Anatomy & Physiology I

Unit I Study Guide

Chapter 1-4

1. Anatomy studies the form and structure of the body while Physiology examines how
the body functions.

2. What are the traits shared by all living organisms?

3. What is the smallest unit of matter?

4. Which of the following organ systems secretes hormones?

5. Describe the anatomic position.

6. Which plane divide the body into front and back halves?

7. Which directional term is used when describing structures located toward the belly?

8. The foot is _________ to the hip.

9. The elbow is _________ to the hand.

10. The type of serous membrane located on the inner surface of the body wall is known
as what layer?

11. The lungs are located in which cavity.

12. The median space in the thoracic cavity that contains the heart, thymus, esophagus,
trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart is known as what?

13. The body uses ___________ feedback less frequently in order to maintain
homeostasis.
14. What is the level of organization that consists of groups of similar looking cells with
its surrounding material working together to perform a function?

15. Which organ system removes waste products from the blood, regulates pH and water
balance?

16. What process involves unspecialized cells changing into cells with a specialized
function?

17. The body’s ability to maintain itself in a steady state is known as what?

18. What component of a feedback loop senses changes in the body?

19. What directional term describes the position of the antebrachium compared to the
brachium?

20. When cutting the small intestine, what kind of section would produce an oval shaped
piece?

21. What anatomical term refers to the point of the elbow?

22. What structure separates the ventral body cavity into the thoracic and abdominopelvic
cavities?

23. What serous membrane covers the surface of the heart?

24. For a substance to be considered oraganic, which element needs to be present?

25. Describe an isotope and give an example from your book in which isotopes are used
medically.

26. At the atomic level, which bond is the strongest?

27. Define the term Hydrophilic.

28. What subatomic particles account for most of the mass of an atom:

29. Describe the difference between a cation and anion.

30. The minimal energy needed to start a chemical reaction is known as this?

31. Substances that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed by
that reaction are this?

32. What is the function of a buffer?

33. In humans, what polysaccharide is used for energy storage?

34. An Acid frees what substance from a solution and has what pH range?

35. A Base frees what substance from a solution and has what pH range?

36. Match the definition with the type of mixture.

___ 1. mixture that does not remain mixed unless in motion and scatters light
___ 2. mixture that remains mixed when not in motion and scatters light
___ 3. mixture that remains mixed when not in motion and does not scatter
light

a. Suspension
b. Colloid
c. Solution

37. Which type of macronutrient forms the major components of the cell membrane?

38. Which macronutrient provides the best form of short term energy for the body

39. Which nucleic acid is double stranded?

40. True or False: Potential energy must be converted to kinetic energy before it can do
work.

41. Which term refers to the collective term for all chemical reactions in the body?

42. In an Exergonic reaction, how is energy involved?

43. What is the body's "energy currency" and is used for nearly all general active
functions of the cell?

44. How does the presence of an enzyme influence chemical reactions?

45. Which suffix (word ending) is normally associated with enzymes? (ex: lact-____)

46. Which step(s) of cellular respiration is(are) anaerobic?

47. Which of the steps of Cellular Respiration nets the most ATP through oxidative
phosphorylation and is the reason we need to breathe in oxygen to survive?

48. Which of the step(s) of Cellular Respiration do(es) not take place in the
mitochondrion?

49. In the fluid mosaic model, what molecules make up the bilayer found in the cell
membrane?

50. What channel proteins are always open and are responsible for the permeability of the
plasma membrane to ions?

51. What substances may diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane?

52. Which organelle produces large amounts of ATP:

53. Cells that synthesize large amounts of lipids would have large amounts of which
organelle?
54. Match the following scenario with the resulting osmotic movement.

___ 1. Cell is placed in a hypotonic solution.

___ 2. Cell is placed in a hypertonic solution.
___ 3. Cell is placed in an isotonic solution.

a. Solute moves into the cell

b. No water or solute movement occurs
c. Water moves out of the cell
d. Solute moves out of the cell
e. Water moves into the cell

55. What type of transport does not require energy? Give an example.

56. Which of the following organelle(s) contain DNA?

57. Describe Transcription.

58. Describe Translation.

59. In which phase of mitosis do cells spend the majority of their life cycle?

60. Programmed cell death is known as what?