IGC 2 Workbook

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Health & Safety Training & Consultancy
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PREPARATION FOR THE EXAMINATION
STUDY PLAN
Do not leave your revision to the last minute. The more you revise and prepare, the easier it
will be for you to be successful in your exams. Spend 2 hrs each day on revision and
homework.
HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENTS
Practice writing your exam questions. Do all your homework questions and submit to
TWI/TWI tutor for checking and feedback. It pays to practice as much as you can. The more
you practice, the more confident you become.
EXAMINATION TECHNIQUES
TIME MANAGEMENT
You have 2 hrs to write each unit paper. Non native English speakers are given special
consideration of extra time to write each paper.
When you are given the unit paper, read through quickly and answer the questions where
you know the answer first. Your answer book is not numbered, which means you can answer
any questions first and in any order. Example, you may choose to answer question 5 first
and then question 2, and then question 7. You need to write the question number on the top
page (left / right) side of the page.
Answer each question on a fresh page. You should also leave blank space at the end of
each answer. This is to give you room to write more should you choose to do so at a later
stage.
Question (1) is a 20 mark question. The other 10 questions are worth 8 marks each. Time
yourself well to answer your questions.
When you are waiting for the exam papers to be handed out to you by the invigilator, it is
easy to become stressed with anticipation.
Just breathe deeply, keep calm, read the questions and start by answering a question that
you are confident in writing.
ACTION VERBS
Read the questions well. Take note of action verbs and write your answers accordingly. If
the question asks you to DESCRIBE, do not LIST.
Your answers must explain exactly what you mean, so think about not only the answer but
the words you use.
READ THE QUESTION
Make sure you read and understand the WHOLE question carefully. The clue is in the
question. Underline key words to help you focus.
Finally make sure you leave yourself time to check your answers.
GOOD LUCK
Nebosh International General Certificate Workbook Page 1

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Environment, Health and Safety Policy (EHS)
Ms Clayton, is committed to operations and practices which prevent harm to people and
damage to environment and property. EHS is an essential and integral p art of each and
every activity at Ms Clayton. Therefore all work shall be carried out with utmost care without
compromising EHS under any circumstances
The objective of the policy is achieved at all company‟s locations by:
 Complying with all applicable EHS laws, regulations, standards and procedures of the
respective country and apply more stringent standards and procedures where it is
considered to do so
 Incorporating appropriate EHS criteria into business decisions.
 Providing a safe and healthy work place for all its employees, including subcontractor’s
employees, through operational procedures, safe systems and method of work.
 Identifying and eliminating /controlling hazards and pollution that could cause accidents,
illness or environmental harm.
 Ensuring suppliers & sub contractors to follow the company’s EHS rules, procedures and
safe practices.
 Providing training to all employees to maintain EHS systems.
 Ensuring appropriate and adequate resources are available to fully implement the EHS
policy.
 Undertaking reviews to ensure continual improvement in EHS performance.
Working safely and in an environmentally appropriate manner are conditions of employment.
Date: 27th.Jan.‟09 __________ _-----Sd----_________

President

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Responsibilities:
The Head of Ms Clayton is the overall and final responsibility for Environment, Health &
EHS.
The Country Heads and the Head of the Departments shall visibly uphold the principles of
this policy and integrate them throughout the company.
The management and supervisory personnel shall be responsible for implementing and
maintaining the EHS management systems necessary to sustain this policy.
All other employees have to:
 Co-operate with supervisors and managers on EHS matters
 Not interfere with anything provided to safeguard their health and EHS and environment
issues
 Take reasonable care of their own health and EHS; and report all health and EHS
concerns to an appropriate person
The minimum EHS management procedures that shall be adopted across all locations of the
company:
Proactive Measures
EHS Budget:
A budget shall be evaluated at the tender stage itself for the EHS expense and allocated
once the job is bagged.
Organization:
The Company shall have adequate and competent EHS experts to carry out the EHS
function.
EHS Meeting:
At every level when the meetings are conducted, EHS shall be the first agenda for
discussion.
EHS Plan:
From the design stage till the commissioning stage at every level the EHS requirements
shall be planned and integrated in the work method. The concerned department heads are
responsible in ensuring this.
It‟s the responsibility of the site in charge to ensure that before the commencement of his
site the approved EHS Plan is made available.
Risk Assessment:
The appropriate risk assessment technique shall be adopted at all stages to identify the risk
and implement the control measures.

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EHS Committee:
The site shall constitute a EHS committee which shall conduct EHS walk down and
troubleshoot any EHS problems.
Tool box meeting:

Site shall conduct the tool box meeting through the concerned engineers.
Induction & Training:

All new employees shall be inducted and trained to acquire EHS knowledge.
Work permits:
Necessary work permits for hazardous activities shall be implemented.
Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE) Usage:

Appropriate standard PPEs shall be provided to the employees based on one‟s job.
Motivation:
Rewards shall be given to good performers as per the EHS reward scheme and procedures
shall be established for reprimanding the defaulters on EHS.
Monitoring Measures:
Inspection:
The necessary inspection procedures shall be established to ensure safe work conditions.
Auditing:
Periodical audits at every level shall be planned and conducted.
Corrective and preventive Measures:
Incident reporting, investigation and disseminating the findings:

All incidents shall be reported to the concerned authorities and the EHS department. The
incidents shall be investigated and corrective measures to halt the recurrence shall be
implemented. The findings of the incident investigation are disseminated to other locations of
the company to take necessary actions.
Accident Analysis:
EHS department shall analyze the accidents and recommend the measures to be taken to
all concerned.
Management Review meeting:

Once in six months the EHS performance shall be reviewed by the EHS Dept and
recommend actions for backlogs and set target for improvement.
_________-----Sd-----___________
President

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Mnemonics
What are Mnemonics?
Mnemonics are memory aids. They usually are a simple phrase or series of letters that
makes it easier to remember certain things.
The key to mnemonics is to build a strong association between the mnemonic and for what
they stand. Mnemonics take a little bit of practice, but become easier the more you use
them.
When candidates prepare to undertake examinations the use of mnemonics can be a useful
skill to master, this skill is quite useful in the field of health and safety examinations where
candidates do tend to have a lot that they have to remember.
The mnemonics that follow cover a number, but not all of the key areas of NEBOSH
International General Certificate study, and they are no substitute to actually first reading
through and understanding the study material.
QUICK REFERENCE ACRONYM GUIDE

POPMAR Management system POPEA ERICPD Hierarchy of control
(Element of HSG65)
Policy Elimination
Organisation Reduction
Planning Isolation
Measuring Performance Evaluation Control
Audit Action for Improvement Personal Protective Equipment
Review Discipline
KATE is competent IT IS
Knowledge Information
Ability Training
Training Instruction
Experience Supervision
ENTICE Mechanical Machinery Hazards MEEP or PEME

Entanglement
Nips (pinch) Material People
Trap Equipment Equipment
Impact Environment Material
Contact People Environment
Ejection
FIAT -Hierarchy of Machinery Guarding LITE or TILE

Fixed Load
Interlock Individual
Adjustable Task
Trip Environment

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BSAFE Electrical Hazards SATIS 5 + BHP Proactive Safety Measure
Burns Survey (safety Survey)

Shock Audit (Safety Audit)
Arcing Tour (Safety Tour)
Fire Inspection (Safety Inspection)
Explosions Sampling (Safety Sampling)
Bench Marking
Health surveillance
Performance review
Reactive Safety Measure

C AEIOU (see vowels)
Civil Claims
Accident and Absence
Enforcement authority and Equipment
damage (property)
Incident and Near miss
Occupational Ill health
U You workers complain
Non Mechanical hazard (If any accident, people will be………..)

VR at HOME on the BED under the FANS
Vibration Hazardous chemicals/ Biological Hazard Fire / Falling object /
Heat / Hot Falling from high
Radiation Obstruction & Projection Electrical hazard Access & Egress

(Ionisation &
non-ionisation)
Manual handling Dust / Fumes Noise; Nips
Ergonomics Splinters /
Slips & Trips
Causes of Accidents –
Contact,
CENTIPEDE Entanglement,
Nips
Traps,
Impact
Projections,
Ejections,
Discharge &
Environmental

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Causes of Accidents Noise & Vibration,

Electricity,
NECTRE Chemical,
Temperature,
Radiation,
Explosion.
Elements of OHSAS 18001 Policy
Planning And Implementation
PPICCMC Checking And Corrective Action
Management Review
Continual Improvement
External influences on H&S Stakeholders
Legislation
SLITS Insurance Companies
Trade Unions
Society
Hierarchy of Control Eliminate,
PIGSRISE (reverse) Substitute,
Isolate,
Reduce,
Safe Systems Of Work,
Good Housekeeping,
ITIS
PPE
Hierarchy of Control –
ERIC PD Eliminate
Replace / Reduce
Isolate
Control
PPE
Discipline
Injuries to Pedestrians – Collisions

CASE Airborne
Slips, Trips, Falls
Environment
Load Risk Assessment – Heaviness

Intrinsic Danger
HI BUG Bulk
Unstable
Grip
Mechanical Hazards Friction,
FISHDECCS Impact,
Shearing,
High Pressure Injection,

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Drawing In,
Entanglement,
Cutting,
Crushing,
Stabbing
Reasons to review Safety Policy – Premises, Change

PEARRLS Enforcements Notices
Arrangements, Change
Regular Reviews
Risk Assessments
Legislation, Change
Structure (Personnel), Change
Safety Culture Indicators Compliance

CIA CAT Indicators (Reactive Or Proactive)
Accidents
Complaints, Staff
Absenteeism
Turnover, Staff
Used for the Risk Assessment Define What's Being Assessed
process Identify Hazards
DIPER People Affected
Evaluate Risks
Record, Review & Monitor

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EXAMPLES OF HOW TO ANSWER ACTION VERBS

List the purpose and benefits of collecting near-miss data (8 marks)
1. Helps to identify underlying causes of accidents
2. Enables management to implement preventative actions before serious accidents occur
3. Gives message to staff that management cares about the welfare and safety of
employees
4. Data collected will provide management with a greater understanding of deficiencies in

the management systems so that these can be identified and rectified.
Explain the purpose and benefits of collecting near miss data (8 marks)
It is generally accepted that near misses greatly outnumber accidents and they can therefore
produce more data from which a greater understanding of the deficiencies in management
systems can be identified and rectified.
The collection of near miss data helps to identify underlying causes which may allow
preventative actions to be taken before something more serious occurs. It also gives the
message to the workforce that all failures are taken seriously and not just those leading to
injury. It also sends the message that the management cares about the welfare and safety of
employees.
Describe the purpose and benefits of collecting near miss data
Collecting and analyzing near miss data is important because as it is generally accepted that
there are more near misses than accidents, they provide more data. From this, an
understanding of any deficiencies in management systems can be identified so that actions
may be put in place to prevent accidents from occurring. Collecting near miss data also

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means that workforce will be made aware that management take all failures seriously, not
just those leading to injury, and that the welfare of employees is of concern to management.
Give the purpose and benefits of collecting near-miss data
Deficiencies in management systems can be identified from the collected data and actions to
prevent incidents can be put in place. Employees will be made aware that management
takes all incidents seriously and that employee welfare and safety is important to
management.

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Identify the purpose and benefits of collecting near-miss data.
Systems check: deficiencies in management systems can be identified from the collected
data and actions to prevent incidents can be put in place.
Employee morale: employees will be made aware that their welfare and safety is important
to management.
H&S rules: employees will be made aware that management takes all incidents seriously,
encouraging them to do likewise.
Outline the purpose and benefits of collecting near-miss data
Collecting near-miss data allows an organization to identify the underlying causes of

accidents and put in place preventative measures, it demonstrates that management take all
incidents seriously, and it shows that management is concerned with employees‟ welfare
and safety.

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SAMPLE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS WITH SOME

EXAMINER’S REPORTS
ELEMENT-1 Workplace Hazards & Risk Control
1. List EIGHT design features and/or safe practices indented to reduce the risk of
accidents on staircases used as internal pedestrian routes with work premises. (8)
This question calls for practical suggestions on ways of preventing accidents such as slips,
trips and falls on staircases. Matters that should spring to mind almost immediately include:
 The removal of obstructions.
 The provision of non-slip surfaces, together with reflective edging.
 Adequate lighting and effective maintenance.
Important design features of a staircase (which are to large extent defined by building
standards) are:
 Its width.
 The provision of handrails.
 The dimensions of treads and risers.
 The provision of landings.
Better answers to this question should also refer to the need to make special provision for
disabled persons and also to the possibility of using a lift as an alternative, in particular to
avoid the need to carry large or heavy items up or down stairs. Site rules should address
such issues as well as defining appropriate footwear.
2. Question
a. Identify the types of hazard that may cause slips or trips at work. (4)
b. Outline on how slip and trip hazards in the workplace might be controlled. (4)
There are many reasons why people slip or trip, including the floor being poorly maintained,
changes in level (with ramps, slopes or curves), slippery surfaces caused by oil, water or ice,
inappropriate footwear, and general obstructions in walkways such as trailing cables, pipes
and air hoses. Some candidates struggled to find a full range of hazards for part (a) and
sometimes gave examples that were very similar in nature. Those who, for example merely

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gave four different types of obstruction in a walkway had only addressed one type of hazard,
which reduced the number of marks that could be awarded.
In answering part (b), candidates should have outlined control measures such as highlighting
changes in level with hazard warning strips, providing good lighting, introducing procedures
for reporting defects and for spillages, gritting oily and icy surfaces, using non slip flooring,
and ensuring high standards to keep floors free of obstruction. Many answers were restricted
to housekeeping issues.
3. The water main supplying a school is to be repaired. The work will be carried out in
a 1.5 meter deep excavation, which will be supported in order to ensure the safety of
those working in the excavation.
a) Identify when THREE main inspections of the supported excavation should be

carried out by a competent person. (3)
b) State the information that should be recorded in the excavation inspection report.
(5)
c) Other than the provision of supports for the excavation, outline additional
precautions to be taken during the repair work in order to reduce the risk of injury to
those and others who may be affected by the work. (12)
For part (i), candidates seemed unaware of the specific occasions when inspections must be
carried out. These are at the start of every shift before work commences, after any event
likely to affect the strength or stability of the excavation, and after any accidental fall of rock
or earth or other material. Candidates generally referred to the inspection of the excavation
at the start of every shift but not to the other two main inspections.
Part (ii), should have provided candidates with the opportunity to gain marks simply by
stating the information that should be contained in an inspection report. The opportunity was
not taken by many. What was needed was reference to information such as the name and
address of the person for whom the inspection was carried out, the location of the place of
work, a description of the place of work inspected, details of ay matters identified that could
lead to risks to the health or safety of any person, the action taken to reduce the risk, any
further action that might be needed, the name of the person making the report, and the date
and time of the inspection.

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Part (iii), precautions that should be taken to reduce the risk of injury to workers include the
detection of underground services, safe digging, preferable by hand, near to the services
and the provision of adequate support for them once exposed; the isolation of the water
supply to reduce the risk of flooding the excavation; ensuring the stability of adjacent
buildings if this was through to be necessary; the provision of safe access in and out of the
excavation and placing stop blocks to prevent plant from approaching too close to its edge;
and using appropriate personal protective equipment such as head protection, ear defenders
and safety footwear, close to its edge, and using appropriate personal protective equipment
such as head protection, ear defenders and safety footwear. As for the possible risk of injury
to others who might be affected by the work, there would initially need to be close liaison
between the contractors and the school authorities to ensure, whenever possible, that work
in the excavation was carried out outside school hours. Additionally, barriers would need to
be erected to provide a safe walkway for teachers and children and other members of the
public and precautions would also have to be taken to ensure that materials and equipment
were stored in a safe compound and plant immobilized when not in actual use.
While the standard of response to this part of the question was marginally better than for the
first two parts, there were not many candidates who were able to outline a full range of
additional precautions for those who would possibly be at risk.
4. Outline EIGHT precautions that should be considered to ensure the safety of

children who might be tempted to gain access to a construction site. (8)
Outline a hierarchy of measure beginning with attempts to prevent entry by the use of
fencing and signs, and monitoring by the use of security patrols or closed-circuit television.
This is followed by reference to the need, should entry be gained, to make the site itself safe
by isolating services, reducing heights of materials, covering or fencing excavations, as well
as removing ladders and denying access to scaffolding. Also consider further precautions
such as securing tools, chemicals, equipment and vehicles.

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REVIEW 1. Workplace Hazards & Risk Control

SITE PRECAUTIONS FOR CHILDREN
 Fencing
 Hoardings
 Warning Signs
 Security Patrols
 Visiting schools
 Viewing panels
 Covering or fencing excavations
 Removing ladders
 Immobilization of plant and machinery
 Locking away chemicals and tools
 Reducing the height of materials
 Isolating services
 Clearing away rubbish and debris
THE MAIN HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH ROOF WORK INCLUDE:

 Fragile roof materials
 Roof edges
 Slippery sloping roof surfaces
 Materials falling from roof
 Contact with overhead electricity cables
 Manual handling
PRECAUTIONS FOR PITCHED ROOFS

 Carry out roof survey prior to work starting
 Safe means of access to roof
 Roof edge barriers
 Roof ladders or crawling boards provided
 Identifying and covering roof lights

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 Facilities to raise and lower materials safely

 Protection for persons below
 Provision of safety harnesses if necessary
 Avoid working in severe adverse weather conditions
 Competent workers and supervisors
FLAT ROOF PRECAUTIONS. AS ABOVE PLUS:

 Safe use of bitumen boilers
 Safe use of burning gases
 Training in manual handling

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LADDERS MAIN HAZARDS IN USE

 Overreaching from ladder
 Unsecured, unstable ladder
 Ladder at wrong angle
 Ladder not extended above step off point
 Using damaged, worn ladder
 Metal ladder in contact with overhead power lines
 Materials being carried up ladder falling
 Vehicle collision with base
 Manual handling – carrying and erecting
PRECAUTIONS WHEN USING LADDERS

 Ladders rested on firm level base
 Use of stabilization devices
 Secure ladder by correct angle 75% or 1:4 ratio. Tied off at top or footed at base on level
ground
 Extend suitable distance above step off point (1.05metres min)
 Top of ladder against a solid surface
 Use wooden ladders near overhead cables/erect „goal posts‟ and signs
 Provide equipment to raise materials/tools
 Provide holsters to carry tools
 Only one person at a time on the ladder
 Rungs clear of grease etc.
 Barrier off base and display warning signs
 Use of ladder by trained users
 Assistance when moving/erecting ladder
 Inspection and maintenance of ladders/ladder register
PRECAUTIONS WHEN USING STEPLADDERS

 Suitable for task
 No work carried out from top step
 Workers maintain three point contact

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 Step ladder in good condition

 Properly erected and legs fully extended
 Positioned on even ground
 Close to work avoid overreaching
 Not overloaded
 Footed if necessary
SCAFFOLDING
Draw and label key parts of an independent Tied Scaffold
Inspection to check that the above are correct plus
 Staggered joints
 Not overloaded
 Suitable access
Show how scaffold is attached to the building
WHEN SHOULD SCAFFOLDING BE INSPECTED

 After erection and before use
 Every seven days
 After adverse weather conditions
 After being struck by vehicle
 After substantial alteration
REASONS FOR SCAFFOLDING COLLAPSE

 Wrong materials
 Unstable foundations
 Improperly designed
 Improper erection
 Overloading
 Modified incorrectly
 Undermined by excavations
 Hit by machinery
 Excessive winds/rain

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CARRYING OUT SCAFFOLDING INSPECTION

 Base – firm ground and sole plates
 Line of standards and ledgers
 Spacing of transoms to support boards
 Boards good condition
 Guardrails and toe boards
 Bracing
 Means of access
 Ties – number and position
 Correct couplers
 Joints staggered
PRECAUTIONS USING MOBILE TOWER SCAFFOLD

 Only to be used on firm, stable, level ground
 To be moved only by pulling or pushing at the base
 Working platforms should be clear of men and materials when being moved
 Wheels should be turned outwards to provide maximum base dimensions
 Wheel brakes must be “on” and locked when the scaffold is being used
 Correct height to width ratio
 Diagonal bracing
 Working platform properly boarded and evenly supported
 Working platform properly fitted with guardrails and toe boards
 Not overloaded
 Properly secured access extending above landing place
 Account taken of overhead obstructions/power lines
 Correct fittings and materials used and inspected every 7 days

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PRECAUTIONS USING MEWPs

 Competent staff
 Guard rails and toe boards
 Erected on firm level ground
 Not overloaded
 Clear of obstructions
 Work area is cordoned off
 Outriggers are extended
 Procedure if machine fails
 Good lighting
PRECAUTIONS FOR SUSPENDED ACCESS CRADLES AND PLATFORMS

 Regular inspections
 Safe working load
 Competent staff
 Safety equipment working
 Platform edge protection
 Adverse weather rules, not used in strong winds
 Guard rails and toe boards fitted
 Protected electricity supplies
 Safety harnesses worn
 Communication
 Emergency procedures
EXCAVATIONS MAIN HAZARDS

 Undermining existing foundations
 Collapse
 Underground services
 Persons falling in
 Vehicles close to edge
 Access and egress
 Hazardous atmospheres

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 Flooding
 Contamination
 Type of soil
 Removal of soil/type of soil and conditions
HAZARDS OF DEMOLITION
 Falling debris, masonry
 Premature collapse of building
 Falls from a height or on the same level
 Services (electricity, gas and water)
 Explosion and fire
 Chemical contamination e.g. splash, dust, fumes
 Asbestos
 Biological e.g. weils (stagnant water), hepatitis (syringes)
 Manual handling e.g. strains fractures
 The use of explosives
 Collisions with heavy plant, plant toppling over
 Noise e.g. heavy plant, pneumatic drills, power tools
CONSTRUCTION HEALTH HAZARDS

 Noise
 Vibration
 Dusts
 Asbestos
 Lead
 Silica
 Sawdust
 Cement
 Solvents and cleaners
 Biological hazards

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STORAGE OF FLAMMABLE MATERIALS

 Keep quantities to a minimum
 Secure storage areas
 Storage area properly ventilated
 Containers and cylinders returned to storage at end of day
 Prohibit smoking and other ignition sources from storage area
 Suitable and properly labelled containers for decanted materials
 Protection of storage area from vehicle impact
 Inspection of gas cylinders to ensure valves fully closed
 Correct and right number of fire extinguishers
PRECAUTIONS USING SKIPS

 Hazardous wastes stored separately
 Skip in good condition i.e. no holes
 Skip not overloaded
 Skip properly sited on level ground
 PPE for staff
 Adequate room for delivery & removal
 Chutes for filling
 Netting or sheeting for removal
 Obtained from reputable supplier i.e. licensed if necessary
SUITABLE PRECAUTIONS WHEN USING ELECTRICAL HAZARDS ON SITE

 Ensuring suitable equipment
 Using reduced voltage 110V supply.
 Extra low voltage for wet locations
 Use of RCDs
 Double insulated tools
 Battery operated tools
 Suitable connections
 Pre-use inspections
 Regular maintenance & frequent testing
 Avoid working in wet conditions if possible &  Competent staff.

