free isotonic sodium chloride (10 ml/kg KG)
is injected and the temperature is measured. Is there no differences less
then 0,6°C, the rabbits are used for the main test. For the main test, 3
animals will be injected after 90 minutes with the sample. Then, the
temperature is measured 3 hours. The sample is pyrogenfree, if the sum of
three animals temperature differences are less then 1.15°C
Lymulus polyphemus
El reactivo LAL
La historia del descubrimiento del reactivo LAL comienza en 1956, cuando el
doctor Frederick B. Bang reporta la muerte por coagulación intravascular en el
cangrejo herradura americano Limulus polyphemus (fig. 1). Bang, junto a Jack
Levin, revela en 1964 que las endotoxinas son el vector causante de la
coagulación de la hemolinfa del Limulus. Cuatro años más tarde, estos
investigadores comprueban que los elementos responsables de la coagulación
inducida por endotoxinas son de naturaleza enzimática, y se encuentran dentro de
los amebocitos, único tipo de células presentes en la hemolinfa azul de los
cangrejos herraduras. El reactivo LAL es un extracto acuoso de los amebocitos,
compuesto por una cascada de enzimas serino proteasas tipo tripsina capaz de
reaccionar frente a pequeñas cantidades de endotoxinas.
GRAM____?_____
GRAM____?_____
Bacterias peculiares
• Mycobacterium- cubierta de ácido micólico
• Esferoplastos y Protoplastos
Mycobacterium
Mycobacterium
Mycoplasmas
Protoplastos – Esferoplastos- Formas L
Figure: 04-34
Caption:
Pseudopeptidoglycan and S-layers. (a) Structure of pseudopeptidoglycan, the cell wall polymer of Methanobacterium species. Note
the resemblance to the structure of peptidoglycan shown in Figure 4.30, especially the peptide cross-links, in this case between
N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid (NAT) residues instead of muramic acid residues. NAG, N-Acetylglucosamine.