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PRECAUTIONS FOR UNDERGROUND SERVICES

 Plan job
 Locate cables
 Avoid cables
 Safe digging procedures
THE FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO SLIP, TRIP ACCIDENTS ARE:

 The floor surface: slippery surface, holes, uneven surface etc.
 Contamination: spillages, Leaks etc.
 Obstructions: rubbish, Trailing cables, rugs etc.
 The Task: carrying loads, space to work
 Environment: lighting
 Footwear:- unsuitable footwear
 The People:- unaware of the dangers
PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN TO PREVENT SLIPS AND TRIPS SHOULD INCLUDE:

 Designated walking routes where possible
 Ensure walkways are level
 Ensure walkways are non slip
 Well lit and clearly marked walkways
 Procedures to quickly identify and remove spillages and obstacles
 Eliminate need to carry loads
 Make employees aware of the hazards
THE HAZARDS OF STAIRS ARE:

 Inadequate design (dimensions, treads, no handrails)
 Poor housekeeping (obstructions, trailing cables)
 Poor lighting
 Slippery surfaces (oil/water/Ice) or unsuitable footwear
 Damaged flooring or coverings
 Manual handling
 Hurrying on stairs

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ACTION NEEDED TO PREVENT ACCIDENTS ON STAIRS

 Adequate width of walkways / stairs and handrails fitted
 Remove obstructions/trailing cables
 Improve lighting levels and install emergency lighting
 Non-slip surfaces / spillages procedures/covered walkways
 Maintain/report and repair defects
 Use lifts for loads / site rules
EMPLOYERS WHO HAVE EMPLOYEES WHO WORK AT HEIGHT SHOULD ENSURE

THAT:
 All work at height is properly planned and organised
 Those involved in work at height are competent
 The risks from work at height are assessed and appropriate work equipment is selected
 The risks from fragile surfaces are properly controlled
 Equipment for work at height is properly inspected and maintained
A SUGGESTED HIERARCHY OF CONTROL FOR WORKING AT HEIGHT IS:

 Avoid working at height wherever possible
 Use work equipment or other measures to prevent falls where working at height cannot be
avoided
 Where the risk of falls cannot be eliminated, use work equipment or other measures to
minimise the distance and consequences of a fall should one occur
POOR HOUSEKEEPING CAN CAUSE:

 Someone could slip or fall
 Increased risk of fire
 Fire exits could be blocked
 A risk of infection where chemicals are being used
 Infestation
 Vehicle collisions if traffic routes are blocked
 Falling materials

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Model Question: 1. Workplace Hazards & Risk Control
1. Outline the main precautions to be taken when carrying out excavation work. (8)
Control measures should have addressed the following issues:

 Support of sides (shoring, benching, etc)
 Detection of services (e.g. from plans, use of cable/pipe detectors, etc)
 Storage of materials, equipment & spoil away from edge
 Means of preventing vehicles falling into the excavation or causing collapse (e.g. stop
blocks)
 Means of preventing people falling in (guard-rails, barriers, crossing points & covers)
 Means of preventing collapse of adjacent structures
 Safe means of access & egress
 Testing for, & ventilation of, noxious fumes
 Means of pumping out water
 Procedures for working with mechanical plant, & general issues such as inspection,
training, supervision & the use of PPE (e.g. for protection against contaminants).
2. List EIGHT safe practices to be followed when using a skip for the collection
& removal of waste from a construction site. (8)
For ensuring safety in the use of skips the more obvious safe practices of:
 Ensuring the integrity of the skip,
 Locating the skip on firm, level ground away from excavations,
 Ensuring clear access for filling & for removing from site by vehicle,
 Filling by chute or by mechanical means unless items are to be placed in the skip by hand,
 Introducing controls to prevent overfilling,
 The tipping of incompatible wastes,
 Netting or sheeting when the skip is full
 The fire hazards created by the skips &

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 The probable need to site away from buildings & to protect against arson.
 All construction waste is controlled waste & must be carried by a licensed waste carrier,
under a waste transfer note system, to a disposal site capable of accepting the waste.
3. Outline the main dangers associated with excavation work on construction sites.
(8)
Who might be harmed by a collapse of the excavation

 Contact with buried services
 Ingress of water
 Build-up of fumes or being struck by falling materials – important as these are
 Dangers associated with the excavation machinery (e.g. contact with overhead lines)
 The effect on adjacent structures
 The possibility of vehicles or people falling into unprotected excavations.
4. Outline EIGHT precautions that should be considered to ensure the safety of

children who might be tempted to gain access to a construction site. (8)
Outline a hierarchy of measure beginning with attempts to prevent entry by the use of
fencing and signs, and monitoring by the use of security patrols or closed-circuit television.
This is followed by reference to the need, should entry be gained, to make the site itself safe
by isolating services, reducing heights of materials, covering or fencing excavations, as well
as removing ladders and denying access to scaffolding. Also consider further precautions
such as securing tools, chemicals, equipment and vehicles.
5. Outline the particular hazards that may be present during the demolition of a
building. (8)
The main hazards associated with this type of work include:

 Falls from a height.
 Falling debris and premature collapse.
 Use of explosives.
 Contact with and noise from equipment and heavy plant.
 Dust (possibly including asbestos)
 The possible presence of services such as electricity, gas and water.

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6. Outline EIGHT precautions that may be taken to ensure the safety of children who
might be tempted to gain unauthorized access to a construction site. (8)
Site Security
 Fencing Hoardings Signs Security
 Covering or Fencing excavations
 Removing Ladders
 Immobilising plant/machinery
 Locking away chemicals/tools
 Reducing height of materials
 Isolating services
 Clearing away rubbish and debris
7. What are the main hazards connected with construction activities. (8)
Construction Main Hazards

 Falls from height
 Fragile roofs
 Falling objects
 Slips, trips
 Excavations
 Demolition
 Explosives
 Working in or over water
 Working in tunnels Vehicles
 Traffic movements
 Plant and equipment
 Doors and gates
 Lighting
 Weather
 Stability
 Fire
 Material storage

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8. Outline the precautions to be taken when carrying out repairs to the flat roof of a
building. (8)
Pitched roofs precautions (Over 10 degrees)

 Carry out survey
 Safe means of access
 Roof edge barriers
 Roof ladders/crawling boards
 Identifying and covering roof lights
 Facilities to raise and lower materials
 Protection for persons below
 Provision of harnesses
 No work in severe weather
 Competent workers
Hierarchy of working at height
 Avoid work at height if possible
 Use work equipment or other measures to prevent falls when they cannot avoid working at
height
 Where they cannot eliminate the risk of falls use work equipment or other measures to
minimise the distance and consequences of a fall should one occur
 Risks from fragile surfaces are properly controlled
9. (a) What are the main hazards connected with the use of ladders at work. (3)
(b) Explain how such hazards can be avoided. (5)
9. a) Main hazards when using Ladders
 Over-reaching from ladder

 Unsecured/unstable ladder
 Ladder not extended above step off point
 Using a damaged/worn ladder
 Metal ladder contact with electrical cables
 Falling material being carried up ladder
 Vehicle collision with base of ladder

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 Manual handling – carrying and erecting
9. b)Hazards can be avoided by
 Properly secured before use

 fixed at the top, or base, or footed
 Unable to run sideways or slide away from the wall
 Angle 1:4
 Top rested against a solid surface
 Extend approx 1 metre above landing
 Never supported by rungs
 Overlaps for extension ladders (2 rungs if < 5m, 3 rungs if > 5m)
 Landings required every 9m vertical run
 Tools and materials in holster or bag
 One person at a time
 Work facing the ladder with one hand holding the ladder
10. Outline the precautions to be taken using step ladder. (8)
Step Ladder precautions Ladders as means of access

 Suitable for task  Ladder at correct angle
 No work carried off top step  Suitable distance above landing
 Worker maintains three point contact  Tied off at top
 Step ladder in good condition  On secure base and level ground
 Properly erected and legs fully extended  Visible in safe position
 Positioned on even ground  Suitable for the purpose
 Close to work to avoid overreaching  Pre-inspected
 Not overloaded  Removed at night
 Footed if necessary  Assistance when removing/erecting ladder
 No excess loads only 1 person at a time

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11. Outline the particular hazards that may be present during the demolition of a
building. (8)
The main hazards associated with this type of work include:

 Falls from a height.
 Falling debris and premature collapse.
 Use of explosives.
 Contact with and noise from equipment and heavy plant.
 Dust (possibly including asbestos)
 The possible presence of services such as electricity, gas and water.
12. Outline the precautions to be taken when using a mobile elevating work platform
(MEWP) to reach a high point such as a streetlight. (8)
Candidates should outline precautions such as:

 The need to inspect the equipment before use and to ensure it is in a good state or repair.
 Using only competent workers.
 Using outriggers and brakes.
 Erecting warning signs and barriers to avoid collisions.
 Ensuring the platform is not overloaded.
 Avoiding overhead obstructions.
 Wearing a harness.

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1 Workplace Hazards & Risk Control Exam Questions
S.Nr Questions Mark Year

1 A roofing contractor is required to carry out extensive repair on a fragile roof
on a large manufacturing building.
(a) Outline the factors that should be considered in the selection process 8
June
for hiring the roofing contractor. (June 2010)
2010
b) Identify the main risks to the contractors from working. (June 2010) 4
c) Identify possible control measures for the erection of an independent tied 8
scaffold (June 2010)
2 Work is to be carried out in an excavation 2.5 meters deep. The work is 8

expected to last for two week.
June
Outline control measure which could be put in place to help reduce the risk to
2012
workers in and around the excavation. (June 2012)
3 Repair work is taking place on the roof of a two-store building 8

Outline precautions that could minimize the risk to workers below from being March
injured by falling materials or tools. (March 2012) (Mark 8) 2012
4 Identify controls measures to reduce slip and trip hazards in an engineering 8

March
workshop. (March 2012) (Mark 8)
2012
5 Outline precautions to be taken when repair work is to be carried out on 8
Sep
the sloping roof of a building. (8) (Sep 2011)
2011
6 Identify the main hazards associated with excavation work on construction
sites. (8) (Sep 2011)
7 a. Identify FOUR hazards that can cause slips or trips. (4) (Sep 2011) 4
b. Identify control measures that can be used to reduce the risk of slips or 4 Sep
trips. (4) (Sep 2011) 2011
8 Identify the control measures to prevent slip and trip hazards in an 8 Dec
Engineering workshop. (8)
2010
9 Identify welfare and work environment requirements that should be provided 8
Dec
in a workplace (8)
2010
10 Outline suitable control measures for the safe storage and use of highly 8
flammable liquids in the workplace (Mark 8) (June 2011)
June
2011
11 Identify safe working practice for the use of mobile elevated work platform 8 June
(MEWP) (Mark 8) (June 2011)
2011
12 Identify ways in which accidents may be prevented when using portable 8 June

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ladders as a means of access. (Mark 8) (June 2011) 2011
13 a) Identify reasons why a scaffold may collapse. (8) (March 2011)

b) Identify precaution to be taken to minimize the risks to workers when March
working on a scaffold. (8) (March 2011) 2011
c) Identify when a scaffold should be inspected (4) (March 2011)
14 Identify control measure that an employer could take to reduce the risk of 8 March
violence between workers.(8) (March 2011)
2011
15
\
Identify the main hazards associated with demolition work. (8) 8
Sep
(Sep 2010) 2010

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ELEMENT 1 Workplace Hazards & Risk Control

1 A roofing contractor is required to carry out extensive repair on a
fragile roof on a large manufacturing building.
8
(a) Outline the factors that should be considered in the selection
process for hiring the roofing contractor. (June 2010)
The factors that should be considered in the selection process for hiring the
roofing contractor are
1. The contractor’s previous experience with the type of work to be
carried out.
2. Reputation amongst previous or current clients and membership of a
trade organization.
3. The content and quality of the H&S policy and the systems in place
for its implementation including
i. Preparation of risk assessments,
ii. Monitoring and consultation with the workforce.
4. The Employee competence
5. Level of H&S training given to employees
6. Resources and the condition of equipment to be used on site
7. Procedures in place for its regular maintenance
8. Procedures for the selection and control of sub-contractors
9. Accident record and any action taken by the enforcing authorities 4
10. Access to competent advice on H&S
June
b. Identify the main risks to the contractors from working. (June 2010) 2010
The main risks to the contractors when working at height are

1. Falling when either gaining access to the roof
2. Falling from their working positions.
3. Falling through the fragile material of the roof
4. Struck by falling Object
5. The risks from the manual handling of tools, equipment and materials. 8
6. Falling tools while climbing on the ladder
7. The contact with live services such as electrical cables.
8. Inclement weather conditions such as sun, wind, rain & ice.
Identify possible control measures for the erection of an independent

tied scaffold (June 2010)
The possible control measures for the erection of an independent tied

scaffold are
1. To ensure that the design of the scaffold was appropriate for its
intended use and the weight that it would be expected to carry.
2. Erect on stable ground by using components of good quality, by a
competent persons after wearing appropriate personal protective
equipment such as fall arrest equipment.
3. Scaffold should be tied in securely to the structure on which work is to

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be carried out
4. Access should be restricted until the erection has been completed.
5. Measures should be taken to protect the scaffold from damage by
passing plant or vehicles
6. Thorough inspection to be carried out before being put into use and
provide barricade and signage
2 Work is to be carried out in an excavation 2.5 meters deep. The work is 8

expected to last for two week.
Outline control measure which could be put in place to help reduce the
risk to workers in and around the excavation. (June 2012)
Control measure which could be put in place to help reduce the risk to
workers in and around the excavation is
1. The provision of shoring for the sides of the excavation and safe
access to it for the workers.
June
2. Precautions to prevent the fall of persons or vehicles into the exaction
with example of how this might be achieved
2012
3. The provision of pumps to deal with any flooding that might occur.
4. Positioning plant so that fumes from their exhausts don’t enter the
excavation.
5. The provision and use of PPE such as hard hats. Safety footwear and
gloves
6. The completion of a daily inspection of the excavation by a competent
person
3 Repair work is taking place on the roof of a two-store building 8

Outline precautions that could minimize the risk to workers below from
being injured by falling materials or tools. (March 2012) (Mark 8)
The precautions that could minimize the risk to workers below from being
injured by falling materials or tools such as
1. Providing safe means of access to and edge protection for the roof
March
and if scaffolding was to be used enclosing it where possible
for example by the use of nets
2012
2. Covering any openings in the roof
3. Wherever possible excluding workers at ground level from area
directly beneath the work being carried out on the roof and ensuring
they were provided with and were wearing head protection at all
times.
4 Identify controls measures to reduce slip and trip hazards in an 8

engineering workshop. (March 2012) (Mark 8)
The controls measures to reduce slip and trip hazards in an engineering

March
workshop are
1. Initial design and layout of the workplace with storage and disposal
2012
facilities, designated walkways and non-slip floors
2. A system of maintenance which the prompt repair of floor defects
such as holes and bumps

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3. Procedure for avoiding and dealing with spillages particularly those

associated with the filling and draining of oil from machinery and its
maintenance.
4. The provision of adequate lighting and highlight strips to warn of a
difference in levels (zebra band)
5. The provision of hand rails and edge protection on stairways
6. A good standard of housekeeping including the proper management
of cables and hoses.
7. Erection of warning signs where necessary.
8. The introduction of procedures for reporting defects and incidents and
ensuring that workers use footwear which is to an adequate standard.
5 Outline precautions to be taken when repair work is to be carried out on 8

the sloping roof of a building. (8) (Sep 2011)
When repair work is to be carried out on the sloping roof of a building, the
following Precautions are to be taken
1) Assessment should be made to gauge the condition of the roof
and to check for the presence of fragile materials.
2) Provide safe means of access, normally by the erection of a
scaffold
3) Check the condition of the roof to use roof ladders or crawling
boards
4) Erect edge protection with guard rails and toe boards to prevent the
fall of persons and materials.
Sep
5) Provide barriers and signage around areas on the roof containing
fragile materials.
2011
6) Cover at the edge of the roof to prevent fragile material falling on
person.
Other precautions would include
1) Provision for transporting tools and materials to the roof and the
removal of waste
2) The use of appropriate personal protective equipment such as hard
hats and footwear
3) The employment of competent personnel together with a high level
of supervision
The erection of signs and/or barriers to prevent members of the public from
passing beneath the work area
6 Identify the main hazards associated with excavation work on construction 8

sites. (8) (Sep 2011)
The main hazards associated with excavation work are

1) The unstable nature of the sides of the excavation
Sep
2) Contact with buried services such as electricity or gas line
3) Ingress of water; build-up of fumes and lack of oxygen 2011
4) The dangers associated with excavation machinery such as
contact with overhead lines or being struck by the machines
5) The effect of the excavation work on adjacent structures causing
them to collapse

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6) The failure to provide protection for the edges of excavations

7) The restrictions on access and egress; biological hazards such as
leptospirosis
8) Coming into contact with contaminated land and even the possible
presence of an unexploded bomb.
7 a. Identify FOUR hazards that can cause slips or trips. (4) (Sep 2011) 4
The hazards that can cause slips and trips are

1) The floor being poorly maintained or conversely highly polished
2) Changes in level caused by ramps, slopes or kerbs
3) Slippery surfaces caused by oil, water or chemical spillages
4) Dusty surfaces such as those with a covering of sand
5) General obstructions in walkways such as trailing cables, pipes and
air hoses
6) Mats and rugs
7) Damaged flooring such as torn carpets and linoleum
8) The presence of ice and snow and the wearing of inappropriate
footwear. 4
b. Identify control measures that can be used to reduce the risk of slips or
trips. (4) (Sep 2011)
Sep
Control measures that might be used to reduce the risk of slips or trips 2011
include
1) The initial design and layout of the workplace with designated
walkways and non-slip floors.
2) A system of maintenance which ensures the prompt repair of floor
defects such as holes and bumps.
3) Procedures for avoiding and dealing with spillages.
4) The provision of adequate lighting and highlight strips to warn of a
difference in levels.
5) The provision of hand rails and edge protection on stairways.
6) The replacement of damaged or worn carpet, linoleum and tiles.
7) A good standard of housekeeping including the proper management
of cables and hoses.
8) Procedures for reporting defects and the wearing of appropriate
footwear.
8 Identify the control measures to prevent slip and trip hazards in an 8

Engineering workshop. (8)
Control measures to prevent slip and trip hazards are

1. The initial design and layout of the workplace with designated Dec
walkways and non- slip floors
2010
2. A system of maintenance which ensures the prompt repair of floor
defects such as holes and bumps
3. Procedures for avoiding and dealing with spillages particularly
those associated with the filling and draining of machinery and its
maintenance

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4. The provision of adequate lighting and highlight strips to warn of a

difference in levels
5. The provision of hand rails and edge protection on stairways
6. A good standard of housekeeping (including the proper
management of cables and hoses) and procedures for reporting
defects and incidents.
9 Identify welfare and work environment requirements that should be provided 8

in a workplace (8)
welfare and work environment requirements that should be provided in a

workplace are
1. The provision of an adequate number of sanitary conveniences
and washing facilities including showers for both sexes
2. Storage areas for clothing including lockers and changing areas
3. Facilities for the cleaning, and replacement of working clothes
4. A rest room away from the working area with the facility for taking Dec
food and drink 2010
5. The provision of effective and sufficient ventilation for the work
area and an adequate heating system to maintain a reasonable
temperature throughout the building
6. An adequate standard of lighting for the tasks being undertaken
7. The provision of adequate space and suitable seating at the
workstations
8. The introduction of control measures to combat excessive noise.
10 Outline suitable control measures for the safe storage and use of highly 8
flammable liquids in the workplace (Mark 8) (June 2011)
Precautions that should be considered when storing and handling highly

flammable liquids include
1. Their substitution with substance with less flammable properties
2. The selection of containers that are suitable for the purpose and
labeling the containers clearly with information about their contents
3. Strong the containers away and at a safe distance from the process
area and protected against sunlight or in a store constructed of fore
resisting materials which should be clearly marked.
4. Limiting the quantities in use in the process area and preventing June
vapour build up by the provision of a good standard of ventilation 2011
5. Removing likely sources of ignition.
6. Preventing or reducing the impact of spillages by the using non-spill
caps or bund the area where the containers are held and providing
spill kits and training the worker in their use.
7. Ensuring the segregation of full and empty container.
8. Ensuring the use of suitable electrical equipment whether flameproof
or intrinsically safe
9. Providing worker with PPE such as flame retardant overalls
10. Ensuring the provision appropriate fire fighting equipment for example
powder filled fire extinguishers
11. Introducing safe systems of work for handling and storing the liquids

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and providing training to the workers in the hazards involved and the
control measures to be taken.
11 Identify safe working practice for the use of mobile elevated work platform 8
(MEWP) (Mark 8) (June 2011)
Safe work practices which should be adopted for the use of a MEWP include
1. Involvement of competent persons both to operates and works from
the platform.
2. The completion of any statutory testing and inspection requirement.
3. Its use only on firm level ground with checks being made on the
presence of overhead obstruction such as power cables.
4. The use of outriggers which should be locked in position.
June
5. The correct inflation of the tyres with the wheels immobilized during
elevation of the platform.
2011
6. The prohibition on moving the platform when elevated or in use.
7. The use of harness by workers on the platform.
8. The erection of barriers round the area where the platform is to be
used.
9. Ensuring the platform is not overloaded and securing all the tools and
equipment before the platform is moved.
10. Introducing emergency procedures in the case of failure of the
platform.
12 Identify ways in which accidents may be prevented when using portable 8

ladders as a means of access. (Mark 8) (June 2011)
To identify ways in which accidents might be prevented when using portable

ladders such as
1. Using only authorized ladders which were regularly maintained and June
inspected 2011
2. Using the correct ladder for the task to be undertaken ensuring it was
of suitable length and non- conductive
3. Carrying out a pre-use inspection of the ladder to ensure it was in
good condition, unpainted and with no splits in the stiles
13 d) Identify reasons why a scaffold may collapse. (8) (March 2011)

e) Identify precaution to be taken to minimize the risks to workers when
working on a scaffold. (8) (March 2011)
f) Identify when a scaffold should be inspected (4) (March 2011)
Scaffold may collapse such as

March
1 ) It was not properly designed for its intended purpose.
\
2) Incomplete and incorrect erection and the condition of the ground on
2011
which it was erected
3) The poor condition or incompatibility of its components; unauthorized
alteration or interference with the erected scaffold
4 ) Uneven load distribution on or overloading of the scaffold; being
struck by passing traffic and as a result of severe weather

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conditions.
5) Many candidates suggested that the main reason why a scaffold
might collapse was that it had not been inspected and then provided
a wealth of information on how the inspection might be carried out.
To identify precaution to be taken to minimize the risks to workers when

working on a scaffold such as
1) Ensuring the original erection and any subsequent alterations were
carried out by or under the supervision of competent persons
2) Erecting the scaffold on stable ground, using base and sole plates
3) ensuring that working platforms were close boarded and were
provided with guard-rails, mid rails and toe boards to prevent the fall
of persons and materials
4) Providing adequate bracing and tying the scaffold into the building
or structure
5) Providing safe access such as by secured ladders to the working
platforms
6) Providing protection if the scaffold was adjacent to traffic routes
7) Ensuring the scaffold was inspected on a regular basis by a
competent person
8) Providing personal protective equipment for the workers such as
boots and hard hats.
Identified that a scaffold should be inspected includes such as

1) Before being taken into use.
2) At periodic intervals thereafter as may be prescribed for the
different types of scaffold.
3) Following any alterations to the scaffold; and following any adverse
weather conditions or other events such as a collision or fire.
4) Any of which might be likely to affect its strength.
14 Identify control measure that an employer could taken to reduce the risk of 8
violence between workers.(8) (March 2011)
To identify control measures such as

1) Briefing staff on problems that are likely to occur
2) giving them training in dealing with them such as de-
escalation techniques
3) Introducing a policy of zero tolerance for workplace violence
4) Setting up procedures for reporting any occurrence
5) Providing counseling for both perpetrators and victims of March
violence and arranging for re-location in different parts of the 2011
worksite where this is possible
6) Introducing a policy for alcohol and substance misuse including
the disciplinary action to be taken against offenders
7) Prohibiting the carrying of weapons on site and employing
security personnel together with CCTV
8) Introducing a recruitment strategy.

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15 Identify the main hazards associated with demolition work. (8) 8

(Sep 2010)
The main hazards associated with demolition work include

1) Working at height
2) Falling debris and masonry and premature collapse
3) Use of explosives
4) Contact with and noise and vibration from equipment such
as pneumatic drills and heavy plant
5) The presence of dust which might possibly include Sep
asbestos 2010
6) The presence of flammable substances or hazardous
materials from previous uses of the building
7) The use of explosives
8) The possible presence of services such as electricity, gas
and water
9) Biological hazards arising from the presence of vermin and
stagnant water
10) The presence of sharps such as nails, syringes and glass
and hazards arising during manual handling operations.

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ELEMENT-2 Transport Hazards and Risk Control
1. Outline the precautions that might be needed to ensure the safety of pedestrians in
vehicle maneuvering areas. (8)
Answers should generally include:

 References to segregated systems for vehicular and pedestrian traffic.
 Appropriate road markings.
 Maintaining good visibility(mirrors, transparent doors, provision of lighting, etc)
 Audible warnings on vehicles.
Other relevant measures that should be mentioned include:

 The drawing up and enforcement of site rules.
 The provision of refuges.
 The wearing of high-visibility clothing.
 A good standard of house keeping.
 Training for, and supervision of, all concerned.
2. Outline the means by which the risk of accidents from reversing vehicles within a
workplace can be reduced. (8)
Present a hierarchical range, from avoiding the need for vehicles to reverse (one –way and
„drive-through‟ systems, turning circles, etc) through the separation of vehicles and
pedestrians (barriers, signs, etc) and aspects of vehicle and workplace design (audible
alarms, mirrors on vehicles and at blind corners, refuges, lighting, etc) to procedural
measures (use of banks men, site rules, driver training, etc).
3. Identify EIGHT rules to follow when a fork-lift truck is left unattended during a
Driver’s work break. (8)
Examiners expected candidates to identify rules such as the return of the fork-lift truck to a
designated area on firm level ground with the mast tilted forward and the forks resting on the
floor; the isolation of the power with the ignition key removed and returned to a responsible
person; and the need to park the truck away from other vehicles and in a position that did not
block emergency exits.
Most candidates achieved a good / reasonable mark for this question even though on
occasions Examiners were required to interpret some answers where forks were referred to
as “spikes” or “bars” and the mast as a “boom” or “stack:.

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4.Battery-powered forklift trucks are used to move materials in a warehouse.
a) Identify FOUR hazards associated specifically with battery powered forklift

trucks. (4) (Sep’10)
b) Explain the precautions that may be needed to reduce the risk to pedestrians in
the areas where the forklift trucks are operating. (8) (Sep’10)
c) Outline EIGHT rules to follow when a forklift truck is left unattended during a
driver’s work break. (8) (Sep’ 10)
a) In identifying hazards associated specifically with battery powered forklift trucks

candidates could have referred to
1) The battery charging leading to the generation of hydrogen gas which can
cause explosion or fire
2) The possibility of electric shock and burns through the shorting of battery
leads
3) The possibility of workers being burned by battery acid when carrying out
maintenance work on the truck
4) The weight of the batteries which could give rise to problems if handled
manually
5) The potential for collision with pedestrians since the trucks are virtually silent
when running.
Some candidates did not read the question with sufficient care and
identified hazard associated with forklift trucks which were battery
operated. Of candidates who did address the question as set, very
few identified the hazard caused by the silent running of the
machine .
b) Candidates identified the precautions such as

1) The delineation of traffic routes, segregation of pedestrians from transport
2) The introduction of one way systems
3) The provision of barriers and refuges
4) The erection of warning signs and the use of the truck's warning device by
drivers when personnel are being approached.
5) The enforcement of site rules on speed restrictions and access
6) Visibility issues requiring the provision of adequate lighting, mirrors and
transparent doors
7) The introduction of safe systems of work for activities such as loading,
unloading and stacking
8) Ensuring that floor surfaces are well maintained
9) Providing high visibility clothing for pedestrians
10) Ensuring that all workers are fully briefed on the hazards associated with the
use of forklift trucks and the precautions that they should observe.
Candidates were generally able to identify many of the above precautions
but could not be awarded all the marks available since they provided
lists rather than the explanation required
c) This was well answered with most candidates Outlining rules such as
1) Parking the truck away from other vehicles
2) Park in a position that does not obstruct emergency exits, walkways and fire

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points.
3) Leaving it on a firm level surface in a designated area with the mast tilted
slightly forward and the forks resting on the floor
4) Switching the power off
5) Applying the brake
6) Removing the key
7) Returning it to a responsible person to prevent unauthorized use.

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REVIEW ELEMENT-2 Transport Hazards and Risk Control

PLANNING TRAFFIC ROUTES CONSIDERATION SHOULD BE:
 Keep pedestrians and vehicles apart
 Separate routes, designated crossing places and suitable barriers at recognised danger
spots.
 High visibility clothing if necessary
 Clearly marked and signed traffic routes
 Roads, gangways and aisles should have sufficient width and overhead clearance for the
largest vehicle
 Speed limits are established and enforced
 Adequate lighting should be provided
 Good all round visibility
 Clear direction signs and marking of doors
 Sharp/blind bends and overhead obstructions should be avoided
 The floor surface should be in good condition
 Any gradient should be kept as gentle as possible
 Sufficient and suitable parking areas should be provided
 Avoid reversing if possible
 Make people aware of the movement of vehicles
PRECAUTIONS WHERE PEOPLE WORK IN VEHICLE AREAS

Segregated systems for vehicular & pedestrian traffic
 Appropriate road markings
 Maintaining good visibility (mirrors, transparent doors, provision of lighting etc) & audible
warnings on vehicles
 Drawing up & enforcement of site rules
 The provision of refuges
 The wearing of high-visibility clothing
 Good standard of housekeeping
 Training and supervision of all concerned

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REVERSING OF VEHICLES
 One-way systems
 Drive-through systems
 Turning circles
 Separation of vehicles and pedestrians
 Suitable workplace design
 Audible reversing alarms
 Mirrors on blind corners
 Adequate lighting
 Use of banksmen (men guiding the vehicle when reversing)
 High-visibility clothing
 Site rules
 Training
DRIVER SELECTION
 Subject to Pre-employment medical check
 Routine medicals e.g. every 5 years or if suffering from limited limb movement, heart
problems, vision difficulties, hearing problems
 Trained and competent
 Supervised and monitored
 Given refresher training
 Physically fit
 Reliable and mature
 Licensed
TRAINING PROGRAMMES FOR DRIVERS OF VEHICLES IN A WORKPLACE:
 Personal responsibilities
 Safe working load estimation
 Pre-use vehicle inspection and maintenance
 Safe parking and security of vehicle
 Speed restrictions
 Safety rules and signs – sounding horn/no passengers etc.
 Floor conditions – pot holes/housekeeping etc.
 Vehicle reversing – audible warning/banksmen etc.
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HAZARDS OF BATTERY CHARGING

 Release of Hydrogen gas during charging (Fire and explosion)
 Electrical short circuits
 Corrosive and burning effect of battery acid
 Manual Handling of batteries etc.
PRECAUTIONS FOR CHARGING BATTERIES SHOULD BE:

 Well ventilated area to prevent build up of hydrogen
 No sources of ignition near refuelling/recharging points.
 Suitable PPE (acid resistant gloves, eye protection, etc.)
 Insulated tools/procedure for connecting charger
 Lifting equipment for removing batteries
OFF SITE VEHICLES

The Job, The Driver, The Vehicle, The Load
HAZARDS OF FORK TRUCKS
 Overturning
 Overloading
 Loss of loads
 Collision with other vehicles
 Collision with pedestrians
 Explosions and fire
WHY CAN TRUCKS OVERTURN

 Travelling on gradients that are too steep
 Travelling forwards when descending slopes
 Overloaded or unevenly loaded
 Travelling over soft or uneven ground
 Travelling over slippery surfaces
 Travelling too fast
 Striking kerbs or other edges
 Not suitable for the task
 Carrying loads at a dangerous heights
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PRE-USE CHECK ON FORK TRUCKS

 Condition and pressure of tyres
 Functioning of lights, horns, brakes
 Warning devices working
 Suitable mirrors
 Engine for oil leaks
 Water leaks
 Seat securely fixed and suitable restraints where fitted
 Signs of damage to bodywork and lifting mechanisms
 Security of equipment fitted i.e. LPG tank
PARKING OF FORK TRUCKS

 Put in neutral
 Put on handbrake
 Switch off engine
 Remove key
 Give key to appropriate person
 Forks on floor
 Mast slightly forward
 Parked in suitable location
 No blocking of exits

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Model Question 2 Transport Hazards and Risk Control
1. Battery-powered fork-lift trucks are used to move palletized goods within a

warehouse.
(a) Describe FOUR hazards associated specifically with battery-powered fork lift
trucks. (4)
(b) Outline the precautions that may be needed to ensure the safety of pedestrians in
the areas where the fork-lift trucks are operating (8)
1. a)
 Main hazards include hydrogen gas being released during battery charging,
 Electricity problems during charging,
 Manual handling of liquids for batteries,
 Corrosive acids caused by charging and they are quiet so can cause issues in areas
where PPE is worn.
1. b)
 Segregated systems for fork trucks & pedestrian traffic
 Maintaining good visibility (mirrors, transparent doors, provision of lighting etc) & audible
warnings on vehicles,
Drawing up & enforcement of site rules,
 The provision of refuges,
 The wearing of high-visibility clothing,
 A good standard of housekeeping,
 Training for all concerned,
 Supervision

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2. Outline the precautionary measures to be taken to avoid accidents involving

reversing vehicles within a workplace. (8)
 Avoiding the need for vehicles to reverse (one-way & “drive-through” systems,
turning
circles etc)
 Through the separation of vehicles & pedestrians (barriers, signs, etc)
 Aspects of vehicles & workplace design (audible alarms, mirrors on vehicles & at
blind
corners, refuges, lighting, etc)
 To procedural measures (use of banks men, site rules, driver training, etc).
3. Outline measures to be taken to prevent accidents when pedestrians are required

to work in vehicle maneuvering areas (8)
Segregated systems for vehicle/pedestrian traffic

 Maintaining good visibility (mirrors, transparent doors, provision of lighting etc) and
audible warnings on vehicles
 Drawing up & enforcement of site rules
 The provision of refuges
 The wearing of high-visibility clothing
 Good standard of housekeeping
 Training for, and supervision of all concerned

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4. A fork-lift truck has overturned in a busy warehouse.

Identify EIGHT ways this may have occurred. (8)
Load:
Insecure
Excessive – beyond the capacity of the truck
Uneven – on the fork
Incorrect elevation of forks (when travelling)
Environment:
Uneven ground
Unconsolidated ground –movement (sand)
Sloping ground – incorrect procedure for dealing with obstructions overhead or low level.
Vehicle:
Used beyond its capacity – overloading

Driving in an unsafe condition
Mechanical failure
Tires damaged/ under inflated
Driver:
Driving at excessive speed

Driver suddenly breaking
Driver destructed / carrying passengers
Pressure of work unreasonable work rate

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Exam Question -2 Transport Hazards and Risk Control

S.Nr Questions
1 Identify checks that should be carried out before using a 8 June
mobile crane for a lifting operation (8) (June’ 12) 12
2 Forklift trucks are operating in a busy workplace. 8 June

Identify suitable control measures to reduce the risk of 12
collision with workers. (8) (June’12)
3 Outline how the misuse of drugs or alcohol could affect the safety of a 8 June
worker and those around them. (8) (June’12) 12
1.
4 The manager of a large taxi company is concerned that his rivers 8 Mar
a r e suffering from stress. 2012
a) Identify behaviors that could indicate high stress levels. (4)
(March’12)
b) Identify work-related factors that could be causing stress. (4)

(March’12)
5 Identify control measures that could be implemented to reduce the 8 Mar

risks to pedestrians in areas where vehicles are maneuvering (8) 2012
(June 2011)
6 Identify EIGHT rules to be followed to minimize the risk of forklift 8 Mar
trucks overturning. (8) (March’11) 2011
7 Battery-powered forklift trucks are used to move materials in a 20 Sep
warehouse. 2010
a) Identify FOUR hazards associated specifically with battery

powered forklift trucks. (4) (Sep’10)
b)Explain the precautions that may be needed to

reduce the risk to pedestrians in the areas where the
forklift trucks are operating. (8) (Sep’10)
C) Outline EIGHT rules to follow when a forklift truck is left

unattended during a driver’s work break. (8) (Sep’ 10)
8 Identify control measures to reduce the risk of accidents from 8 June

reversing vehicles in the workplace. (8) (June 2010 2010

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ELEMENT 2 Transport Hazards and Risk Control

1 Identify checks that should be carried out before using a 8
mobile crane for a lifting operation (8) (June’ 12)
The checks that should be carried out before using a mobile crane for a
lifting operation such as
1) The availability of current inspection certificates for the crane
2) The weather conditions
3) The condition of the ground on which the crane was to be sited
and the proper positioning of outriggers
4) The availability and condition of the lifting accessories and
June
ensuring that the load to be lifted was within the safe working load 2012
of the crane
5) That adequate communication systems were in place between
the driver and other workers involved in the operation
6) That the landing position was clear and that there were
no obstructions in the lifting path
7) Before lifting, that the hook was not attached to a fixed or
anchored load.
2 Forklift trucks are operating in a busy workplace. 8

Identify suitable control measures to reduce the risk of collision
with workers. (8) (June’12)
The identified control measures to reduce the risk of collision

with workers such as
1) The designation of specific traffic routes and the
demarcation of walkways and the provision of refuges
so that vehicles and pedestrians are kept apart as far as
possible. June
2) It would also be essential to introduce and enforce 2012
speed restrictions
3) To encourage the use of the truck's warning device by
drivers when pedestrians are in the vicinity
4) To ensure a good standard of lighting in the workplace
5) To provide high visibility clothing for workers.
6) Finally both truck drivers and other workers should be
made fully aware of the hazards caused by the
movement of vehicles in the workplace and the
precautions that should be observed.

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3 Outline how the misuse of drugs or alcohol could affect the safety of a 8
worker and those around them. (8) (June’12)
The misuse of drugs or alcohol will have

2. Detrimental effect on the concentration and judgment of individuals,
3. Will often result in a fluctuation in their energy levels and slower
response rates June
4. Will increase their risk of having or being involved in an accident. 2012
5. There is the possibility that some will become aggressive or
violent or be persuaded to take a higher degree of risk.
6. All these effects will have an impact on the safety of their fellow
workers who will be obliged to take on additional duties to cover for
those suffering from the effects of the misuse of substances.
4 The manager of a large taxi company is concerned that his rivers a r e

suffering from stress.
a) Identify behaviors that could indicate high stress levels. (4)

(March’12) 4
The high stress level indicates the behaviors such as

1. Increases in sickness absence and staff turnover;
2. Poor levels of performance and
3. Behavior leading to customer complaints; and
4. Iintra-group disputes.
4 Mar
b) Identify work-related factors that could be causing stress. (4) 2012
(March’12)
Work related factors that might be causing stress include

1. Long hours and lack of breaks particularly in those cases where
taxi driving was in fact a second job;
2. Traffic conditions together with the strain of driving in adverse
weather; role isolation;
3. Unpredictable demands and the ever present threat of violence
from customers;
4. The design of the seating in the taxi resulting in having to drive for
long periods in an uncomfortable position..
5 Identify control measures that could be implemented to reduce the risks 8

to pedestrians in areas where vehicles are maneuvering (8) (June 2011)
The control measures that could be implemented to reduce the risks to June
pedestrians in areas where vehicles are maneuvering such as 2011
1) The management of traffic movement
 The introduction of one way systems
 The designation of specific traffic routes which should be
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clearly marked
2) Segregation of pedestrians from transport with
demarcation of walkways and the provision of barriers and refuges
3) Introducing safe systems of work for loading, unloading
and stacking using banks men when necessary
4) Maintaining good visibility by means of mirrors,
transparent doors and the provision of lighting
5) The enforcement of site rules covering speed restrictions
and limited areas of access for vehicles
6) The fitting of visual and audible alarm devices to vehicles
7) Ensuring that workers wore high visibility clothing
8) Ensuring that floors were regularly cleaned and kept free
from spillages
9) Ensuring that workers were fully trained in the
precautionary measures that should be taken
10) That an effective level of supervision was in place to
ensure the controls were followed
6 Identify EIGHT rules to be followed to minimize the risk of forklift trucks 8
overturning. (8) (March’11)
The first rule to be followed to minimize the risk of forklift trucks

(FLTs) overturning is
1. to ensure that the load being carried is stable and
restrained
2. Load not exceed the safe working load of the truck.
3. Driver should refrain from driving outside designated
areas such as on uneven ground March
4. Should keep a careful watch for obstructions. 2011
5. Maneuvering or using the forward tilt with the load
elevated;
6 . Avoiding turning or crossing on ramps or slopes at an
angle,
7. Reversing down slopes when loaded or taking corners
at excessive speed;
8. Remember to brake gradually and carry out checks on
the truck before use.
7 Battery-powered forklift trucks are used to move materials in a

warehouse.
4
a) Identify FOUR hazards associated specifically with battery powered
forklift trucks. (4) (Sep’10) Sep
2010
In identifying hazards associated specifically with battery powered
forklift trucks include
6) The battery charging leading to the generation of hydrogen
gas which can cause explosion or fire
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7) The possibility of electric shock and burns through the

shorting of battery leads
8) The possibility of workers being burned by battery acid when
carrying out maintenance work on the truck
9) The weight of the batteries which could give rise to problems
if handled manually (manual Handling)
10) The potential for collision with pedestrians since the trucks
are virtually silent when running.
b)Explain the precautions that may be needed to reduce 8

the risk to pedestrians in the areas where the forklift
trucks are operating. (8) (Sep’10)
To precautions such as
1. The delineation of traffic routes, segregation of pedestrians
from transport
2. The introduction of one way systems
3. The provision of barriers and refuges
4. The erection of warning signs and the use of the truck's
warning device by drivers when personnel are being
approached.
5. The enforcement of site rules on speed restrictions and
access
6. Visibility issues requiring the provision of adequate lighting,
mirrors and transparent doors
7. The introduction of safe systems of work for activities such
as loading, unloading and stacking
8. Ensuring that floor surfaces are well maintained
9. Providing high visibility clothing for pedestrians
10. Ensuring that all workers are fully briefed on the hazards
associated with the use of forklift trucks and the precautions
that they should observe.
C) Outline EIGHT rules to follow when a forklift truck is left unattended 8

during a driver’s work break. (8) (Sep’ 10)
Outlining rules such as

1. Parking the truck away from other vehicles
2. Park in a position that does not obstruct emergency exits,
walkways and fire points.
3. Leaving it on a firm level surface in a designated area with the
mast tilted slightly forward and the forks resting on the floor
4. Switching the power off
5. Applying the brake
6. Removing the key
7. Returning it to a responsible person to prevent unauthorized
use.

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8 Identify control measures to reduce the risk of accidents from reversing 8

vehicles in the workplace. (8) (June 2010
The control measures to reduce the risk of accidents from reversing

vehicles in the workplace including
1) The avoidance of the need for vehicles to reverse by the introduction
of one way systems or a drive in/drive out layout.
2) The separation of vehicles and pedestrians by the erection of
barriers and signs. June
3) Vehicle design including the provision of good visibility, audible 2010
alarms, mirrors and sensors.
4) Positioning mirrors at blind corners in the workplace.
5) Providing refuges.
6) Good standards of lighting.
7) Procedural measures such as driver and pedestrian training.
8) The use of banks men.
9) Site rules for reversing operations
10) The use of high visibility clothing by those working in areas where
there is vehicle access.

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ELEMENT-3 Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control
1. Question 1
a) List FOUR specific types of injury that may be caused by the incorrect manual
handling of loads. (4)
b) Outline the factors in relation to the load that will affect the risk of injury. (4)
Part (a) of the question asked for a list of specific injuries that might be caused by the
incorrect manual handling of loads. These would include spinal disc compression or slipped
discs, torn ligaments or strained or sprained tendons, hernias, dislocations and fractures,
muscular strains, cuts and abrasions, and crushing and impact injuries. While there were
some good answers to this part of the question, too many candidates referred in vague and
general terms to back, muscular and hand injuries when a more specific answer was
required.
Part (b) tested candidates‟ knowledge of how the nature of a loan can affect the risk of injury
during manual handling activities. They should have identified matters such as the size and
weight of the load, the possibility that the contents might move and the load become
unbalance, the weight distribution (the centre of gravity not being in the centre of the load),
difficulty in securing a firm grasp of the load, and the presence of sharp edges or very hot or
cold surfaces. Again, better candidates were able to provide a focused answer with sufficient
detail to demonstrate a clear understanding of the issues. Other answers, however, were
extremely brief (sometimes no more that four words) and a few identified controls instead of
risk factors.

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REVIEW 3 Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control

MANUAL HANDLING INJURIES
External: cuts, bruises, abrasions, crush injuries
Internal:- strains, tears, hernias
LOAD
 Weight
 Size
 Shape
 Rigidity
 Difficult to grasp
 Unstable
 Sharp,
 hot, cold, etc
INDIVIDUAL
 Sex
 Stature
 Individual capability
 Training
 Persons assessment of own capability
TASK
 Holding away from trunk
 Twisting
 Stooping
 Reaching upwards
 Large vertical movement
 Long carrying distances
 Strenuous pushing or pulling
 Unpredictable movement of loads
 Repetitive handling
 Insufficient rest or recovery
 Work rate imposed by the process

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ENVIRONMENT
 Constraints on posture
 Hot / Cold / humid conditions
 Poor lighting
 Poor floors - variations in levels
PRACTICAL MEASURES TO AVOID MANUAL HANDLING INJURIES

 Avoid manual handling
 Risk reduction
 Automation and mechanisation
 Team handling
 Training
 Smaller lighter loads
 Selection
 Good environmental working conditions
CORRECT KINETIC HANDLING TECHNIQUE

 Assess the load
 Position feet as close to load as possible
 Bend the knees and keep back straight
 Secure grip
 Lift using thigh muscles
 Load close to the body
 Avoid jerking, make a smooth movement avoid twisting
 Put down, slide to desired position
TYPES OF CRANES
 Mobile
 Tower
 Gantry
 Overhead

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SAFE USE OF MOBILE CRANES

 Suitable crane
 Suitable ground conditions
 Use of outriggers
 Avoidance of obstructions
 Care near overhead power lines
 Designated and protected area
 Suitable and tested lifting tackle
 Correct slinging technique
 Competent personnel
 Load near ground if travelling
 Good visibility
 Good communications
 Suitable storage for fuels etc
CRANES MAY FAIL BECAUSE OF:

 Overturning
 Overloading
 Unsuitable support or inadequate bases for crane
 Loss of load
 Failure of load
 Lack of maintenance
 Failure of load bearing part
 High winds
EMPLOYEE SAFETY DURING LIFTING

 Not exceeding safe working load
 Trained personnel (crane operator,
slinger, banksman (Signaller))

 Good communication between all operatives
 Properly maintained equipment
 Equipment has undergone statutory inspections
 Correct lifting accessories free from defect
 Ensuring load is secure
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 Warning of lift taking place

 Ensuring load is secure
 Path free from obstacles
 Avoid overhead power line
 All personnel clear of the load
 Load lifted vertically
 Lifted to correct height
 Moved at appropriate speed
 Put down in a safe position and tension released
 Safety helmets
 Adequate supervision
PRECAUTION WHEN USING ACCESSORIES
 All accessories properly certificated and tested

 Properly inspected by a competent person at regular intervals
 Safe Working Load (SWL) clearly marked
 Inspection prior to use
 No repair to accessories on site
 Not used for purposes not intended
 Packing between accessory and load
 Properly stored after use
 Training provided for staff
 in safe use
THE HAZARDS OF HOISTS ARE:
 Failure of the chains, slings etc.

 Being struck by moving parts of the hoist
 Being hit by materials falling from the platforms
 Falling down the hoist-way from a platform
 Striking against landing levels riding goods hoists

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PRECAUTIONS WHEN USING HOISTS
 Controls only operated from one position

 Clear visibility of landings
 Clear signals
 Secure objects being carried on goods hoists
 Do not overfill items being carried on goods lifts
 Do not carry loose items on goods lifts
 No passengers on goods lifts
 Safe working load clearly marked
 Hoist properly examined and tested
 Suitable fencing and gates at all levels
 Training in use of hoists
CONVEYORS
Hazards Precaution
Trapping in drive mechanisms Guards, no loose clothing
Traps, Nips, drawing in Pop out rollers, nip guards
Sharp edges Edge protection, eliminate edges
Items jamming conveyor Adequate design
Falling objects Edge guards, barriers
Riding or crossing conveyor Bridges, complete enclosure
Impact with objects Helmets, padding
Noise Hearing protection
Manual handling Mechanical handling
Electrical hazards Suitable electrical equipment

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Model Question-3 Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control

1. Outline the issues to consider when undertaking a manual handling assessment of
a task that involves lifting buckets of water out of a sink. (8)
Frequency of the activity

 Vertical & horizontal distances to be Lifted/transported
 Distance of load from the body
 Awkward body movements & so on
 The type/size of bucket & water temperature
 Wet floors, space constraints & ambient temperature
 Physical capabilities & limitations of the individual
2. Outline the precautions that should be taken in order to ensure the safety of
employees carrying out maintenance work on process equipment (8)
Permit to Work
 Pre-task assessment/method statement
 Isolation/Lock off Procedure
 Pre-clean/purging/ventilating
 Atmosphere testing
 Safe access/egress
 Suitable tools (non spark)
 PPE –Harness/eye pr0tection/RPE/Bump cap
 Suitable lighting
 Competent/trained persons
 Above ground support/supervision
 Communication (signals/radio)
 Emergency Procedure
3 (a) List TWO types of injury that may be caused by the incorrect manual handling of
loads (2)
(b) Outline a good handling technique that could be adopted by a person required
to lift a load from the ground (6)
3. a)
 Slipped disc, torn ligaments, tendon sprain or hernia.
 Cuts, abrasions & fractures if load falls
3. b)
 Consider the size & weight of the load
 Correct positioning of the feet
 Take firm grip
 Keeping the back straight
 Bending only the knees
 Use strength of thigh muscles
 Lifting smoothly keeping the load close to the body.

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Exam Question-3 Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control

1 A worker is manually loading boxes of components onto metal 4
shelves.
a) Identify FOUR types of injury that the worker could
suffer while carrying out this activity. (4) Dec’10 Dec
b) Identify factors in relation to the task that will 4 2010
increase the risk of injury. (4) Dec’10
2 (a) Outline a good lifting technique that could be adopted by a 6

worker when lifting a load. (6) Sep’10
2 Sep
(b) Give TWO examples of how a manual handling activity might be 2010
avoided. (2) Sep’10
3 Outline the precautions that should be taken when using mobile 8

cranes. (8) June’10 June
2010
4 a) The team leader in a warehouse is giving training to his team about 12

manual handling. Sep
Identify SIX factors in relation to the load which he could include in his 2011
talk AND, for EACH, give a practical example that could be present in
the warehouse. (12) Sep’11
b) The manager of the warehouse has recognized that the

environmental conditions are contributing to risks from the 8
manual handling of loads and has decided to make improvements
Identify FOUR environmental conditions that the manager could

consider AND identify risk control measures which he could introduce
(8) Sep’11
5 Display screen equipment (DSE) workstation user has complained of 8
neck and back pain.
Identify features associated with the workstation that might have Sep
contributed towards this condition. (8) 2011
Sep’11
6 Identify possible causes of a mobile crane overturning on a 8 March

construction site. (8) March’12
2012
7 Identify factors that could contribute towards the development of 8
work- related upper limb disorders (WRULDs) affecting supermarket March
checkout workers. (8) March’12 2012

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ELEMENT- 3
Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control
1 A worker is manually loading boxes of components onto metal shelves. 4
c) Identify FOUR types of injury that the worker could suffer
while carrying out this activity. (4) Dec’10
d) Identify factors in relation to the task that will increase the
risk of injury. (4) Dec’10 4
a) Identified potential injuries such as
 Spinal disc compression or a prolapsed disc
 Strains to tendons, muscles or ligaments
 Hernia
 Dislocation or fracture of bones Dec
 Cuts and abrasions 2010
 Crushing or impact injuries and work related upper limb
disorders (WRULDs).
b) Identification of task related factors such as

 The manipulation of the load at a distance from the trunk
 The work rate and periods allowed for rest and recovery
 Excessive carrying and lifting or lowering distances
 Pushing or pulling the load
 The need to adopt unsatisfactory body positions because of
space restrictions
2 (c) Outline a good lifting technique that could be adopted by a worker 6
when lifting a load. (6) Sep’10
2
(d) Give TWO examples of how a manual handling activity might be
avoided. (2) Sep’10
(a) Good lifting Technique are

1. first assessing the weight and size of the load and
2 . the distance it is to be carried before adopting
3 . the technique of placing the feet close to the load and
slightly apart to ensure a good balance;
Sep
4. bending at the knees, keeping the back in natural alignment,
2010
5. the head up and the chin in;
6. securing a firm grip on the load and
7. keeping it close to the body
8. lifting it smoothly using the leg muscles and
9. Avoid twisting the trunk when turning to the side.
(b) The two examples to avoid manual handling are
1. u
sing lifting equipment such as hoists, cranes or pulley
blocks; transportation equipment such as conveyors, air pallets
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or chutes and
2. m
echanical means such as fork lift trucks, trolleys or barrows.
3 Outline the precautions that should be taken when using mobile cranes. (8) 8
June’10
The precautions that should be taken when using mobile cranes such as
ensuring
1. The crane and its attached lifting gear were suitable for the task and
that their test certificates and examination reports were up to date
2. That the ground on which the crane was to be sited was flat and firm
and that the outriggers of the crane were always correctly positioned
3. That the driver and slinger to be used in the operation were competent
and that good means of communication were provided between the
June
driver and the other workers involved in the operation
2010
4. That there were no obstructions such as overhead power lines or
buildings in the vicinity of the lift
5. That warning signs and barriers were erected to ensure that the area
where the lifting operations were to take place was kept clear of
personnel not directly involved in the operation
6. Check the prevailing weather conditions such as wind speed, rain
7. That the load was carried near to ground level and that the
operations were ideally carried out to an arranged lifting plan.
4 c) The team leader in a warehouse is giving training to his team about 12 Sep
manual handling. 2011
Identify SIX factors in relation to the load which he could include in his talk
AND, for EACH, give a practical example that could be present in the
warehouse. (12) Sep’11
Factors relating to the load which could be included in the team leader's talk
include
 Its weight which might be too heavy for one individual to lift and carry
 Its bulk which could be a large box or a number of items tied together
 The temperature of the load especially in relation to cold storage
items such as frozen food
 The difficulty in gripping the load for example if it was a parcel
wrapped in plastic or if no handles were provided on a bulky
package
 A centre of gravity which might be off-set such as the presence of a
live animal in the load; a shifting centre of gravity which could occur
with sacks of granules or powders
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 Loads containing hazardous contents such as chemicals, toxic solids,

and acids in bottles
 Loads with sharp cutting edges such as needles, glass and metal
bands.
d) The manager of the warehouse has recognized that the 8

environmental conditions are contributing to risks from the manual
handling of loads and has decided to make improvements
Identify FOUR environmental conditions that the manager could consider AND
Sep
identify risk control measures which he could introduce (8) Sep’11 2011
The identified environmental conditions are

 Heat, which could be controlled by the provision of ventilation or air
conditioning and arranging for the work to be carried out during the
cooler periods of the day.
 Cold, which might be alleviated by the provision of heating and warm

clothing and gloves
 Noise, which could be controlled by the provision of acoustic barriers
or the wearing of personal protective clothing such as ear defenders
or ear plugs
 Uneven slippery surfaces which could be dealt with by weather

proofing the building, the use of absorbent mats and the introduction
of procedures for dealing with spillages
 Inadequate lighting suggesting the introduction of additional artificial

lighting.
 Lack of space which would point to the need to re-organize the
warehouse to provide additional clear areas.
5 Display screen equipment (DSE) workstation user has complained of neck 8
and back pain.
Identify features associated with the workstation that might have
contributed towards this condition. (8) Sep’11
Features associated with the workstation wh i c h might have contributed

t o w a r d s the user's condition include
 The position of the screen at an incorrect height which would Sep

cause repeated head movements 2011
 The incorrect position of the keyboard;
 the incorrect height of the chair because of a lack of adjustability
 the incorrect adjustment of the backrest
 The monitor set at too great an angle for the keyboard which
would again force movement o f the head
 Glare and reflections o n the screen which would drive the user
to adopt awkward postures
 The pointing device such as the mouse in a non- optimal position

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 The lack of or the incorrect sitting of the document holder

 the location of the workstation as far as lighting and draughts
were concerned
 Materials stored round the workstation which would restrict space
and affect the user's posture
6 Identify possible causes of a mobile crane overturning on a construction 8
site. (8) March’12
The identified causes mobile crane overturning are

Marc
1. the failure to set the crane on a level footing, sitting it on poor h
2012
2. unconsolidated ground and
3. failing either to deploy outriggers or to distribute the weight of the

crane by providing adequate timber beneath the outriggers.
7 Identify factors that could contribute towards the development of work- 8

related upper limb disorders (WRULDs) affecting supermarket checkout
workers. (8) March’12
The identify factors such as
 Space constraints resulting in workers being forced to adopt fixed and Marc
static positions h
 2012
 Over reaching often during the handling of bulky and heavy articles
 Environmental conditions such as temperature and humidit
 The age of the workers with some having pre-existing conditions and a
lack of appropriate training and supervision.

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ELEMENT- 4 Work Equipment Hazards & Risk Control
1. A public services worker uses a petrol-driven strimmer to maintain roadside grass

verges.
a) Describe the possible hazards faced by the worker in carrying out his task. (10)
b) List FIVE items of personal protective equipment that should be provided to, and
used by the worker. (5)
c) Outline measures other than the use of personal protective equipment that might
be necessary to ensure the health and safety of the worker. (5)
This question is designed to test the ability of candidates to apply basic principles of health
and safety to a practical situation. Part (i) requires candidates to describe the possible
hazards faced by workers using a petrol-driven strimmer on grass verges on the roadside.
These would include:
 Contact with the moving parts of the strimmer.
 The possibility of being struck by flying stones or other material.
 Slips/trips/falls.
 Manual handling hazards.
 The danger posed by moving traffic, noise and vibration, dust and fumes.
 The hazards associated with the storage and transfer of petrol.
Candidates who provide only a bare list of hazards without further amplification should not
expect to be awarded all the marks available since the question clearly asks for a
description. For instance, identification of extreme weather conditions as a hazard requires
some mention of ultra-violet radiation and the effect on the skin. Other hazards are perhaps
a little more obvious and require rather less by way of description. Nevertheless, some
indication should be provided of how each particular hazard presents itself in the situation
given. Part (ii), on the other hand, does require candidates to provide a list. This should
include reference to:

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 Ear defenders.
 Eye protection.
 Respiratory protection (dust mask).
 Gloves.
 Safety footwear.
 Gaiters.
 High visibility clothing that also afforded protection against the weather.
For part (iii) outline measures such as:
 The use of traffic control or barriers.
 The selection and maintenance of equipment to reduce to a minimum the levels of noise
and vibration.
 The provision of information, instruction, training and supervision, and health surveillance.
Completion of a risk assessment is undoubtedly a useful starting point, but the assessment
alone without the further possible action that should follow is not sufficient to ensure the
health and safety of workers.
2. Outline the sources and possible effects of FOUR non-mechanical hazards

commonly encountered in a woodworking shop. (8)
The key expression in this question is „non –mechanical‟. Candidates should be able to
outline hazards such as:
 Dust from sawing and sanding operation (leading to lung disorders and possible Cancers).
 Chemical hazards from varnishes, glues etc (leading to a range of ill-health effects).
 Noise from machinery (causing noise-induced hearing loss and other auditory and non-
auditory effects).
 Sharps and splinters (causing eye injuries, cuts and infections).
 Manual handling hazards (resulting in musculoskeletal disorders).
 Electricity (causing shock, burns and fire).

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Review 4 Work Equipment Hazards & Risk Control

FACTORS TO CONSIDER PRIOR TO INSTALLING NEW MACHINERY
 What are the hazards e.g.
1. Are there heat or cold problems
2. Chemicals
3. Biological
 Is it suitably guarded
 The location of the equipment
 Is it capable of being Isolated/locked off
 Is there safe access and egress
 Are personnel trained and competent
 Any other specific risks
THE HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS FOR MACHINERY GUARDING

 Fixed enclosing guards
 Other guards or protection devices such as interlocked guards and pressure mats
 Protective appliances such as jigs, holders, push sticks, etc.
 The provision of information, instruction training and supervision
ENTICE : MECHANICAL HAZARDS OF MACHINERY

 Entanglement
 Traps
 Impact
 Contact
 Ejection
NON MECHANICAL HAZARDS OF MACHINERY

 Electricity
 Hot surfaces
 Dust and fumes
 Fire/explosion
 Noise

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 Vibration
 Biological
 Hazardous chemicals
 Radiation
 Access and egress
 Obstructions and projections
 Manual
 handling
 Noise
OFFICE MACHINERY: PHOTOCOPIER AND SHREDDER

COMMON HAZARDS
 Electrical
 Ergonomic
 Noise
 Stability of machine
OTHER HAZARDS
PHOTOCOPIER DOCUMENT SHREDDER

Drawing in Drawing in to cutters
Trap between moving parts Contact with cutters
Chemicals Dust
Ultra violet light
MANUFACTURING/MAINTENANCE MACHINERY: BENCH TOP GRINDER/PEDESTAL DRILL

COMMON HAZARDS
 Electricity
 Ergonomics
 Dust
 Stability of machine

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OTHER HAZARDS
BENCH TOP GRINDER PEDESTAL DRILL

Contact with rotating wheel Entanglement
Drawing into the trap between the tool Contact (stabbing/puncture)
rest and wheel Impact from an unsecured workpiece
Ejected parts of wheel or workpiece Cutting from swarf
Fire and sparks Ejection of a broken bit or materials
Vibration
Manual handling
AGRICULTURAL/HORTICULTURAL MACHINERY: CYLINDER MOWER AND STRIMMER

COMMON HAZARDS
 Biological e.g. animal droppings
 Chemicals e.g. herbicides
 Electrical
 Fire/explosion if petrol
 Ergonomics
 Manual handling
 Noise and vibration
 Ejection of material
CYLINDER MOWER STRIMMER

Contact with rotating blades Contact with cutter
Entanglement in blades Entanglement with cutter

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Model Question 4. Work Equipment Hazards & Risk Control

1.Identify FOUR mechanical hazards presented by pedestal drills & outline in EACH case how
injury may occur. (8)
 Entanglement of hair with the drill bit or chuck

 Stabbing injuries from the end of the bit
 Contact with the drill bit or chuck resulting in abrasions,
 Ejection of, or impact by, unclamped work pieces, made worse by the fact that the
work
 piece may be spinning at fast speed on the bit
 Cutting hazards may also be presented by metal swarf produced by the drilling process
2. Identify FOUR hazards when cutting grass on roadside verges with a rider operated
mower and outline the precautions to be taken (8)
Some of the hazards include:

Exposure to fumes
The possibilities of fire or explosion
Contact with the moving parts of the trimmer
Being struck by flying stones and fragments
Noise and vibration
Manual handling
Slips, Trips, Falls
The possibility of being struck by moving traffic
The exposure to extreme weather condition

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Exam question - 4 Work Equipment Hazards & Risk Control

1 Identify EIGHT types of non-mechanical hazards associated with the use 8
of machinery (8) June’10 June’
2010
2 Identify hazards associated with the use of a cement mixer. (4) Sep’10 4 Sep
For the hazards identified above outline control measures that can be 2010
used to reduce the risks. (4) Sep’10
4 March
2012
3 a) Identify FOUR hazards associated with the use of a bench top 4 Dec
grinder. (4) Dec’10 2010
b) Other than a guard, outline FOUR control measures that could be
introduced to reduce risk to a worker using a bench top grinder. (4) 4
c) Outline the basic requirements that you would consider when
selecting a guard or safety device for piece of work equipment. (4)
4
d) Outline the merits (advantages) AND limitations (disadvantages) of
BOTH:
i. an interlocking guard; (4) Dec’10 8
(ii) A trip device (4) Dec’10
4 A portable electric drill for use on a construction site needs periodic 8

inspection and testing to ensure it is safe to operate.
March
Identify the factors that would determine the frequency of the inspection. 2011
(8) March’11
5 Outline the safety precautions a worker should take while using a wood 8
March
chisel (8) March’11
2011
6 Outline factors to be considered when undertaking a manual handling 8
March
assessment of the work undertaken by baggage handlers at a large, busy
2011
airport. (8) March’11
7 Outline the hazards to which a worker could be exposed when cutting 8 March
down a tree using petrol driven chainsaw. (8) 2012
8 Describe FOUR types of guard used on machinery AND, in EACH case, 8
March
identify a workplace application. (8) March’12
2012
9 Identify mechanical hazards associated with the use of a pedestal drill. (4) 4
June’12
June
Outline control measures that could be put in place to help reduce the 2012
4
risk of injury to operators of pedestal drills. (4) June’12

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ELEMENT- 4
Work Equipment Hazards & Risk Control
1 Identify EIGHT types of non-mechanical hazards associated with the use 8
of machinery (8) June’10
Guide Line: VR at HOME on the BED under FANS
(Vibration, Radiation, Hazardous Substance, Obstruction & projection,

Manual handling, Ergonomics, Biological Hazard, Electrical hazard, Dust &
Fumes, Fire, Access & egress, Noise, Slip& trip, Splinter)
Types of non-mechanical hazards associated with the use of machinery

such as
1. Electricity
June’
2. Noise
2010
3. Vibration
4. Radiation
5. Extremes of temperature (heat)
6. Fire
7. Contact with hot surfaces
8. Hazardous substances both by direct contact with, for example
oils and greases and by exposure to dust and fumes
9. The possibility of slips trips and falls in gaining access to the
machinery.
10. Those related to the insufficient attention given to manual
handling and ergonomic issues.
2 Identify hazards associated with the use of a cement mixer. (4) 4

Sep’10
For the hazards identified above outline control measures that can be
used to reduce the risks. (4) Sep’10 4
The hazards a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e u s e o f c e m e n t m i x t u r e a r e
Sep
Manual handling 2010
The corrosive and irritant properties of cement March

Inhalation of cement dust 2012
Machinery hazards such as moving parts, ejection of materials and

noise
Hazards associated with the power supply to the mixer whether
electricity or petrol

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Being struck by moving vehicles.
Control measures that might be used to reduce the risks include

1. Mechanical handling, or if this was not possible, positioning the
materials to be used close to the mixer and in a position that would
reduce the amount of twisting on the part of the operator
2. Providing and using personal protective equipment such as eye
protection, gloves and overalls
3. Providing respiratory protective equipment such as dust masks
4. Setting the mixer up on level ground and ensuring guards are in place
and the engine cover closed to provide protection against moving parts;
providing hearing protection to counter the noise
5. if the mixer was powered by electricity, a system of regular inspection
and testing of the equipment and the use of residual current devices
(RCD) to minimize the risk of shock should be in place
6. if petrol was the fuel, storage facilities for the fuel would be necessary
together with the prohibition of use of the mixer in confined areas due to
exhaust gas engulfment
7. The introduction of a traffic management system to prevent the
possibility of contact with vehicles.
3 e) Identify FOUR hazards associated with the use of a bench top 4

grinder. (4) Dec’10
f) Other than a guard, outline FOUR control measures that could be
introduced to reduce risk to a worker using a bench top grinder. (4) 4
g) Outline the basic requirements that you would consider when
selecting a guard or safety device for piece of work equipment. (4)
4
a ) To identify hazards associated with the use of a bench top grinder
such as
 E ntanglement on the rotating wheel or spindle Dec
 Trapping between the wheel and the tool rest 2010
 Disintegration of the wheel
 Friction and abrasion following contact with the revolving wheel
 Being struck by material or sparks ejected from the wheel and
noise and vibration.
b) Control measures that could be introduced to reduce risk to a worker

using a bench top grinder such as
 Ensuring the grinder was permanently fixed and bolted in position
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 The installation of local exhaust ventilation

 The provision and maintenance of correctly positioned stop, start and
emergency stop controls
 Ensuring an inspection of the equipment before use
 The use of competent operators and the provision and use of
personal protective equipment such as impact resistant goggles face
masks, overalls with tight fitting cuffs and hearing protection.
c) The basic requirements for the selection of a guard or safety device

include its suitability for its intended purpose includes
 The robust nature of its construction should withstand the forces of
ejection and should not increase the risk to operators through contact
with rough or sharp edges
 Its location at an adequate distance from a danger zone with no easy
way to bypass it and without restricting the operator's view
 Its maintenance should be able to be carried out easily and safely.
h) Outline the merits (advantages) AND limitations (disadvantages) of

BOTH: 8
ii. an interlocking guard; (4) Dec’10
(ii) A trip device (4) Dec’10
Ans: The advantages and disadvantages of two types of guard namely

1 an interlocking guard and
2 a trip device.
Interlocking guard
The advantages are

1. it allows regular access and since it is connected to a power source a
machine cannot be operated when the guard is in the open position.
Its disadvantages are

1. it can be overridden; the dangerous parts of the machine may not
stop automatically and before access is gained;
2. in certain cases, access can be gained perhaps over a fence or gate
and the machine can be started by a second operator; and the guard
requires regular and frequent maintenance.
The merits of a trip device are

1 . it minimizes the severity of an injury and may be used as an
additional control measure.
Its limitations are

1. that it can be overridden;
2 . it may not prevent harm from occurring;
3. it may cause production delays and
4. Increase stress for users if it trips out regularly and frequently.

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4 A portable electric drill for use on a construction site needs periodic 8

inspection and testing to ensure it is safe to operate.
Identify the factors that would determine the frequency of the inspection.
(8) March’11
The factors that determine the frequency of the inspection of the portable
electrical drill are
1.The nature of the work and the environmental conditions in which
the drill is to be used March
2.The frequency and duration of use 2011
3.The age of the equipment
4.The intrinsic safety features of the equipment such as double
insulation and the use of low voltage
5.User checks and the number of problems reported
6.The number and competency of the users
7.Manufacturers' recommendations and best practice guidance; and
the results of previous tests and inspections.
5 Outline the safety precautions a worker should take while using a wood 8
chisel (8) March’11
The precautions to be taken under the general headings of equipment,

1. Method of working and personal protective equipment to be worn.
2. Use a suitably sized chisel for the job
3. Check that the handle was firmly attached and was not damaged.
4. The chisel should be kept sharp and struck with a wooden or plastic
March
mallet. 2011
5. It should not be used if the blade is damaged.
6. Operator should adopt a stable stance to reduce the risk of
overbalancing if the chisel slips, chips, cuts or pare away from the
body keeping hands and body behind the cutting edge
7. Replace the protective cap on the chisel when it is not in use.
8. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment such as goggles or
face shield.
6 Outline factors to be considered when undertaking a manual handling 8

assessment of the work undertaken by baggage handlers at a large, busy
airport. (8) March’11
The factors to be considered when undertaking a manual handling

assessment of the work activity by a baggage handler are
March
1. Task 2. Individual 3. Load 4. Environment (TILE)
2011
1. Task:
Factors associated with the task would include
1. postural issues such as the need to stoop and twist,
2. frequency and duration of the physical effort that was
required,
3. need to move the loads quickly to meet scheduled
departures,
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4. the distance that loads might have to be carried

5. the height to be lifted to place bags on to the conveyor.
2. Individual:
Factors associated with the individual would be
1. their stature,
2 . fitness levels,
3. training and experience and
4. their vulnerability, particularly if they are still young.
3. Load:
With respect to the load,
1 . Reference could have been made to the variable weights of
items of baggage which would not carry weight markings,
bulky and unwieldy baggage such as golf clubs or skis,
2. The possibility of movement of a bag's contents because of
unsatisfactory packing,
3. he slippery nature of some of the packaging material used
which would prevent the handlers from obtaining a good grip
on the load.
4.Environmental: factors relate to

1 . possible space constraints,
2 . the condition of floors which might be slippery and uneven,
3. the temperatures in which the handlers might have to work,
4. the standard of lighting provided together with the weather
conditions.
7 Outline the hazards to which a worker could be exposed when cutting 8
down a tree using petrol driven chainsaw. (8)
Hazards to which a worker could be exposed when cutting down a tree

using petrol driven chainsaw associated with the task such as
1. Contact with the moving parts or the hot exhaust system of the
chainsaw
2. Exposure to exhaust gases, fumes and dust
3. Hazards arising from manual handling operations
4. Exposure to noise from blade contact with the tree
5. Vibration from the handles
6. Falls from a height March
7. Handling lubricating oils and petrol 2012
8. Coming into contact with sap from the tree which might lead to
dermatitis
9. Flying particles such as tree bark and sawdust;
10. Uneven ground or wet grass which could lead to slips and
falls
11. Falling objects such as branches or the tree itself
12. Contact with overhead services
13. Hazards arising from adverse weather conditions such as wind,
rain
14. UV radiation from the sun
15. Stings or bites from insects or reptiles.
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8 Describe FOUR types of guard used on machinery AND, in EACH case, 8

identify a workplace application. (8) March’12
1 . Physical barrier which was not linked to the machine operation and
required a special tool for its removal. This kind of guard is often
used on belt and pulley drives to machines.
2. The interlocked guard, which is linked to the machine operation
and prevents access when the machine is in a dangerous
condition while also preventing operation of the machine until the March
guard is in position. An appropriate application of this type of guard 2012
would be on the door of a washing machine.
3. The trip device, which stops movement of the machine when
approach is detected and is often found as a means of protection on
drilling machines
4. Automatic guard such as a push away guard on a guillotine, is
linked to the machine mechanism and physically moves the operator
away from the danger zone.
9 Identify mechanical hazards associated with the use of a pedestal drill. 4

(4) June’12
Outline control measures that could be put in place to help reduce the
risk of injury to operators of pedestal drills. (4) June’12 4
Mechanical hazards associated with the use of a pedestal drill include

1. Entanglement of clothes or hair with the drill bit or chuck;
2. stabbing injuries from the end of the drill bit and
3. Contact with the drill chuck resulting in abrasions.
The identified the hazards experienced little difficulty in outlining the June
appropriate control measures referring for example to 2012
1. The need to ensure that the stop/start controls and emergency
stop device were in good working order
2. Providing guarding for the drill bit and chuck whether fixed or
adjustable
3. Ensuring that the work-piece was securely clamped to the
machine and removing the chuck key before putting the drill in
motion
4. Tying back and covering long hair and refraining from wearing
jeweler and loose clothing.

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ELEMENT 5 Electrical Safety
1. Outline a range of checks that should be made to ensure electrical safety in an
office environment. (8)
Answers can include reference to visual inspections for damage to cables, plugs and
sockets, the need to ensure that all fuses are of the correct rating, and checking that
equipment is sited such that outlets are not overloaded and cables are not in vulnerable
positions. The equipment itself should be checked to ensure suitability ad conformity with
recognized standards (e.g. CE Marking) for Europe and a specific testing procedure for
portable appliances should be in place, as well as a procedure for reporting defects or
damage.
2. In relation to the use of electrical cables and plugs in the workplace:

a) Identify FOUR examples of faults and bad practices that could contribute to
Electrical accidents. (4)
b) Outline the corresponding precautions that should be taken for EACH of the
Examples identified in (1). (4)
For part (i), examples include:

 Failure to select the right equipment for the environment (e g armored or heat resistant
cable might be required in arduous conditions).
 Incorrect rating of fuses.
 Ineffective or discontinuous earthing.
 Overloading of socket outlets.
 Cables unnecessarily long (or short).
 The use of coiled extension leads.
 Poorly wired plugs (e g wires under tension or outer protective sheath not clamped).
 The use of defective cables and plugs.
For part (ii) an outline of relevant precautions for the examples identified are required:
 Earthing
 Calculate correct rating for a fuse.
 Residual current device (RCD).

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 Reduce voltage.
 Battery powered.
 Double insulation.
3. In relation to electrical safety, explain the meaning of the following terms:
a) ‘Isolation’. (2)
b) ‘earthing’ (2)
c) ‘reduced low voltage’ (2)
d) ‘over current protection’ (2)
The question aimed to test candidates‟ knowledge of some key electrical terms. ”Isolation‟
refers to shutting off the electrical supply to an item of equipment or part of an electrical
system and preventing inadvertent reconnection in order, for instance, to carry out
maintenance work. “Earthing‟ on the other had, is a means whereby electrical equipment
and conductive items are connected to earth by a cable or metal pipe work such that the
route to earth provides the path of least resistance to a current flowing under fault conditions.
„Reduced low voltage‟, commonly used on construction sites, involves the reduction of local
supply voltage by a transformer to a lower, safer voltage – typically 110 or 55 volts; while
„over current protection‟ is a method of preventing the flow of excess current by cutting the
supply under fault conditions by means of a fuse or circuit breaker.

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REVIEW ELEMENT 5 Electrical Safety

MAIN HAZARDS OF ELECTRICITY
 Electric shock
 Arcing
 Fire/explosions
 Burns
FACTORS INFLUENCING SEVERITY OF ELECTRICAL SHOCK

 Current in amperes
 Length of contact time
 Current path through the body
 Conductivity/resistance of the body
 The voltage
 Conductivity of the environment
 The nature of the contact
 Age and health status of the victim
ACTION ON FINDING SOMEONE IN CONTACT WITH ELECTRICITY

 Isolate the supply if possible
 Summon help
 Give first-aid if capable
 Remain with casualty until emergency services arrive
CAUSES OF ELECTRICAL FIRE

 Inadequate circuits
 Overloaded circuits
 Incorrect fuses
 Damaged wiring and insulation
 Loose connections
 Overheating of cables on coils
 Overheating due to thermal insulation
 Overheating due to lack of ventilation
 Flammable materials too close to electrical equipment
HEALTH EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY ON THE BODY

 Damage to nervous system
 Irregular heartbeat (fibrillation)
 Internal burns
 External burns
 Muscular contractions
 Stopping breathing
 Stopping of the heart

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MAIN HAZARDS OF ELECTRICITY

 Electric shock
 Arcing
 Fire/explosions
 Burns
FACTORS INFLUENCING SEVERITY OF ELECTRICAL SHOCK

 Current in amperes
 Length of contact time
 Current path through the body
 Conductivity/resistance of the body
 The voltage
 Conductivity of the environment
 The nature of the contact
 Age and health status of the victim
ACTION ON FINDING SOMEONE IN CONTACT WITH ELECTRICITY

 Isolate the supply if possible
 Summon help
 Give first-aid if capable
 Remain with casualty until emergency services arrive
CAUSES OF ELECTRICAL FIRE

 Inadequate circuits
 Overloaded circuits
 Incorrect fuses
 Damaged wiring and insulation
 Loose connections
 Overheating of cables on coils
 Overheating due to thermal insulation
 Overheating due to lack of ventilation
 Flammable materials too close to electrical equipment
HEALTH EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY ON THE BODY

 Damage to nervous system
 Irregular heartbeat (fibrillation)
 Internal burns
 External burns
 Muscular contractions
 Stopping breathing
 Stopping of the heart
SECONDARY EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY

 Thrown backwards
 Falls from height
 Unintentional movement of machine

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 FUSE: a weak link designed to melt, breaking the circuit at excessive currents
 CIRCUIT BREAKERS: electromagnetic device which performs the same function as

fuses i.e. break the circuit at excessive current although slightly faster
 EARTHING: electricity will always try reach earth and earthing means providing a path to
earth lower than the human body
 ISOLATION: the disconnection and separation of the electrical equipment from every
source of electrical equipment in such a way that the disconnection and separation is secure
 REDUCED VOLTAGE SYSTEMS: by reducing the voltage present in the system the
consequences of electrical shock can be greatly reduced
 RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCD): it compares the current flowing into the system
with the current flowing out. When the level differs by a preset value the RCD will open
rapidly and interrupt the supply
 DOUBLE INSULATION: covering live parts by two separated layers of insulation
SAFETY OF PORTABLE ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES

The appliance:
 Battery operated
 Checked before use
 Suitable selected equipment
 Properly maintained equipment
The Lead:
 Ensure not run over by vehicles
 Dragged over rough services
 Trapped in machinery
 Exposed to hot surfaces or corrosive chemicals
 Continuous flexing
Joints, connections and plugs:

 Makeshift temporary connections
 Leads pulled out
 Poor made connections
 Fuse being replaced
 Battery operated

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Model Question 5 Electrical Safety

1. (a) Describe the possible effects of electricity on the body (4) (b) Outline FOUR
factors that may affect the severity of injury from contact with electricity (4)
1. a)
 Interference with nerve/muscle action tissue burns the entry & exit points & to the
possibility of damage to internal organs.
 Cardio-respiratory effects,
 The risk of fatal injury due to disruption of heart rhythm.
1. b)
 Voltage the route taken through the body,
 The length of contact time,
 The general health & age of the person involved, dryness of the skin,
 Natural body resistance,
 Ground conditions,
 Type of footwear.
2. Outline the practical measures to reduce the risk of injury from electricity when using a
portable electrical appliance on a construction site (8)
 Ensuring suitable equipment

 Reduced voltage supply
 Use of RCDs
 Double insulated tools
 Battery operated tools
 Suitable connections
 Pre-use visual check on the plug, the lead and the drill
 Equipment tested frequently
 Avoid using in wet conditions

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Exam Question 5 Electrical Safety

S.No Question & Answer Mark Year
01 Outline a range of controls that should be in place to improve electrical 8 June
safety in a workplace 2012
02 Outline precautions to reduce the risk of fires being caused by electricity 8 March
in the workplace 2012
03 a) Identify possible effects of electricity on the body (4) 8
March
b) Identify emergency action to take if a person suffers a severe
2012
electric shock (4)
04 Identify pre-use checks for electrical safety that should be carried out on 8 June
a portable drill. (8) June’11 2011
05 a) Identify the effects on the human body from a severe electric 8
shock. (4) Dec’10 Dec
b) Identify FOUR factors that could affect the severity of injury 2010
resulting from contact with electricity. (4) Dec’10
06 Outline a range of checks that should be made for electrical safety 8 June
in a workplace. 2010
07 Outline control measures to reduce the risk of injury from electricity 8
Sep
when using a portable electrical appliance on a construction site. (8)
2010
Sep’10
08 A portable electric sander is being used in a factory 8 Sep
a) Identify hazards that may be present. (4) 2010/
b) Outline control measures that could be taken to reduce risk (4) 2011
09 Outline control measures that could be used to reduce the risk from the 8 Sep
use of electrical equipment in a workplace (8) Sep’11 2011

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ELEMENT 5 Electrical Safety

01 Outline a range of controls that should be in place to improve electrical 8 June
safety in a workplace 2012
The range of controls that should be in place to improve electrical safety in a
workplace
1. Visual inspections for damage to cables, plugs and sockets and for
overloaded sockets and coiled cables
2. Ensuring that all fuses are of the correct rating and that equipment
where possible is connected to a reduced voltage system or a residual
current device (RCD)
3. Ensuring that means of isolation are provided and that equipment is
switched off after use
4. Introducing a specific testing procedure for fixed installations and
portable appliances together with a procedure for reporting defects or
damage.
5. Ensure that earthing is connected (three pin plug). If possible use
equipment which is having double insulation
02 Outline precautions to reduce the risk of fires being caused by electricity in 8 March
the workplace 2012
Precautions to reduce the risk of electrical fires in the workplace include
1. the initial procurement of equipment to a national or international
standard,
2. carrying out periodic testing of the fixed installation and of
portable appliances and
3. carrying out regular inspections to check for damaged insulation
and cables and defective wiring.
03 a) Identify possible effects of electricity on the body (4) 8

March
b) Identify emergency action to take if a person suffers a severe electric
2012
shock (4)
The possible effects of electricity on the body are
 Respiratory failure
 Cardiac arrest
 Tissue burns with the main sites of damage being the entry and exit
points with the possibility of damage to internal organs
 Fractures or dislocations caused by a resulting fall.
Effects of Shock:
Pain due to shock; Muscular contractions; Fibrillation; Cardiac Arrest ; Burns at
entry & exit points; Internal burns; Respiratory paralysis; Death
The second part of the question required candidates to identify emergency

actions necessary after someone has received an electric shock.
Remember DR ABC

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 Danger : Look for any danger surrounding the person & remove
If the current cannot be switched off stand on some dry insulating material
and use a wooden or plastic implement to remove the injured person from
the electrical source or remove the sourse.
 Response: Check for any response from person
 Airways: If not check airway for blockage
 Breathing: If everything clear check breathing
 Circulation: If no breathing, check for blood circulation
• If breathing has stopped give mouth to mouth resuscitation
• Ensure professional help has been called for
04 Identify pre-use checks for electrical safety that should be carried out on a 8 June
portable drill. (8) June’11 2011
Features of a portable electrical drill that should be checked by the user
before use include
1. The suitability of the equipment for the environment in which it is to be

used
2. The condition of the cable which should be free from damage, contain
no taped joints and be routed safely
3. The connecting plug to ensure the casing is not cracked or the pins
bent and that the correct fuse is fitted
4. The outer sheath of the cable which should be secured where it
enters the plug or the drill
5. The external casing of the drill which should be free from damage
with no evidence to suggest that it has been subjected to wet or
contaminated conditions for which it is not suitable
6. The correct operation of the switches; the performance of the residual
current device
7. The test label which should indicate that the appliance test is in date.
05 a) Identify the effects on the human body from a severe electric 8

shock. (4) Dec’10 Dec
b) Identify FOUR factors that could affect the severity of injury resulting 2010
from contact with electricity. (4) Dec’10
The effects on the human body from a severe electric shock such as
 Interference with nerve/muscle action leading to involuntary grip
 Fibrillation of the cardiac muscle producing an irregular heart rhythm
 Respiratory failure
 Cardiac arrest
 Tissue burns with the main sites of damage being the entry and exit
points with the possibility of damage to internal organs.
The factor that could affect the severity of injury resulting from contact with
electricity such as
1. The voltage and the type and size of the current involved

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2. The path taken through the body by the current

3. The length of contact time
4. The general health and age of the person involved
5. The electrical resistance of the skin and the internal body
resistance
6. Factors associated with the footwear and clothing being worn by
the person
7. Environmental issues such as the floor surface and the possibility of
secondary sources of injury particularly if the person affected is
working at a height.
06 Outline a range of checks that should be made for electrical safety in 8 June
a workplace. 2010
To checks that should be made for electrical safety in a workplace
 reference to visual inspections for damage to cables, plugs and
sockets
 the need to ensure that all fuses are of the correct rating
 to checking that outlets are not overloaded
 Cables are not coiled or in vulnerable positions where they might
suffer damage.
 The equipment itself should be checked to ensure that it is
suitable and conforms with recognized standards such as CE marking
and European standards, that it is properly sited to avoid damage, that it
has been subject to appropriate and regular fixed installation and portable
appliance testing, that it is provided with means of isolation after use and
that records are kept of the maintenance that has been carried out.
 Checks should also be made to ensure there is an effective
procedure for reporting defects or damage.
07 Outline control measures to reduce the risk of injury from electricity when 8 Sep
using a portable electrical appliance on a construction site. (8) Sep’10 2010
Control measures to reduce the risk of injury from electricity when using
portable electric appliance are
 The use of reduced low voltage through a transformer centre-
tapped to earth with increased protection provided by means of a residual
current device.
 The protection and safe positioning of undamaged supply cables.
 Using double-insulated or cordless (battery operated) equipment.
 Ensuring the correct rating of fuses.
 Training operators to use the equipment in accordance with
manufacturer’s instructions
 Emphasizing the need to check the equipment before use.
 Avoiding the use of the equipment in wet weather.
 Introducing a system for the routine visual inspection and testing
of cables and equipment.
08 A portable electric sander is being used in a factory 8 Sep

a) Identify hazards that may be present. (4) 2010/
b) Outline control measures that could be taken to reduce risk (4) 2011
Hazards associated with the use of the sander include

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 Entanglement with the rotating parts of the machine

 Being struck by ejected material
 The possibility of electric shock
 Exposure to dust, noise and vibration
 Ergonomic issues related either to the design of the equipment or
to the way in which the work is carried out.
The control measure include

 The introduction of procedures for the regular mechanical and
electrical testing of the equipment
 The provision and use of personal protective equipment such as
eye and hearing protection
 Ensuring that operators do not wear items of loose clothing which
might become entangled in the machine
 Giving consideration to segregating the work to minimize the risk
to other workers
 Introducing job rotation
 Ensuring that operators are trained to use the appliance in a way
that will minimize the risk of fatigue and discomfort.
09 Outline control measures that could be used to reduce the risk from the use 8 Sep
of electrical equipment in a workplace (8) Sep’11 2011
Control measures that could be used to reduce the risk from the use of
electrical equipment in a workplace included as
1. Visual inspections for damage to cables, plugs and sockets
2. The need to ensure that all fuses are of the correct rating
3. The use of double insulated or battery operated equipment,
4. Equipment connected to a reduced voltage system
5. Equipped with residual current device (RCD) or ELCB
6. Ensuring that means of isolation are provided and
7. Equipment is switched off after use
8. checking that equipment is sited such that outlets are not overloaded
9. cables are not in vulnerable positions
10. Extension cables are fully uncoiled
11. Checking the equipment to ensure its suitability and conformity with
recognized standards, for example CE or BS marking
12. Introducing a specific testing procedure for portable appliances
13. procedure for reporting defects or damage.

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ELEMENT 6 Fire Safety
1. List EIGHT ways of reducing the risk of a fire starting in a workplace. (8)
This question requires candidates to provide a simple list. Candidates can choose from a list
including:
 The control of smoking and smoking materials.
 Good housekeeping to prevent the accumulation of waste paper and other combustible
materials.
 Regular lubrication of machinery.
 Frequent inspection of electrical equipment for damage.
 Ensuring ventilation outlets on equipment are not obstructed.
 Controlling hot work.
 The provision of proper storage facilities for flammable liquids and the segregation of
incompatible chemicals.
2. a. Explain, using a suitable sketch the significance of the ‘fire triangle’. (4)
b. Identify TWO methods of heat transfer and explain how EACH method can
contribute to the spread of fire in work premises. (4)
Part (a) of this question required candidates to explain, with a clearly labeled diagram, that
each side of the fire triangle represents one of the three elements – namely, fuel, oxygen
and a source of ignition – that must be present for combustion to occur. This part of the
question was generally well answered.
For part (b) candidates could have chosen two methods of heat transfer from the following:
conduction (where, for example, heat can travel through metal beams between separate
compartments); radiation (where heat is radiated through the air and affects material at a
distance); convection (the upward transfer o heat by gases such as air) and contact or direct
burning (where a heat source comes into direct contact with combustible material causing
ignition).
Whilst many candidates where able to identify two methods of heat transfer, explanations of
how each of the two examples quoted spread fire within a work premise varied considerably
in quality especially amongst those candidates who had chosen direct burning and
conduction. Again, some candidates did not read the question and wasted valuable time by
outlining four methods of heat transfer. It is important that candidates read the question
properly to prevent them from answering previously set questions.

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REVIEW ELEMENT 6 Fire Safety
THE FIRE TRIANGLE

Fuel, Source of Ignition, Oxygen
SOURCES OF IGNITION
 Naked flames
 Electricity (overheating/arcing)
 Smoking materials
 Hot work (welding, burning)
 Chemical reactions (giving off heat)
 Heating appliances (hot surfaces)
 Friction (inadequate lubrication)
 Static electricity
 Lightning
 Improper storage of flammable materials
 Lack of inspection and supervision
WAYS IN WHICH PERSONS CAN BE HARMED IN FIRES ARE:
 Being burnt
 Inhaling toxic fumes
 Affects of smoke
 Depletion of oxygen supply
 Collapse of the building
 Being crushed or suffering some other type of injury in attempting to escape.
FLASH POINT: The temperature at which a vapour given off by substance will ignite when
brought to a source of ignition
PRINCIPLE CAUSES OF THE SPREAD OF FIRE
 Conduction: heat travels within a solid material from hotter to cooler parts
 Convection: hot air rises in currents causing the build up of hot and unburnt gases under
ceilings etc. and allows fire to spread from one room to another.
 Direct Contact: the flame and a combustible fuel are in direct contact, the fuel heats up
and eventually ignite.

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CAUSES OF FIRE
 Deliberate (arson)
 Electrical faults
 Misuse of electrical equipment
 Smokers materials
 Smoking in prohibited areas
 Loss of control over the firing of rubbish
 Oil/gas heating equipment and portable heaters
 Unsafe storage of materials
 Use of flammable liquids or gases in unsuitable areas
 Welding/hot work
 Mechanical heat (sparks/friction)
CLASSES OF FIRE
A Combustible solids (coal, paper etc.)
B Flammable liquids (alcohol, Petrol)
C Flammable gases (butane, hydrogen,propane)
D Metals
E Cooking media (vegetable oil or animal fats)
TO MINIMISE THE RISK OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT STARTING FIRE

 Pre-inspection by users
 Suitability of equipment for task
 Frequent inspection and maintenance by competent persons
 Avoid misuse of equipment
 Prevent overloading of circuits
 Correct design and rating for tasks
 Isolate if not in use
 Improved means of protection, e.g. RCD
 High standards of housekeeping
 Staff awareness training

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FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT

 Identify the Hazards: the hazards are the three elements of the fire triangle - the fuel,
ignition and oxygen sources.
 Identify who could be harmed and how: who are the persons at risk and consider
especially vulnerable people such as the disabled
 Evaluate the risks and the adequacy of the control measures: this should consider the
prevention, protection and precautions measures
 Record findings and actions
 Review: if no longer valid
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT

 Construction and use of building
 Flammable materials
 Sources of ignition
 Work activities generating heat
 Methods of control
 Means of fire detection
 Means of raising alarm
 Means of fighting fire and maintenance of equipment
 Evacuation routes/protection of evacuation routes
 Numbers of persons/specially at risk
 Fire prevention training/fire drills
PREVENTION OF FIRE
 Eliminate or reduce the storage of flammable materials
 Control of ignition sources
 Control smoking and smoking materials
 Good housekeeping (preventing accumulation of rubbish)
 Lubrication of machinery to prevent friction
 No overloading of electrical systems
 Regular inspection of electrical systems
 Ventilation outlets not obstructed

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 Controlling hot work with permits etc.

 Proper storage of flammable liquids
 Segregation of incompatible chemicals
 Security to prevent arson
 Regular inspection and supervision
STORAGE OF FLAMMABLE GASES AND LIQUIDS

 Minimum quantities (50 litres maximum in workrooms)
 Suitable fixed storage tanks
 Keep upright in well ventilated storage area
 Clear marking of containers
 Clearly marked storage area
 Spillage controls
 Adequate ventilation
 Suitable firefighting equipment
 Trained competent staff
 Adequate warning signs
THE MAIN REQUIREMENTS OF A SAFE MEANS OF ESCAPE WILL BE:

 If necessary 2 routes in opposite directions
 Fire resistant walls & ceilings
 Adequate size relative to numbers of persons
 Within travel distance guidelines
 Clearly marked/direction arrows
 Emergency lighting
 Exit route free from obstructions
 Final exit door opening outwards
 Fire/smoke doors on route self closing
 Fixed stairs to upper floors
 Exit to safe place/assembly point

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A FIRE TRAINING PROGRAMME FOR EMPLOYEES SHOULD INCLUDE:

 Means of raising alarm/sound of alarm
 Contact the emergency services
 Fire evacuation routes/fire evacuation signs
 Who are and the role of fire marshals
 Assembly points/places of safety/role call
 When not to tackle fire
 Types of fire extinguishers to be used to maintain escape
 Prevention of spread of fire/fire doors/close windows
 Not to use lifts
 Evacuation in orderly manner/no running
 Prevention of return/disabled evacuation procedure
REGULAR FIRE DRILLS SHOULD BE UNDERTAKEN TO

 Satisfying a legal requirement, or one specified in a fire certificate Checking that the alarm
can be heard in all parts of the premises
 Testing the effectiveness of the evacuation procedures
 Familiarising employees (particularly those new to the undertaking) with the alarms,
evacuation procedures, escape routes & assembly points so that, in the case of a real
emergency, they would know the actions to be taken
 Providing an opportunity for fire wardens & others with specific functions to practice their
designated roles

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Model Questions ELEMENT 6 Fire Safety
1. Identify the FOUR methods of heat transfer & explain how EACH can cause
the spread of fire. (8)
The four methods of heat transfer are:
 Conduction.
 Convection.
 Radiation.
 Direct burning.
 Heat can be carried by rising air currents (convection) to cause a build-up of hot gases
under ceilings.
 Heat can be radiated through the air causing heating of material at a distance from a
fire.
2. Outline the requirements to ensure the safe evacuation of persons from a

building in the event of a fire. (8)
Requirements include:
 The means for raising the alarm
 An acceptable distance to the nearest available exit
 Escape routes of sufficient width
 Clear signing of escape routes
 The provision of emergency lighting
 Escape routes kept clear of obstructions with the fire door closed to prevent the spread
of smoke
 The provision of fire-fighting equipment
 The appointment of fire marshals
 Procedures for the evacuation of those with a physical impairment (in relation to
hearing, sight or mobility)
 The need to practice the evacuation plan at regular intervals.

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3. Outline the reasons for undertaking regular fire drills in the workplace (8)
May be required to satisfying a legal requirement

 To provide instruction to employees on the action to be taken in emergency situations
 Checking that the alarm can be heard in all parts of the premises
 Testing the effectiveness of the evacuation procedures both generally & in relation to
specific requirements (such as the need to ensure the safety of disabled employees &
visitors)
 Familiarising employees (particularly those new to the undertaking) with the alarms,
evacuation procedures, escape routes & assembly points so that, in the case of a real
emergency, they would know the actions to be taken
 Providing an opportunity for fire wardens & others with specific functions to practice their
designated roles

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Exam Question ELEMENT 6 Fire Safety

S.No Question & answer Mark Year
01 Identify the key components of the 'fire triangle. ' (3 mark) 8 March
Identify sources of ignition that may cause a fire to occur, AND give a
typical workplace example of EACH. (5 mark)
2012
02 a) Identify FOUR classes of fire AND the associated fuel sources (4) 8
June’11 June
b) Identify FOUR types of portable fire extinguisher AND, in EACH 2011
case, identify the class of fire on which they should be used. (4) June’11
03 Outline the requirements to ensure the safe evacuation of persons from a 8 March
building in the event of fire 2011
04 The manager of an industrial unit containing a number of offices and 8
workshops has just completed a fire risk assessment and is to develop a fire Dec
plan. 2010
Identify the factors that should be addressed in the fire plan (8) Dec’10
05 Outline the factors to consider when carrying out a fire risk assessment of a 8 June
workplace. (8) June’10 Sep 2011 2010 /
Sep
2011
06 Identify EIGHT common causes of fires in the workplace. 8 Sep
2010
07 a) In relation to the classification of fires, give an example of a material 8
(fuel) that falls within EACH of the classes A, B, C and D. Sep
b) Identify TWO methods of heat transfer AND explain how EACH 2010
method contributes to the spread of fire.
08 Identify four types of ignition source that may lead to a fire in the workplace 8 Sep
and identify a control measure for each. (8) Sep’11 2011

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ELEMENT 6 Fire Safety

S.No Question & answer Mark Year
01 Identify the key components of the 'fire triangle. ' (3 mark) 8 March
Identify sources of ignition that may cause a fire to occur, AND give a
typical workplace example of EACH. (5 mark)
2012
The key components of the 'fire triangle are
1. Fuel (solid, liquid & Gas)
2. Oxygen (Oxygen content in the combustion mixture)
3. Heat source (source of ignition, flame etc)
Possible sources of ignition that could have been identified included

1. Electricity (overheating / arcing), overheating due to faulty wiring
2. Chemical reactions (giving off heat) such as spontaneous
combustion or exothermic reaction
3. Friction caused, for instance, by inadequate lubrication of
machinery
4. Hot surfaces such as those on cooking or heating appliances
5. Naked flames (lighter)
6. Smoking materials (after smoking cigarette putting in the dust bin without
extinguishing)
7. Hot work (welding, burning & grinding)
8. Static electricity
9. Lightning
10. Improper storage of flammable materials
(Note: Hi lighted points are given in the Nebosh answer)
02 a) Identify FOUR classes of fire AND the associated fuel sources (4) 8
June’11 June
b) Identify FOUR types of portable fire extinguisher AND, in EACH 2011
case, identify the class of fire on which they should be used. (4) June’11
The four classes of fire are
1. Class A fires involving solids such as wood, paper, coal and plastics
2. Class B fires involving liquids or liquefied solids such as petrol, oil,
paint or wax
3. Class C fires involving gases such as liquefied petroleum gas, natural
gas or acetylene
4. Class D fires involving metals such as sodium, magnesium,
aluminum or potassium
5. Class F fires involving cooking oils or fats.
For part (b), The portable Fire extinguishers are
1. Water – Class A- wood, paper, coal and plastics Fires- by cooling

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2. Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) - class B- Oil fires- by

smothering
3. Dry powder- Class A, class B and C fires- by smothering
4. CO2 for class B and C fires- by smothering
Special powders or dry sand for class D fires and wet chemical for use
when high temperature fat and cooking oils are involved
03 Outline the requirements to ensure the safe evacuation of persons from a 8 March
building in the event of fire 2011
The safe evacuation of persons from a building in the event of fire
1. The provision of means for detecting the fire and for raising the alarm.
2. An acceptable distance to the nearest available exit with alternative
routes available.
3. Escape routes of sufficient width and fire protected.
4. Clear signing of escape routes.
5. The provision of emergency lighting.
6. Escape routes kept clear of obstructions with exit doors unlocked and
fire doors closed to prevent the spread of smoke.
7. The provision of firefighting equipment.
8. The appointment and use of fire marshals.
9. Procedures for the evacuation of the disabled, children and visitors.
10. The identification of a safe assembly point.
11. The need to practice the evacuation plan at regular intervals.
04 The manager of an industrial unit containing a number of offices and 8

workshops has just completed a fire risk assessment and is to develop a fire Dec
plan. 2010
Identify the factors that should be addressed in the fire plan (8) Dec’10
Factors that should be addressed in the fire plan include
1. The action workers should take if they discover a fire

2. The system for raising the alarm and notifying the fire service
3. the escape routes and travel distances and the provision of fire
exit route signs and emergency lighting
4. the provision and sitting of firefighting equipment;
5. the number of people at risk and
6. the identification of an assembly point and
7. the procedures for taking a roll call
8. The appointment of and delegation of specific responsibilities to
marshals and fire wardens
9. The arrangements for workers with disabilities and for non-workers
10. The location of service shut down switches and valves and
11. the arrangements for stopping and isolating machinery and plant in
the event of a fire
12. The training required for all workers and that for those with special
responsibilities
13. coordination and cooperation with other employers who might be
affected if a fire occurred
14. Arrangements for carrying out regular practice drills.

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05 Outline the factors to consider when carrying out a fire risk assessment of a 8 June
workplace. (8) June’10 Sep 2011 2010 /
Sep
2011
When carrying out fire risk assessment of a workplace initially have refer to
1. legal requirements and
2. then gone on to identify structural, physical and procedural factors
In the first case

1. the fire resistance of the structure would need to be confirmed and
2. fire protection and prevention measures taken,
3. the escape routes and exits bearing in mind the travel distances
involved
4. the provision of emergency lighting.
As for physical factors, these would include matters such as

1. the identification of possible ignition sources;
2. the quantities of flammable and combustible materials used or stored
in the workplace;
3. the size of the building and number of people to be evacuated
In identifying procedural factors,

1. candidates could have referred to the means of raising the alarm
2. the positioning and audibility of the alarms provided;
3. the means of making contact with the emergency services;
4. the adequacy and positioning of firefighting equipment and its
accessibility;
5. the procedures for the maintenance of equipment,
6. alarms and detection systems;
7. the adequacy of emergency signs;
8. the positioning of a fire assembly point
9. the arrangements for carrying out a roll call
10. the training of personnel in evacuation procedures including those
with special responsibilities such as fire marshals.
06 Identify EIGHT common causes of fires in the workplace. 8 Sep

2010
Fires occur in workplaces for a number of reasons. The common causes of
fire in the workplace are
1. Sparking from overloaded electrical equipment
2. friction associated with machinery and plant
3. Hot work such as welding or soldering and grinding which might give
rise to sparks
4. Heating appliances which are faulty
5. where the ventilation provided has become blocked
6. Chemical reactions involving materials such as oxidizers
7. Static electricity generated for example by the incorrect transfer of
flammable liquids
8. Smoking materials discarded in a careless manner
9. Cooking appliances which are faulty or are left unattended

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10. Arson where there is a deliberate attempts to start a fire.

07 a) In relation to the classification of fires, give an example of a material 8
(fuel) that falls within EACH of the classes A, B, C and D. Sep
b) Identify TWO methods of heat transfer AND explain how EACH 2010
method contributes to the spread of fire.
The fuel sources for the classes of fire such as
Class A, solids usually of an organic nature such as wood, paper or plastic
Class B, liquids or liquefiable solids such as petrol, oil, paint or wax
Class C, gases such LPG, natural gas and acetylene
Class D, finely divided metals such as zinc and magnesium.
The methods of heat transfer such as

 Conduction involving the transfer of heat through conducting
solids such as metal beams or pipes to other parts of the
building and igniting combustible or flammable materials
 Radiation involving the emission of heat in the form of infra-red

radiation which can raise temperatures of adjacent materials so that
they reach their ignition temperatures or flash points
 Convection which allows hot gases to rise and either become

trapped beneath a ceiling or travel through voids and ducts to
remote parts of a building, in both cases raising temperatures and
causing ignition
 Finally direct burning where heat comes into direct contact with
combustible material and causes ignition
08 Identify four types of ignition source that may lead to a fire in the workplace 8 Sep
and identify a control measure for each. (8) Sep’11 2011
Possible sources of ignition that could have been identified included
1. Electricity: Control measures are
inspection, testing, regular maintenance, earthling, bonding and the fitting
of the correct fuses into equipment
2. Chemical sources: Control measure by

correct storage procedures and a good standard of housekeeping
3. Hot work such as welding or cutting: Control measures

include
the use of a permit to work system, separation of the work and the provision
of a fire watch
4. Overheating of machinery caused by friction : which may be

controlled by regular maintenance and lubrication
5. Hot surfaces such as those on cooking or heating

appliances: where separation would be necessary between the
equipment and its fuel source
discarded smoking materials which can be controlled by introducing a
smoking ban in the workplace and
providing a separate smoking area.

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ELEMENT 7

Chemical and Biological Health Hazards and Risk Control
1. Question
a. Identify possible routes of entry of biological organisms into the body. (4)
b. Outline control measures that could be used to reduce the risk of infection from
biological organisms. (4)
For part (a), candidates can choose from a list including:
 Inhalation.
 Injection.
 Entry through broken skin.
 Exchange of body fluids and ingestion.
In answering part (b), candidates should bring to mind hospital or laboratory situations. This
should include an outline of measures such as:
 Cleaning and disinfecting.
 Personal protective equipment.
 Engineering controls (such as containment and the use of microbiological safety cabinets).
 Vermin control.
 Good personal hygiene.
 Immunization.
2. A worker is engaged in general cleaning activities in a large veterinary practice.
a) Identify FOUR specific types of hazard that the cleaner might face when
undertaking the cleaning. (4)
b) Outline the precautions that could to taken to minimize the risk of harm from these
hazards. (4)
Hazards that specifically relate to cleaners are:

 Cleaning fluids.
 Manual handling.
 Slips/trips/falls.
 Sharp objects.
 Those associated with the working environment, such as biological hazards, contact with
animals and those arising from the use of specialized equipment.
In answering part (ii), Examiners are looking to candidates to outline precautions such as:
 The provision and use of personal protective equipment (including overalls and gloves).
 The introduction of a procedure for the handling and disposal of sharps.
 The need for animals to be kept in secure enclosures.

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 The possible need for immunization against diseases known to be transmitted by animals.
 Highlighting that the worker would need specific training in the precautions outlined will
gain an additional mark.
3. A company produces a range of solid and liquid wastes, both hazardous and non -
hazardous. Outline the arrangements that should be in place to ensure the safe
storage of the wastes prior to their collection and disposal. (8)
In answering this question, candidates can refer to arrangements such as:
 The completion of risk assessments that address the nature, properties and quantities of
the wastes likely to be stored.
 Minimizing the quantities stored by organizing regular collections.
 Ensuring the separation of incompatible wastes.
 Providing appropriate means for containing the wastes in secure storage facilities (e.g.
protected against unauthorized persons, weather, vehicles, etc).
 Installing and maintaining fire protection and fire-fighting systems in the case of
Flammable or combustible wastes.
 Installing bunds and drawing up procedures to deal with slippages that might preset
environmental risks.
 Providing safe means of transport ad access to the storage site.
 Ensuring that wastes are accurately identified ad that warning signs are in place where
appropriate.
 Training employees in the precautions to be taken.
 Ensuring that they are provided with, and use, appropriate personal protective equipment,
such as gloves, overalls and eye protection.
4. For each of the following agents, outline the principal health and safety effects AND
identify a typical workplace situation in which a person might be exposed:
a) Isocyanates (2)
b) Asbestos (2)
c) Leptospira bacteria (2)
d) Lead (2)
Iscoyanates are a respiratory sensitizer and may also cause dermatitis. Persons carrying out
work involving the use of Isocyanates based printing inks, adhesives or paints would be at
risk.

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Exposure to asbestos may cause asbestosis, lung cancer or Mesothelioma (a rare cancer
that is associated almost exclusively with asbestos). Carrying out maintenance work on, or
the demolition of, a building where asbestos is contained in the fabric of the structure could
lead to the inhalation of airborne Fibres.
An infection caused by exposure to the Leptospira bacterium is called Leptospirosis, with
symptoms that resemble influenza (fever, chills, muscular aches and pains, etc). In rare
cases, a severe form of the condition known as Weil‟s disease can develop and this is
characterized by symptoms that include bruising of the skin, anemia, sore eyes, nose bleeds
and jaundice. Serious damage to internal organs can result, which often proves fatal. The
bacterium is carried by animals, particularly rats and cattle, and exposure to the urine of
infected animals can put people such as sewer workers, farm workers and vets at particular
risk. While there were some good accounts given for this part of the question, Examiners
were disturbed to find that many candidates confused „Leptospira‟ with „Legionella‟.
The health effects of exposure to lead are many and varied but principally include anemia, fertility
problems and damage to the kidneys, the nervous and muscular systems and, particularly in
children, the brain. Signs and symptoms of lead poisoning include irritability, lethargy, memory and
concentration problems, muscle and joint pain, „wrist drop‟ and a blue line of the gums. Those
engaged in any activity that involves lead and produces fume, vapor or dust (such as in battery
manufacture, lead crystal glass making or the removal of lead paint) are at risk.

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REVIEW- ELEMENT 7
CONTROL MEASURES FOR BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
 Cleaning and disinfecting
 Water treatment
 Vermin control
 Containment of the biological agent
 Avoidance of sharp implements
 Proper disposal of contaminated waste
 Immunisation
 Personal hygiene
 PPE
CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES

 Irritant: non-corrosive substances which through immediate, prolonged or repeated
contact with skin or mucous membrane may cause inflammation e.g. petrol
 Corrosive: substances which on contact with living tissue may destroy it by burning e.g.
acids
 Harmful: substances which if swallowed, inhaled or penetrate the skin may cause damage
to health
 Very Toxic: a poisonous substance which in low quantities may cause death, acute or
chronic damage to health
 Toxic: a poisonous substance which in low quantities may cause death, acute or chronic
damage to health
 Carcinogenic: substances which cause disorders to cell growth that may lead to cancer
ROUTES OF ENTRY IN THE BODY

 Inhalation
 Ingestion
 Absorption
 Direct entry
 Injection

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ACUTE EFFECTS:
Adverse health effects resulting from single or short term exposure which is usually
reversible
ACUTE EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE
 Headaches
 Dizziness
 Nausea
 Inflammation
 Eye irritation
 Unconsciousness/death
CHRONIC EFFECTS:
Adverse health term effects resulting from prolonged or repeated exposure leading to a
gradual often irreversible effects e.g. liver disease caused by alcohol
DERMATITIS
Symptoms: blisters, inflammation, dryness, reddening, cracking of skin
PROTECTIVE MEASURES AGAINST DERMATITIS
 Eliminate the substance
 Substitution of the substance
 Barrier creams,
 Good hygiene practices
 PPE
TARGET ORGANS: A part of the body which sustains an adverse effect when it is exposed
to or contaminated by a particular harmful agent.
Examples: mercury, lead the brain, asbestos, ammonia the lungs

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IF HIGH RISK EXPOSURE LIMITS EXCEEDED

 Stop the process
 Remove employees from area
 Make area safe
 Investigate reason
 Assess existing controls
 Monitor procedures
 Assess ill health to workers
 Record incident
ASBESTOS
MAIN TYPES: blue, brown and white
DISEASES: asbestosis, lung cancer, mesothelioma
USES
 Pipe lagging
 Wall and roof panels
 Ceiling tiles
 Textured coatings
 Insulation materials
 Gaskets
 Brake linings
BODY’S DEFENCES AGAINST DUST

 The hair and wetness of the nose
 The change of direction of the larynx
 Sneezing and coughing
 The hair cells in the respiratory tract
 Tears and blinking of the eyes

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INDICATION OF DUST PROBLEM

 Visual signs of dust
 Complaints by employees
 Monitoring
 Health problems
 Equipment problems
 Blocked filters
 Health surveillance
CONTROL MEASURES FOR DUST

 Eliminate source e.g. outsourcing
 Substitution e.g. pellets instead of powders
 Change process
 Use liquid process as opposed to dry/damping down
 Enclosure of the process
 Local exhaust ventilation
 Vacuuming instead of sweeping
 Limiting time of exposure
 Limiting numbers exposed
 Respiratory protective equipment
 Ensuring suitable maintenance
INFORMATION ON MANUFACTURERS SAFETY DATA SHEETS

 Identification of substance/preparation
 The manufacturer/supplier
 Composition/information on ingredients
 Hazard identification
 Health effects
 First aid measures
 Fire fighting measures
 Accidental release measures
 Handling and storage
 Exposure controls
 Personal Protective Equipment

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 Environmental/disposal considerations
 Physical and chemical properties
 Stability and reactivity
 Toxicological information
 Ecological information
 Disposal considerations
 Transport information
 Regulatory information
 Other relevant information
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE RISK ASSESSMENT 5 STEPS AS NORMAL

CONTROL OF HEALTH HAZARDS
 Eliminate
 Reduce by substitution
 Isolate
 Total enclosure
 Segregate the people
 Control
 Engineering Control (LEV)
 Maintenance of controls
 Change the work pattern or method
 Hygiene and housekeeping
 PPE/discipline
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES TO DEAL WITH EMERGENCIES

 First aid facilities
 Relevant safety drills and warning devices
 Suitable training for staff
 Availability of Personal Protective Equipment
 Provision of emergency showers and eye-wash facilities
 Spillage and leakage procedure
 Evacuation procedures
 Warnings to other people

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PROCEDURE TO DEAL WITH A MAJOR SPILLAGE

 Isolation of the area
 Evacuation of employees at risk
 Issue of appropriate PPE to those dealing with the spillage
 Provision of spillage booms and absorbent materials
 Contact with emergency services
 The safe disposal of the spilled substance and absorbent material used
MAIN PARTS OF LEV

Hood, ducting, filter, fan, exhaust (draw it)
LEV BECOMES INEFFICIENT BECAUSE OF:

 Blocked filters
 Lack of maintenance
 Position of hood
 Unauthorised alterations
 Broken ducting
 Wear of fan blades
 Incorrect settings
 Increased contaminant level
 Inadequate design
 Failure of operators to use it
GRAB SAMPLER (CHEMICAL STAIN DETECTOR TUBE) (Draw it)

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Low cost Inaccurate
Takes little time Positioning of tube
Immediate result Only a snap shot
Little training Inefficient
Information during spillage Chemical use only
Good for coarse indication Substance specific

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WASTE STORAGE
 Storage area of a sufficient size
 Storage area suitably located away from drains etc.
 Storage area clearly labelled
 Individual containers clearly labelled
 Different types of waste stored separately
 Incompatible wastes never stored together
 Appropriate containers for type of waste
 Storage of waste kept to a minimum
 Protect waste from the elements if necessary
 If necessary protect storage area with bunds etc.
 Do not dispose of hazardous waste in general waste skips
 Ensure storage area is secure

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ELEMENT 7 Model Question

1. A factory uses small quantities of various toxic chemicals which are obtained from
& returned to a central storeroom.
(a) Identify FOUR possible routes of entry of toxic substances into the body &, in
EACH case, describe a circumstance in which the storeroom staff might be at risk of
such exposure. (8)
(b) Outline the factors to consider when assessing the health risks to storeroom staff
from handling the chemicals. (4)
(c) Outline the control measures that might be required in order to minimise the risk
to the health of those working in the storeroom. (8)
1. a)
The possible routes of entry of toxic substances into the body refers to
inhalation, ingestion, absorption & injection
The operations in which the storeroom staff would typically be engaged & related
possible routes of entry to these – for instance:
 Inhalation in relation to spillage & the build up of vapours
 Ingestion due to poor personal hygiene practices
 Absorption through the skin as a result of inadequate personal protective equipment
or uncovered wounds
 Injection from the use of damaged, broken or unsuitable containers for handling the
toxic substance.
1. b)
The factors to consider when assessing the health risks to storeroom staff from
handling the chemicals are:
 Degree of toxicity of the substances used
 The methods of work adopted (which may determine the routes of entry)
 The possible duration & frequency of exposures
 An assessment of the effectiveness of existing control measures.
1. c)
Specific control measures include:
 The use of suitable containers for the chemicals & the methods for handling them
 The provision of ventilation & appropriate personal protective equipment
 Procedures for dealing with spillage
 The introduction of site rules to ensure personal hygiene
 The provision of information & training to the staff involved.

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2. Outline the precautions to ensure the health & safety of persons engaged
in paint-spraying in a motor vehicle repair shop. (8)
Precautions include:
 Segregation of the activity, typically by means of a spray booth fitted with local
exhaust ventilation & protected electrical equipment
 Suitable storage & fire precautions for flammable paints & solvents
 The provision & use of personal protective equipment (clothing, respiratory protection etc)
 Monitoring employee’s exposure to airborne substances
 Ensuring the examination & maintenance of control measures
 Providing appropriate training to employees
 Maintaining welfare & hygiene facilities.
3. Outline the factors that may indicate a need for health surveillance of
employees in the workplace. (8)
Factors include:
 Poor ill-health & absence records
 Increased in first-aid treatments
 Complaints from employees
 The findings of risk assessments
 The results of inspections or monitoring activities
 Changes in methods of work
 The relevant requirements of current legislation & approved codes of practice
4. A glassworks produces covers for streetlights & industrial lighting. The process
involves molten glass being blown by hand & shaped in moulds.
(a) Identify FOUR health effects that may be caused in working in the hot conditions
of the glass factory. (4)
(b) Describe measures that could be taken in order to minimise the health effects of
working in such hot environments. (6)
(c) Outline the factors relating to the task & the load that may affect the risk of injury
to an employee engaged in stacking the finished products onto racking. (10)
4. a)
Four health effects caused by working in a hot environment include.
 Heat stress,
 Heat cataracts,
 Dehydration,
 Exhaustion,
 Respiratory distress

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4. b)
The control measures that could be taken to minimise the health effects of
working in a hot environment include:
 The gradual acclimatisation of new personnel to the environment
 The provision & consumption of adequate amounts of fluid
 The provision of regular breaks away from the work
 Ensuring adequate ventilation; the provision of screens to protect against radiant
heat
 The wearing of appropriate personal protective equipment.
4. c)
The factors relating to the task & load that might affect the risk of injury to an
employee engaged in the manual handling activity are:
 Holding or manipulating loads at a distance from the trunk
 The need to twist the body
 Excessive pushing or pulling of the load or excessive carrying distances
 Unsatisfactory posture caused perhaps by space restriction
 Excessive lifting distances (e.g. from the floor &/or on to high racking)
 Frequent or prolonged physical effort coupled with insufficient rest or recovery
periods.
 Weight & size or shape,
 The ease with which the load can be held or gripped,
 The presence of sharp edges,
 The possibility that some components might still retain process heat.
5. An office building is about to be occupied by new owners.

(a) Outline the factors that should be considered by the new owners when
assessing the suitability of lighting within the building. (8)
(b) Describe FOUR effects on health & safety that might result from
inadequate lighting. (4)
(c) Outline the welfare facilities that should be provided in the building. (8)
5. a)
Factors such as:
 The tasks to be undertaken & the equipment to be used
 The availability of natural light
 The adequacy of the existing lighting levels including that provided for specific
areas such as stairs & corridors
 Significant contrasts in lighting levels between different areas
 The layout of the office, including the position of screen dividers in relation to
overhead lighting & other areas that may be in shadow
 The appropriateness & condition of the particular type of artificial lighting installed
(e.g. fluorescent & spot lighting)
 Possible glare created on computer screens & workstations & the provision of

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local lighting for specific tasks

 The availability & adequacy of emergency lighting is another issue that should
have been considered.
5. b)
The possible health effects on health & safety from inadequate lighting:
 Eye strain,
 Headaches & increased levels of stress.
Additionally, other relevant health & safety effects include:

 Trips & falls,
 The possibility of errors in performing tasks that might put others at risk.
5. c)
Welfare facilities that should be provided include:
 An adequate number of well ventilated & lit sanitary conveniences in relation to
the numbers of male & female employees
 Washing facilities with hot & cold running water & means of drying
 A suitable source of drinking water (clearly marked where appropriate)
 Facilities for taking rest & refreshment away from working areas
 Accommodation for clothing not worn during working hours
 First-aid facilities
 Rest facilities for pregnant women & nursing mothers
 Protection for non-smokers from the effects of smoke
 Prayer facilities
6. Outline the main precautions to be taken to ensure the safe transport of

hazardous substances by road. (8)
 Load
Nature of load – information
Suitable containers / able to withstand the transportation
Clear labeling
Emergency contact points
 Vehicle
Properly designed / constructed for the load
Maintain in an efficient state
Marked with the approved signs / symbols
Carry emergency equipment
 Driver
Driver trained and competent for class of material
Safe system for loading / unloading

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Emergency arrangements
Trained and competent for class of vehicle
 Route
Planning to avoid vulnerable areas
Risk of high jacking
Liaison with emergency services
Possible escort for high risk (explosives)
7. Outline the particular hazards that might be encountered by staff working in

a busy hotel kitchen (8)
 Electrical & mechanical hazards associated with machinery such as food mixers &
processors
 Hot surfaces
 Sharp implements
 Wet or obstructed floors increasing the risk of slips, trips & falls
 Boiling water & hot cooking oils causing burns
 Manual handling hazards;
 Health hazards (e.g. foodstuffs causing allergic reactions); & cleaning materials that
may be corrosive.
 Hot, busy environment of a commercial kitchen
8. (a) Identify the possible indications of a dust problem in the workplace (4)
(b) Describe how the body may defend itself against the harmful effects of
airborne dust (4)
8. a)
 Visible signs of dust (in the air or deposited on surfaces or clothes),
 Complaints of discomfort by employees.
 Impaired health linked to exposure (possibly detected by health or medical surveillance),
 The results of workplace monitoring,
 Problems associated with plant & equipment such as blocked filters
8. b)
 Coughing & sneezing
 Filtering effect of nasal hairs
 Mucus in the respiratory tract & bronchi
 Eyes watering
 Blinking

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9. A large item of process machinery is to be cleaned manually with a flammable

solvent before being partially dismantled for repair.
(a) Identify FOUR possible health effects from exposure to the solvent (4)
(b) Outline the safety precautions that should be taken when using
such flammable solvents (4)
9. (a)
 Dermatitis, headaches
 Drowsiness through to unconsciousness & death.
 Irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes & respiratory tract, absorption into
the body may lead to kidney or liver damage.
9. b)
 The removal of potential sources of ignition from the site of the operation
 The provision of adequate ventilation
 Limiting the quantity of solvent in use at any one time
 Clear marking of containers
 Ensuring that suitable fire-fighting equipment is in place
 The provision of personal protective equipment such as gloves, eye & respiratory
protection
 Ensuring that operatives are informed of, & trained in, the procedures for the safe use of
solvents, especially those concerned with the cleaning of brushes & disposal of rags.
10. An essential ingredient for a process is delivered in powdered form and poured by
hand from bags in to a mixing vessel. Outline the control measures that might be
considered in this situation in order to reduce employee exposure to the substance
(8)
Elimination (e.g. by introducing pre-formed components or outsourcing the dusty operation)

 Substitution (e.g. of powder by granules, liquid or paste)
 Isolation of the process in a separate room
 Enclosure (in a glove box, for instance)
 The provision of LEV
 Suppression by damping down & carrying out cleaning operations by vacuuming rather
than sweeping
 Supply of respirator and eye protection
 Limit time of exposure
 Carry out measurement of dust level

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Exam Question ELEMENT 7

01 Ammonia has been released into the atmosphere of a workplace. 8
a) Outline typical health effects resulting from exposure to Ammonia (4) June
b) Give the meaning of the term 'acute health effect'. (2) June’10 2010
c) Identify suitable air monitoring methods for ammonia (2) June’10
02 a) Give the meaning of 8
i. 'hazardous waste';
ii. 'non-hazardous waste' June
b) Outline the key design features of a permanent spill protected / 2010
bunded area in order to protect against accidental releases and
pollution.
03 a) Identify the elements of a hierarchy of control to minimize pollution 8
from waste. (4) Sep’10
Sep
b) Outline techniques which can be used to reduce the risk of
2010
environmental damage from spillage and leakage of liquid waste
(4)
04 a) Identify THREE forms of biological agents (3) Dec’10 8
b) Identify THREE possible routes of entry into the body for a
biological agent (3) Dec’10 Dec
c) Give TWO control measures to reduce the risk of exposure to a 2010
biological agent. (2) Dec’10
05 There is different health effects associated with using solvents in a 8

workplace
a) Identify:
i. TWO acute, and (2) Dec’10
Dec
ii. TWO chronic (2) Dec’10 2010
Effects of inhalation when working with solvents
b) Identify the precautions that could be taken to minimize and

reduce exposure to solvents (4) Dec’10
06 In relation to occupational health surveys which can be conducted to 8
determine health risks to persons, outline TWO advantages AND
TWO disadvantages of BOTH: Dec
2010
a) Stain tube detectors (4) Dec’10
b) Continual gas / dust samplers (4) Dec’10
07 A recent increase in work-related ill health has been noticed amongst 4
the workers who use a solvent for which a workplace exposure limit
(WEL) has been set
a) Explain the meaning of the term ‘workplace exposure limit' (2) M March
‘11 2011
b) Give possible reasons for the increase in work-related ill health
amongst the workers (2) March’11

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08 Identify the information that should be included on a manufacturer's March

safety data sheet supplied with a hazardous substance 2011
09 a) Outline factors to consider when undertaking an assessment of 20
health risks for a hazardous substance (8) June’11
b) Identify TWO types of cellular defense mechanisms that the body
has as a natural defense system. (2) June’11 June
c) Give the meaning of the term 'maximum allowable concentration' 2011
(2)
Outline factors that may reduce the effectiveness of a local exhaust
ventilation system (LEV) (8) June’11
10 a) Identify TWO possible health effects caused by exposure to 8
Asbestos (2) Sep’11
Sep
b) Identify THREE types of product that contain asbestos AND, for 2011
EACH, give an example of where these can be found in the
workplace (6) Sep’11
11 Outline issues that should be considered by an organization when 8
Sep
developing a system for the safe collection and disposal of its waste. (8) 2011
Sep’11
12 A factory producing furniture uses wood in the manufacturing process 20
and is concerned about the health risks of wood dust
a) Identify operations which are likely to produce high levels of wood
dust in the workplace (4) March’12 March
b) Identify health risks which could be associated with the wood 2012
dust. (4) March’12
c) Outline control measures which could reduce the risk from the
wood dust. (12) March’12
13 a) Identify possible routes of entry of biological agents into the body. 8
June
b) Outline control measures that could be used to help reduce the 2012
risk of infection from biological agents

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ELEMENT 7
01 Ammonia has been released into the atmosphere of a workplace. 8
a) Outline typical health effects resulting from exposure to Ammonia (4) June
b) Give the meaning of the term 'acute health effect'. (2) June’10 2010
c) Identify suitable air monitoring methods for ammonia (2) June’10
a) The typical health effects resulting from exposure to ammonia include
 Irritation and possibly burning of the respiratory system
 Pulmonary oedema
 Coughing and sneezing
 Eye irritation together with running eyes and nose and irritation and
burning of the skin.
b) An acute health effect is an immediate or rapidly produced adverse
effect following a single or short term exposure to a causative agent.
c) Identified suitable air monitoring methods for ammonia such as a stain
tube, a passive or active sampling device and an electrochemical
detection device such as a pulsed amplified detector.
02 a) Give the meaning of 8

iii. 'hazardous waste';
June
iv. 'non-hazardous waste'
2010
b) Outline the key design features of a permanent spill protected / bunded
area in order to protect against accidental releases and pollution.
Hazardous waste:
It is harmful and/or dangerous to health and the environment
Non-hazardous waste:
It is not harmful either to health or the environment and does not decompose
and result in the formation of harmful products.
The key design features of a permanent bund storage area would have
referred to
 The necessity for it to be located on stable ground, at a distance from
a water course and without connections either to a drain or sewer.
 It should be provided with a concrete slab base and walls with the
surfaces of both being impervious.
 There should be adequate space between the containers and the
bund walls and the bund area should have a capacity of 110% of the
total capacity of the containers.
 If externally sited, consideration may have to be given to
weatherproofing and the provision of emptying and monitoring
systems with measures taken to protect the walls of the bund against
damage from the possibility of them being struck by passing plant or
vehicles
03 a) Identify the elements of a hierarchy of control to minimize pollution 8 Sep

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from waste. (4) Sep’10 2010

b) Outline techniques which can be used to reduce the risk of
environmental damage from spillage and leakage of liquid waste (4)
The elements of a hierarchy of control to minimize pollution from waste
include
 Reducing the amount of raw materials and energy involved in the
processes
 Re-using materials or recovering energy
 Recycling materials by using them for a different purpose if they
cannot be used again in the original process
 Converting the waste to energy by incineration and using the
heat produced for example for the generation of electricity and finally
by responsible disposal for example in a landfill site.
Outlined techniques such as

 The use of double skinned containers
 The erection of bund round tank storage
 The positioning of drip trays at decanting points
 The use of absorbent granules or pads
 Booms and providing covers for drains.
04 a) Identify THREE forms of biological agents (3) Dec’10 8
b) Identify THREE possible routes of entry into the body for a
Dec
biological agent (3) Dec’10
2010
c) Give TWO control measures to reduce the risk of exposure to a
biological agent. (2) Dec’10
Biological agents that could have been identified include
 Bacteria
 Viruses
 Fungi
 prions
Possible routes of entry into the body for the agent include
 Inhalation
 Injection
 Ingestion
 Absorption through the skin or mucosal membranes.
To a n u m b e r o f control measures such as

 Sterilization and disinfection
 The use of PPE such as gloves, respiratory and eye protection and
an overall
 Containment of the agent in a microbiological safety cabinet
 The use of spill trays
 The prohibition of smoking and eating/drinking in the work area
 A good standard of personal hygiene
 Covering up wounds
 Immunization.
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05 There is different health effects associated with using solvents in a 8

workplace
a) Identify:
iii. TWO acute, and (2) Dec’10
Dec
iv. TWO chronic (2) Dec’10 2010
Effects of inhalation when working with solvents
b) Identify the precautions that could be taken to minimize and

reduce exposure to solvents (4) Dec’10
a) To identify acute and chronic health effects associated with the use of
solvents in the workplace.
i. Acute effects include

 Headaches
 Dizziness
 Lack of concentration
 nausea
 vomiting
 Unconsciousness
ii. Chronic effects include

 a toxic effect on kidneys and the liver
 damage to internal organs
 Respiratory conditions such as asthma and the possibility of cancer.
b) Precautionary measures that could be taken to minimize and reduce

exposure to solvent
 Reduce and minimize exposure to solvents include their use in a

well-ventilated areas with the installation of local exhaust ventilation if
this is thought to be necessary
 The prohibition of hot work in solvent laden vapour areas
 Keeping minimal quantities in the workplace
 Keeping them stored in lidded and sealed containers
 Using a safe decanting method
 Limiting the exposure time of workers
 Ensuring a good standard of housekeeping so that solvent laden
rags and waste are not left in open bins
 Stop using solvent for the removal of paint and grease from the
skin
 The provision and use of suitable personal protective equipment
such as gloves, goggles, face shield and apron and respiratory
protective equipment where this is found to be necessary
 Prohibiting eating, drinking and smoking in areas where solvents
are used
 Advising the workers on the hazards of solvent use and the
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precautions to be followed and encourage them to adopt a good

standard of personal hygiene such as washing hands before
consumption of food or drink
06 In relation to occupational health surveys which can be conducted to 8

determine health risks to persons, outline TWO advantages AND TWO
disadvantages of BOTH: Dec
2010
a) Stain tube detectors (4) Dec’10
b) Continual gas / dust samplers (4) Dec’10
For this question, an outline was required of the advantages and
disadvantages
The occupational health surveys can be conducted of using 1.stain tube
detectors to detect toxic gas and 2. continual gas / dust detectors
The advantages of stain tube detectors are that

 They are quick and easy to use
 They are normally inexpensive to buy
 Their use does not require extensive training
 They give an immediate reading without further analysis being
required.
The disadvantages of using the detectors, however, include

 The fact that their accuracy varies
 They are suitable only for gases and vapors and not dusts
 They may be prone to operator error for example in counting the
pump strokes or drawing up properly
 They can be used only for grab sampling
 The tubes are fragile and have a limited shelf life.
The advantages of continual samplers are that

 They allow longer term monitoring
 Are more accurate in determining a time weighted average (TWA
 Have an approved methodology for testing.
Their disadvantages are that

 They will not identify a specific type of contaminant or multiple
contaminants
 They normally do not read peaks or troughs; if used as a static
sampler they will not identify personal exposure
 They are open to deliberate contamination or tampering
 The users required considerable training and they are expensive to
purchase or hire.
07 A recent increase in work-related ill health has been noticed amongst the 4
workers who use a solvent for which a workplace exposure limit (WEL)
March
has been set
2011
a)Explain the meaning of the term ‘workplace exposure limit' (2) M ‘11
b) Give possible reasons for the increase in work-related ill health

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amongst the workers (2) March’11
The term 'workplace exposure limit' is concerned with concentrations of

hazardous substances in the air that people breathe averaged over a
specified period of time and referred to as a time weighted average.
Two time periods are used:

T W A : T i m e W e i g h t e d A v e r a g e . long term (8 hours) intended to
control effects by restricting the total intake by inhalation on a daily basis
STEL: Short Term Exposure Limit short term (usually 15 minutes) to
control effects that may be seen after a brief exposure.
Possible reasons for the increase in work-related ill health amongst the
workers included that
 An important reason for the increase in work related ill-health might
have been the inadequacy of the original risk assessment
carried out for the operation or a subsequent increase in the
frequency and duration of the exposure of workers.
 Additionally, the original solvent might have been replaced by a
new solvent for which no risk assessment had been carried out.
 Other reasons would include a failure to carry out health
screening of new workers or to give them adequate training on
the precautions to be observed
 An increase in the quantity or concentration of the solvent
used
 An inadequate or poorly maintained local exhaust ventilation
system
 A failure to carry out regular monitoring to ensure the work
exposure limit was not being exceeded
 A failure to provide, or if provided, a failure to use personal
protective equipment
 poor standard of personal hygiene on the part of the workers.
08 Identify the information that should be included on a manufacturer's March

safety data sheet supplied with a hazardous substance 2011
The information that should be included on a manufacturer's safety data &
sheet a r e June
 Details of the manufacturer or supplier 2012
 The name of the substance
 Its physical properties, chemical composition,
 reactivity and flashpoint if known to be flammable
 The nature of the hazards and the risks presented such as
health effects and toxicological data
 Relevant standards such as workplace exposure limits and risk
and safety phrases
 Precautions to be taken in its transport, handling, storage
 the need for personal protective equipment or the provision of
local exhaust ventilation
 Measures to be taken in an emergency such as spillage or
accidental exposure including first aid treatment and firefighting

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 measures and the requirements for safe disposal with due regard
to environmental considerations.
09 a) Outline factors to consider when undertaking an assessment of health 20

risks for a hazardous substance (8) June’11
b) Identify TWO types of cellular defense mechanisms that the body has
June
as a natural defense system. (2) June’11
2011
c) Give the meaning of the term 'maximum allowable concentration' (2)
Outline factors that may reduce the effectiveness of a local exhaust
ventilation system (LEV) (8) June’11
The factors to consider when undertaking an assessment of health risks
for a hazardous substance are
 Details of the process in which the substance is to be used
 The hazardous nature of the substance whether for example
toxic, Corrosive, or carcinogenic and its chemical, physical or bio-
hazardous properties
 The form in which it was to appear in the workplace, for
example as a dust or fume
 The possible routes of entry of the substance such as inhalation,
absorption, injection and ingestion
 The possible ill-health effects of exposure to it
 The frequency, duration and level of exposure and
 the number and type of persons who would be exposed
 The existence of applicable standards such as work exposure
limits
 the suitability and adequacy of the control measures currently
in place.
Types of cellular defense mechanisms of the body such as

 The scavenging action - that of phagocytes and /or macrophages
 The secretion of defensive substances
 The prevention of excessive blood loss and
 the repair of damaged tissue.
An acceptable meaning of the term 'maximum allowable concentration'

would have been the concentration in air of a gas, vapour or substance
which in general remains without harmful effects to both workers and
their offspring albeit after repeated exposure and during the period of time
up to an entire working life comprising 8 hours per day and 40 hours per
week.
The factors that may reduce the effectiveness of a local exhaust ventilation
system (LEV)
 Damage to the ducting
 Blocked, damaged, unsuitable or incorrectly installed filters
 Fan inefficiency perhaps through wear or corrosion of the blades
 Inappropriate initial design which may be exacerbated by process
changes
 Unauthorized alterations such as increasing the number of inlets
 Incorrect use including a failure to position the hood close enough to

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the source of emission

 A buildup of contaminant in the ducting and a blocked or obstructed
outlet
 Scrubber saturation
 Incorrect settings, for example of the dampers, and a failure to
introduce procedures for the regular maintenance, inspection and
testing of the system If there was a fault
10 a) Identify TWO possible health effects caused by exposure to Asbestos 8

(2) Sep’11
Sep
b) Identify THREE types of product that contain asbestos AND, for 2011
EACH, give an example of where these can be found in the workplace (6)
Sep’11
Health effects caused by exposure to Asbestos are
 Asbestosis
 Lung cancer
 Mesothelioma or cancer of the lining of the chest
and/or abdomen
 Cancer of the stomach, intestines or rectum.
Products contain asbestos are

 Building materials for example cement sheets,
drainpipes, gutters and roof tiles
 Thermal insulation such as sprayed coatings and
laggings
 Plastics such as asbestos floor tiles
 Friction products such as gaskets and brake pads
 Adhesives and sealants such as putty, resins, tile
adhesives and mastic
 Decorative products such as textured coatings or
decorative plasters
 Mill board or asbestos rope used for fire proofing.
11 Outline issues that should be considered by an organization when 8

Sep
developing a system for the safe collection and disposal of its waste. (8) 2011
Sep’11
When developing a system for the safe collection and disposal of its waste
should consider following issue
The identification of waste by its hazardous properties for example

general, biological or special and by its nature, for example solid or
liquid
The quantity produced and the frequency of removal
The need for separation of incompatible and recyclable wastes

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The means for containing waste such as sharps boxes and bags
and its marking and labeling
The provision of safe storage on site and the methods of

transportation to and from the storage facility
The means for processing waste such as by crushing,

compacting or incinerating
The appointment of a competent and/or licensed waste

contractor; the keeping of necessary records
The possibility of pollution issues arising from spillages

The competence and training of staff
The issue and use of suitable personal protective equipment

such as overalls and gloves
12 A factory producing furniture uses wood in the manufacturing process and 20

is concerned about the health risks of wood dust
a)Identify operations which are likely to produce high levels of wood dust
in the workplace (4) March’12 March
b) Identify health risks which could be associated with the wood dust. (4) 2012
March’12
c) Outline control measures which could reduce the risk from the wood
dust. (12) March’12
a) In the scenario described, operations which are likely to produce high
levels of wood dust include sawing, routing, sanding, planning, turning,
cleaning items or areas with compressed air lines and emptying dust
extraction systems.
b) 1.Dust deposits in the lung reducing lung capacity. (pneumoconiosis)

2. Sawdust from hardwood and soft wood timber which can cause
respiratory problems or may be carcinogenic
c) Control measure to reduce the wood dust

 The enclosure and/or segregation of the dust generation
operations from other areas of production or, if this was not
possible
 The use of engineering controls such as the provision of local

exhaust ventilation which would need to be regularly inspected
and maintained.
 A further measure would involve the provision and use of

respiratory protective equipment and other personal protective
equipment such as eye protection, overalls and gloves.
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 Additionally, a good standard of housekeeping including the use

of high efficiency vacuum cleaning equipment with HEPA (high
efficiency particulate air) filters would have to be maintained, while
cleaning with compressed air lines and hand brushes would have to
be prohibited.
 Washing facilities, separate storage for and laundering of work

clothing would have to be provided while workers themselves would
need to practice a high standard of personal hygiene by
changing overalls and washing hands before eating or drinking
13 a) Identify possible routes of entry of biological agents into the body. 8

June
b) Outline control measures that could be used to help reduce the risk of 2012
infection from biological agents
Possible routes of entry into the body for the agent include
 Inhalation
 Injection
 Ingestion
 Absorption through the skin or mucosal membranes.
Control measures such as

 Disinfection
 The use of personal protective equipment such as gloves, an overall
and respiratory and eye protection
 Engineering controls such as containment or the use of local exhaust
ventilation
 Procedures such as the prohibition of smoking and eating and
drinking in the work area
 A good standard of personal hygiene such as covering up wounds.

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ELEMENT 8
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk
Control
1. In relation to the ill-health effects from the use of vibrating hand-held tools:
a) Identify the typical symptoms that might be show by affected individuals. (4)
b) Outline the control measures that may be used to minimize the risk of such effects.
(4)
In answering part (i) of the question, Examiners expected candidates to identify symptoms
such as numbness and blanching of the fingers and swollen and painful joints in addition to
a reduction in dexterity, strength and sensory perception. Many candidates concentrated on
diseases and not symptoms and there appeared to be confusion between noise and
vibration which was demonstrated in part by references to deafness and ear/eye damage.
For part (ii), candidates should have outlined a hierarchy of control measures such as
elimination by mechanization or automation; substituting the tools with lower vibration
producing equipment; reducing the time of vibration exposure to the operatives; introducing
a planned maintenance programme for the tools and providing appropriate personal
protective equipment such as gloves to keep hands warm. Few candidates were able to
produce this hierarchy of control measures with most referring inaccurately to the use of
personal protective equipment to protect against vibration.
2. Question
a) For EACH of the following types of non-ionizing radiation, identify a source and
state the possible ill-health effects on exposed individuals:
i. Infrared radiation (2)
ii. Ultraviolet radiation. (2)
b) Identify the general methods for protecting people against exposure to non-
ionizing radiation. (4)
In answering part (a) typical sources:

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 Infrared radiation – fire or furnaces.

 UV light – welding operation.
Health effects caused are:

 Burns to the skin and eye damage (common to both types of radiation).
 Effects of the sun (sunburn and skin cancers).
For part (b), these include:

 Shielding.
 Increasing the distance between source and person.
 Reducing the duration of exposure.
 Appropriate personal protective equipment (such as clothing and eye protection)
 The use of barrier creams.
3. An office building is about to be occupied by new owners.

a) Outline the factors that should be considered by the new owners when assessing
the suitability of lighting within the building. (8)
b) Describe FOUR effects on health and safety that might result from inadequate
lighting. (4)
c) Outline the welfare facilities that should be provided in the building. (8)
Part (i) of this question requires an outline of the factors to be considered when assessing
the suitability of lighting within an office building. With eight marks available, this should have
given a clear indication to candidates that reasonable outlines of a range of relevant factors
are needed. Examiners expect candidates to outline factors such as:
 The type of work to be undertaken.
 The type of equipment to be used.
 The possibility of glare at work stations and on VDU screens.
 The availability of natural light during both summer and winter.
 The type of artificial light provided.
 The requirement for local lighting for specific tasks.
 The availability of emergency lighting.
 The number of lighting units provided in relation both to the floor area and to the amount
of light emitted from each one.
Also important is the possibility of shadows being cast and contrasts in lighting levels
between one area and another.

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In part (ii) there are marks to be gained for descriptions of the possible effects on health from
inadequate lighting, such as eyestrain, headaches and increased levels of stress.
Additionally, candidates are expected to refer to other relevant health and safety effects,
such as trips and falls, and the possibility of errors in performing tasks that might then put
others at risk.
A comprehensive answer to part (iii) of the question includes reference to:
 The provision of sanitary conveniences (adequate in number, separate male and female
etc).
 Suitable and sufficient washing facilities.
 A supply of drinking water, eating and rest areas.
 Accommodation for clothing.
 First aid facilities.
 Protection for non smokers against passing smoking.
 Rest facilities for expectant and nursing mothers.
4. Question
a. Explain the following terms in relation to noise exposure at work.
i. ‘noise-induced hearing loss’ (2)
ii. ‘tinnitus’ (2)
b. Identify FOUR limitations of personal hearing protection as a means of protecting
against the effects of noise. (4)
For part (a), a general understanding of the effects of noise on hearing is required. Noise-
induced hearing loss is normally caused by prolonged exposure to high noise levels causing
damage to the hair cells of the inner ear and leading to a permanent threshold shift at
particular frequencies, which worsens with continued exposure both in terms of the extent of
the threshold shift and of the frequencies affected.
Tinnitus, on the other hand is typified by the ringing or similar sound in the ears caused by
over stimulation of the hair cells. It can be acute of chronic, permanent or intermittent.
The main limitations of hearing protection, for part (b) are:

 Poor fit.
 Resistance to use.
 Comfort factors.
 Incompatibility with other protective equipment.
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 Costly in terms of replacement and maintenance.

 Interference with communications.
 Hygiene problems.
 The need to constant supervision ad attention (unlike some engineering solutions to noise
problems).

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REVIEW
Element 8: Physical and psychological health hazards & Risk control
FREQUENCY: the number of wave fronts assigns a point in one second measured in Hertz
INTENSITY: the loudness of the noise
DECIBEL: the sound pressure level
“A” WEIGHTING: a filter in the noise meter that equates the noise to how the human ear
perceives the noise
HEARING DAMAGE
Acute Chronic
Stress Noise induced hearing loss
Temporary threshold shift Permanent threshold shift
Temporary tinnitus Permanent tinnitus
Blast deafness Prebyacusis
NOISE CONTROL
SOURCE
 Tighten loose guards and panels

 Maintenance with regular lubrication for both oil and grease
 Eliminate unnecessary compressed air and steam leaks
 Machinery properly adjusted
 Use damped or rubber lined containers for catching components
 Switch off plant not in use, especially fans
 Use rubber or plastic bushes in linkages, use plastic gears.
PATH
 Moving the source away from the noise sensitive area.

 Enclosure
 Silencers

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 Absorption
 Damping
 Use of rubber/cork, springs etc in noise path
 Isolation
 Sound proofed rooms
 Lagging
 Screens
PERSON/RECIEVER
 Issue hearing protection

 Limit the time of exposure
PRACTICAL MEASURES TO REDUCE EXPOSURE TO EXCESSIVE NOISE

 Lubrication and maintenance
 Change the process
 Reduce energy
 Isolation
 Silencing
 Enclosure
 Insulation
 Absorption
 Damping
 PPE
 Reduce time of exposure
RADIATION
NON-IONISING
TYPE USE IN INDUSTRY
Infrared Heating and brazing
Lasers Cutting, bar code readers
Microwaves Food preparation, signal transmission
Ultra-violet Welding

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HEALTH EFFECTS
 Burns
 Reddening of the skin
 Cataracts
 Arc eye
 Temporary sterility
IONISING RADIATION
TYPE USE IN INDUSTRY
Alpha Smoke detectors
Beta Thickness testing
Gamma Non-destructive testing
X-Ray Medical
Neutron By-product nuclear fission
ACUTE EFFECTS ON HIGH DOSE CHRONIC EFFECTS

Reddening of the skin Cancers
Radiation sickness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Sterility
Hair loss Hereditary defects
Death Effects on unborn children
Death
CONTROL MEASURES
 Time
 Distance
 Shielding
OTHER CONTROL MEASURES

 PPE
 Environmental and personal monitoring
 Correct disposal of radiation materials
 Good hygiene practices
 Training and supervision

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HEALTH EFFECTS OF POOR LIGHTING

 Eye strain/headaches
 Poor posture
 Tripping over unseen objects
 Increased likelihood of human error
 Increased time to vacate work area
FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN ASSESSING ADEQUACY OF LIGHTING

 The tasks being undertaken
 The size and layout of the work area
 The equipment used
 Availability of natural light
 Shift times/work patterns
 Suitable number of artificial lights
 Contrast levels
 Glare
 Areas in shadow
 Need for localised lighting
 Maintenance of lighting
 Adequate emergency lighting
WORK IN A HOT ENVIRONMENT
Health effects
 Skin burns
 Cataracts
 Dehydration
 Heat cramps
 Headaches
 Fainting

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Precautions
 Medical pre-selection
 Acclimatisation
 Cold drinks
 PPE
WORK IN COLD ENVIRONMENT

Health effects
 Hypothermia
 Loss of concentration
 Shivering
 Frost bite
Precautions
 Medical pre-selection
 Acclimatisation
 Hot drinks
 Insulated clothing
HEALTH EFFECTS OF BEING SEATED FOR LONG TIME

 Vertebral and muscular damage
 High blood pressure
 Circulation problems
SUITABLE SEAT FOR SEDENTARY WORKERS

 Good lumbar support
 Good width and depth
 Ability to adjust seat back and height
 Stable base
 Ability to swivel
 Provision of arm
 rests

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WELFARE
 Sufficient toilets
 Washing facilities
 Eating and changing facilities
 Clothing storage
 Seating
 Rest areas
 Arrangements for non-smokers
WORKING ENVIRONMENT FACTORS THAT CAN CAUSE STRESS

 Inadequate lighting
 Cramped/dirty working conditions
 Untidy working conditions
 Poor layout leading to lack of privacy or security
 Problems of glare
 Extremes of temperature/humidity
 Inadequate ventilation/stale air
 Noise
 Vibration
 Inadequate welfare facilities
 Inclement weather conditions
ERGONOMICS
The study of the relationship between
1. workers and their environment,
2. work equipment and work task.
SYMPTOMS OF WRULDs
 Numbness in fingers
 Pains in hands or arms
 Restriction of joint movement
 Soft tissue swelling

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Activities causing of WRULDs

 Repetitive finger, hand or arm movements
 Twisting movements
 Squeezing
 Hammering
 Pushing, pulling or reaching movements
Control Measures (Precautions) for WRULDs

 Identify job involving frequent hand and arm movements
 Reduce the force required and the frequency and duration
 Design or redesign the task.
 Design or redesign the equipment.
 Design or redesign the work station.
 Automate or mechanise the process.
 Job rotation.
 Regular breaks.
 Training employers in correct use of tools.
 Training workers in safe postures
 Medical surveillance.
 Assessment of individuals for task.
DISPLAY SCREEN EQUIPMENT (DSEs)

Health effects
 Upper limb pains and discomfort
 Eye and eyesight effects
 Epilepsy
 Radiation effects on pregnant women
 Fatigue and stress
WORKSTATION REQUIREMENTS
 Good lighting
 Adequate contrast, no glare or distracting reflections
 Distracting noise minimised
 Leg room and clearances to allow postural changes

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 Window covering if necessary to minimise glare

 Suitable software appropriate to the task
 Screen: stable image, adjustable, readable and glare free
 Keyboard: usable, adjustable, detachable and legible
 Work surface: space for flexible arrangement of equipment/documents
 Chair: stable and adjustable
 Footrest if user need one
 Suitable environment e.g. temperature
HAND-ARM VIBRATION
Health Effects
 Tingling in the hands and extremities
 Numbness and blanching of the fingers
 Swollen painful joints
 Reduction in manual dexterity
 Reduction in the sensation of touch
Control Measures
 Elimination
 Reduce the degree of vibration
 Select low vibration equipment
 Select ergonomically designed equipment
 Maintenance of equipment
 Reduce grip and push force with work equipment
 Reduce the time workers exposed
 Introduce health surveillance
 Gloves and heated pads
 Information and training on the nature of risks

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STRESS
PHYSICAL EFFECTS PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Headaches Increased anxiety
Dizziness Reduced concentration
Aching neck and shoulders Irritability
Skin rashes Sudden mood changes
Prone to infections Inability to cope
Panic attacks Reduced work output
Raised heart rate Increased use of alcohol, etc
Increased blood pressure Poor sleep patterns
Heart disease
Stomach ulcers
Causes of Stress
 Culture
 Demands
 Control
 Relationships
 Change
 Role
 Individual
 Environment

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Control measures for stress

 Selecting suitable employees
 Training
 Clearly defined roles
 Clearly defined work objectives
 Comfortable working environment
 Good lines of communication
 Realistic work schedules
 Employee involvement
 Grievance procedure
 Impartial investigation of stress
 Management support
VIOLENCE AT WORK
Occupations at risk
 Taxi drivers
 Hospitals
 Schools
 Cash transactions
 Delivery/collection of money
Control measures for reducing violence

 Suitable design of public areas,
 Wide counters, coded locks on doors, CCTV systems, panic buttons & alarm systems,
security screens, security guards
 The means of providing information (e.g. on waiting times)
 Avoidance of carrying large amounts of cash
 Consideration of lone-working safety procedures
 Staff training in dealing with potentially violent situations

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ELEMENT 8 Model Questions

Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk
Control
1. Outline the factors of the physical environment that may cause a person
to feel stressed at work. (8)
 Cramped conditions
 Dirty or untidy working conditions
 Workplace layout resulting in a lack of privacy or security,
 Poor lighting
 Problems with glare
 Extremes of temperature and or humidity
 Inadequate ventilation resulting in stale air (or conversely, draughty conditions)
 Exposure to noise & vibration
 Inadequate welfare facilities
 Those working outside, inclement weather conditions.
2. Outline the factors that may lead to unacceptable levels of occupational stress
amongst worker. (8)
 Shift work
 Unsociable hours
 Excessive overtime
 Job insecurity
 Fear of redundancy
 Repetitive monotonous work
 Lack of adequate breaks
 Lack of control over the job
 Work load too high or too low
 Harassment, bullying, fear of violence, poor communication
 Personal and social factors e.g. financial, illness, family

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3. In relation to the ill-health effects from the use of vibrating hand-held tools:
(a) Identify the typical symptoms that might be shown by affected individuals (4)
(b) Outline the control measures that may be used to minimise the
risk of such effects (4)
3. a)
 Acute: Tingling in the hands and extremities
 Chronic: Numbness and blanching of the fingers
 Swollen painful joints
 Reduction in manual dexterity
 Reduction in the sensation of touch
3. b)
 Alter the work processes
 Select low vibration equipment
 Suitable maintenance of equipment
 Reduce the grip and push forces
 Reduce the time of exposure
 Health surveillance / health promotion
 Warm weatherproof clothing
 Gloves, heating pads
 Information and training
4. A group of production workers are required to check the operation of padlocks

manually as the last stage of a manufacturing process. A number of work related
upper limb disorders (WRULDS) have been reported amongst the employees.
(a) Identify the typical symptoms that the affected employees would have shown (4)
(b) Outline the specific causational factors that may have contributed to the condition
(4)
(c) Outline the measures that that can be taken to reduce the risk of WRULDS (12)
4. a) Symptoms
 Numbness in fingers
 Pains in hands or arms
 Restriction of joint movement
 Soft tissue swelling

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4. b) Causes of WRULDs
 Repetitive finger, hand or arm movements
 Twisting movements
 Squeezing
 Hammering
 Pushing, pulling or reaching movements
4. c) Reduce force exerted

 Reduce frequency of operation
 Reduce duration of operation
 Provide rest or recovery
 Improve posture
 Ensure adequate space
 Improve environment
 Mechanise task
 Use correct tools and equipment
 Suitable training
5. Outline FOUR types of engineering control that may be used to reduce
noise in the workplace giving an example of each (8)

Source: Eliminating or reducing noise at the design stage e.g. nylon bearings instead of
metal
 Silencing: An attachment is fitted to the exhaust of a machine the baffles reduce the
noise
 Damping: Reduction in structure born noise by use of rubber/cork, springs etc in noise
path
e.g. panels, motors etc or by reducing vibration.
 Isolation: Protection of persons from noise source by distance or sound proofed rooms.
 Lagging: On pipes carrying steam or hot fluids Insulation of pipes to reduce sound
transmission.
 Absorption: Absorbing sound in the work area by means of acoustic absorbent panels on
walls or ceilings
 Enclosure: Placing a sound-proof cover over the noise source

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6. (a) Identify the possible effects on health that may be caused by working
in a hot environment such as a foundry. (4)
(b) Outline the measures that may be taken to help prevent the health effects
identified in. (4)
6. a)
 Skin burns from radiant heat,
 Dehydration & heat cramps,
 Heat cataracts,
 Heat stress
6. b)
 Shielding
 Minimising the exposure time of employees,
 Ensuring fluid intake,
 Increasing ventilation,
 The provision of suitable clothing.
 Health surveillance
 Allow workers to acclimatise gradually to the environment

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Exam Question ELEMENT 8

Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control
01 A noise survey has been conducted in a factory which has resulted in 8
the need for provision of hearing protection
Outline the advantages AND disadvantages of: June
2010
a) Earmuffs (4) June’10
b) Earplugs (4) June’10
02 a) Identify TWO types of non-ionizing radiation AND give an 8
occupational source for EACH (4) June’10
June
b) Outline the health effects associated with exposure to non- ionizing
radiation. (4) June’10 2010
03 Identify the health effects that may be caused by ionizing radiation. (8) 8 Sep
Sep’10 2010
04 In relation to the ill-health effects from the use of vibrating hand-held tools: 8
a) Identify the typical symptoms that might be shown by affected
individuals. (4) Dec’10 Dec
b) Outline the control measures that may be used to minimize risk of 2010
such effects.
05 Identify precautions that would need to be considered before welding 8 Dec

work can commence. (8) Dec’10 2010
06 An employer has been advised to implement control measures to 8
protect the hearing of workers exposed to excessively high noise levels June
Outline control measures to reduce the noise exposure to the workers 2011
(8) June’11
07 a) In relation to noise give the meaning of the term 'dB(A)'. (2) June’12 8 June
b) Outline control measures that could be used to help reduce noise
levels or exposure to noise in a workplace. (6) June’12 2012
08 Outline factors to be considered in the selection and use of personal 8 June
head protection at work (8) June’12 2012

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ELEMENT 8
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control

01 A noise survey has been conducted in a factory which has resulted in the 8
need for provision of hearing protection
Outline the advantages AND disadvantages of: June
2010
c) Earmuffs (4) June’10
d) Earplugs (4) June’10
The advantages of ear muffs are that

 They provide a good reduction of all sound frequencies
 They can be integrated with other personal protective equipment
such as a hard hat
 They are visible and thus provide a good monitor of their usage
 They are reusable and have a low risk of infection.
The disadvantages of ear muffs are possibility that they could be

incompatible with other forms of personal protective equipment and that
their reliability might be affected by the presence such as
 Long hair
 Glasses
 Ear rings
 They might become uncomfortable when worn for long periods
 During hot weather
 They need to be regularly maintained
 Provided with dedicated storage facilities.
As for ear plugs, they are

 easy to use,
 comfortable,
 available in a range of designs and types
 disposable and thus do not need to be stored after use.
Their disadvantages are

 they do need to be correctly sized to fit the individual,
 their effectiveness decreases with usage,
 they interfere with communication and
 may cause hygiene problems if they are not kept clean or the
user has an existing ear infection
02 c) Identify TWO types of non-ionizing radiation AND give an occupational 8

source for EACH (4) June’10
June
d) Outline the health effects associated with exposure to non- ionizing
2010
radiation. (4) June’10

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For part (a) of the question, two examples of non-ionizing radiation could
have been chosen from a list that includes
 Ultraviolet light (welding or excessive exposure to the sun)
 Visible light (artificial lighting or display screens)
 Infra-red (lasers)
 Microwave (cookers, radar or mobile phones)
 Radio wave (communications transmitter)
 Electromagnetic radiation (high voltage sources).
The health effects associated with exposure to non-ionizing radiation will

depend on the particular type of radiation but include
 Photokeratitis or arc eye from welding
 Retinal burns, corneal damage and cataracts from exposure to infra-
red radiation
 Burns to the skin from exposure to ultra violet or infra-red radiation
 The heating of, and damage to, skin and internal organs by radio
frequencies, particularly microwaves
 premature skin ageing and the possibility of skin cancer.
03 Identify the health effects that may be caused by ionizing radiation. (8) 8 Sep
Sep’10 2010
The health effects that may be caused by ionizing radiation are

 Blistering and ulceration of the skin
 Dermatitis
 Cataracts
 Loss of hair
 Infertility
 Radiation sickness typically nausea, vomiting and diarrhea
 Cell damage including genetic mutation
 Anemia
 Cancer affecting the skin, body organs, and white blood cells
(leukemia).
04 In relation to the ill-health effects from the use of vibrating hand-held tools: 8
c) Identify the typical symptoms that might be shown by affected
individuals. (4) Dec’10 Dec
d) Outline the control measures that may be used to minimize risk of 2010
such effects.
To identify effects such as
 Numbness and blanching of the fingers (white finger)

 Swollen and painful joints
 A reduction in strength, grip and dexterity (skill) and in sensory
perception.
Outlined a hierarchy of control measures such as

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 Elimination by mechanization or automation

 Substituting the tools with lower vibration equipment
 Reducing the time of exposure of the operatives by providing
frequent breaks and/or job rotation
 Modifying the equipment to improve the grip on the tools
 Introducing a planned maintenance programmed for the tools
together with pre-use inspection
 Providing appropriate personal protective equipment such as
gloves to keep the hands warm
 introducing a programmed of health surveillance and
 providing the workers with Information, Instruction and training
on the hazards associated with the use of the tools and
 the control measures that should be taken including Supervision
(IT IS)
05 Identify precautions that would need to be considered before welding work 8 Dec
can commence. (8) Dec’10 2010
Before carrying out welding work
1. The first precaution that would have to be considered would be the
need to issue a permit to work for the operation.
2. This would then point to the further precautions to be taken such as
 Removing or covering up all combustible materials in the area of
operation
 Screening the working area and allowing entrance only to
persons involved in the work
 Providing firefighting equipment and appointing a fire watcher
 Restricting ventilation in the working area by shutting windows and
closing air ducts
 Setting in place procedures for evacuation in the event of an
emergency
 Providing personal protective equipment such as a visor, apron
and means of respiratory protection
 Ensuring that workers concerned in the welding operation are made
aware of the hazards involved and the precautions to be taken
including for example the importance of completing pre-use
inspections of the equipment to be used.
06 An employer has been advised to implement control measures to protect 8
the hearing of workers exposed to excessively high noise levels June
Outline control measures to reduce the noise exposure to the workers (8) 2011
June’11
Measures that should have been outlined include the initial completion of a
noise survey to determine the correct control measures. These would
include the introduction of engineering controls such as
 The use of acoustic absorbent materials to aid sound proofing
 Increasing the noise travel distance by the use of baffles
 Fitting silencers for example on exhaust pipes and pneumatic
equipment
 Fitting anti-vibration mounts and replacing metal gears or bushes
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with those made of plastic

 The provision of sound proof enclosures for particularly noisy
equipment
 Introducing a program of regular maintenance and lubrication of
the equipment
 Switching machinery off when not in use.
Other control measures that could be introduced include

 Limiting exposure by the use of job rotation or reducing the time
of exposure of the workers
 Providing and wearing personal protective equipment such as
ear defenders and introducing a regular program of audiometry
screening and checks.
07 c) In relation to noise give the meaning of the term 'dB(A)'. (2) June’12 8
June
d) Outline control measures that could be used to help reduce noise
2012
levels or exposure to noise in a workplace. (6) June’12
Meaning of the term 'dB(A)' would have been that it is a decibel unit, is
based on a logarithmic scale and measures the intensity of sound by
mimicking the response of the human ear to different frequency levels.
Control measures that could be used include

 The provision of sound proof enclosures for particularly
noisy equipment
 Placing acoustic screens around machinery and fitting
silencers, for example, on exhaust pipes and pneumatic
equipment
 Replacing metal gears or bushes with those made of plastic
 placing machines on mats made of isolating material.
 The use of personal protective equipment such as ear
defenders would be a further control measure
 the reduction of the exposure time of workers by job rotation.
08 Outline factors to be considered in the selection and use of personal head 8 June
protection at work (8) June’12 2012
In the selection of personal head protection for a work activity, factors to
be considered include
 Its suitability for the task
 Its quality, for instance whether it carries a CE marking
 Its compatibility with other personal protective equipment such
as ear defenders for example.
Other factors to be taken into account during the selection process would
be its fit and adjustability and those connected with its comfort. As for
the use of the protection, consideration would have to be given to
procedures for its regular inspection for signs of deterioration, its
storage when not in use and its replacement at the intervals
recommended by the manufacturer.

IGC 2 Workbook

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Health & Safety Training & Consultancy

PREPARATION FOR THE EXAMINATION

READ THE QUESTION

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Health & Safety Training & Consultancy

Environment, Health and Safety Policy (EHS)

 Incorporating appropriate EHS criteria into business decisions.

 Providing training to all employees to maintain EHS systems.

 Undertaking reviews to ensure continual improvement in EHS performance.

Working safely and in an environmentally appropriate manner are conditions of employment.

Date: 27th.Jan.‟09 __________ _-----Sd----_________

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Health & Safety Training & Consultancy

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Health & Safety Training & Consultancy

Tool box meeting:

Induction & Training:

Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE) Usage:

Corrective and preventive Measures:

Incident reporting, investigation and disseminating the findings:

Management Review meeting:

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Health & Safety Training & Consultancy

QUICK REFERENCE ACRONYM GUIDE

ENTICE Mechanical Machinery Hazards MEEP or PEME

FIAT -Hierarchy of Machinery Guarding LITE or TILE

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Health & Safety Training & Consultancy

BSAFE Electrical Hazards SATIS 5 + BHP Proactive Safety Measure

Burns Survey (safety Survey)

Reactive Safety Measure

Non Mechanical hazard (If any accident, people will be………..)

Radiation Obstruction & Projection Electrical hazard Access & Egress

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Health & Safety Training & Consultancy

Causes of Accidents Noise & Vibration,

Injuries to Pedestrians – Collisions

Load Risk Assessment – Heaviness

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Health & Safety Training & Consultancy

Reasons to review Safety Policy – Premises, Change

Safety Culture Indicators Compliance

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Health & Safety Training & Consultancy

EXAMPLES OF HOW TO ANSWER ACTION VERBS

1. Helps to identify underlying causes of accidents

2. Enables management to implement preventative actions before serious accidents occur

4. Data collected will provide management with a greater understanding of deficiencies in

Describe the purpose and benefits of collecting near miss data

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Health & Safety Training & Consultancy

Give the purpose and benefits of collecting near-miss data

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Health & Safety Training & Consultancy

Identify the purpose and benefits of collecting near-miss data.

Outline the purpose and benefits of collecting near-miss data

Collecting near-miss data allows an organization to identify the underlying causes of

Nebosh International General Certificate Workbook Page 11

Health & Safety Training & Consultancy

SAMPLE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS WITH SOME

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Health & Safety Training & Consultancy