Notes of CH 7 Control and Coordination - Class 10th Science Study Rankers

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Coordination| Class 10th Science
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Coordination| Class 10th
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Study Material and Notes of Ch 7 Control and

Coordination Class 10th Science
Topics in the Chapter
• Introduction
• System for control and coordination in animals
• Nervous System
→ Receptors
• Neuron
→ Functioning of Neuron
→ Parts of Neuron
→ Synapse
• Reflex Action
→ Types of Responses
→ Need for Reflex Action
• Human Nervous System
• Human Brain
→ For-Brain
→ Mid-Brain
→ Hind-Brain
→ Protection of Brain and Spinal Cord
→ Coordination between Nervous and Muscular Tissue
→ Limitation of Electric communication/Nervous System
→ Chemical combination
• Coordination in Plants
→ Independent of growth
→ Dependent of growth
• Plant Hormones
• Hormones in Animals
http://www.studyrankers.com/2017/07/notes-of-ch-7-control-and-coordination-class-10th.html 1/9
→ Endocrine gland and their functions
• Importance of iodine
• Diabetes
→ Cause of Diabetes
→ Treatment of Diabetes
→ Feedback Mechanism
Introduction
→ All the living organisms respond and react to changes in

the environment around them.
→ The changes in the environment to which the organisms

respond and react are called stimuli such as light, heat,
cold, sound, smell, touch etc.
→ Both plants and animals respond to stimuli but in a
different manner.
Systems for Control and Coordination in Animals
→ Control and Coordination in animals is done with the help

of two main systems:
(i) Nervous system
(ii) Endocrine system
Nervous System
→ Control and coordination are provided by nervous and

muscular tissues.
→ Nervous tissue is made up of an organized network of

nerve cells or neurons which is specialized for conducting
information via electrical impulses from one part of the body
to another.
Receptors
→ These are specialized tips of some nerve cells that detect

the information from the environment. `These are located in
our sense organs.
(i) Ear: It acts as phonoreceptors (receiving sound). It helps

in hearing and maintaining the balance of body.
(ii) Eyes: It acts as photoreceptors (receiving light). It helps

in seeing
(iii) Skin: It acts as thermoreceptors (feels temperature). It

helps in feeling heat or cold and touch.
(iv) Nose: It acts as olfactory receptors (sense of smell). It

helps in the detection of the smell.
(v) Tongue: It acts as Gustatory receptors (sense of test). It

helps in the detection of taste.
Neuron
It is the structural and functional unit of nervous system.
Functioning of Neuron
→ The information from receptors is acquired at the end of

the dendritic tip of a nerve cell as chemical reaction that
creates an electrical impulse.
→ This impulse travels from the dendrite to the cell body and
then at the end of the axon.
→ Chemicals are released at the end of the axon by the

effect of electrical impulse.
→ These chemicals cross the gap (synapse) and start a

similar electrical impulse in a dendrite of the next neuron.
→ The similar synapse finally allows delivery of such

impulses from neurons to other cells, such as muscles cells
or gland.
Parts of Neuron
(i) Dendrite: It acquires information.
(ii) Cell body: The information acquired by it travels as an

electrical impulse.
(iii) Axon: It is the longest fibre on the cell body is called

axon. It transmits electrical impulse from cell body to
dendrite of next neuron.
Synapse: It is the gap between the nerve ending of one

neuron and dendrite of the other neuron. Here, electrical
signal is converted into chemical signal for onward
transmission.
Reflex Action
→ Reflex action is quick, sudden and immediate response of

the body to a stimulus.
Example: Knee jerk, withdrawal of hand on touching hot
object.
→ Stimulus: It is observable or detectable change in the

external or internal environment to which an organism
reacts.
→ Reflex arc: The pathway through which nerve impulses

pass during reflex action is called reflex arc.
→ Response: It is the final reaction after the reflex action.
Three types of responses:
(i) Voluntary: Controlled by fore brain. Example: talking,

writing.
(ii) Involuntary: Controlled by mid and hind brain. Example:

heart beat, vomiting, respiration.
(iii) Reflex action: Controlled by spinal cord. Example:

withdrawal of hand on touching a hot object.
Need for Reflex Actions
→ In some situations such as touching a hot object, pinching

etc. we need to act quickly, otherwise our body would be
harmed. Here response is generated from spinal cord
instead of brain. In this way, time for taking action is reduced
which save us from injury.
Human Nervous System
→ Human nervous system consists of two parts, Central

nervous system (CNS) and Peripheral nervous system
(PNS).
→ Central nervous system consists of Brain and Spinal

Cord.
→ Peripheral nervous system consists of Cranial Nerves

which arise from the brain and Spinal Nerves which arise
from the Spinal cord.
Human Brain
→ Brain is the main coordinating centre of the body. It has

three major parts:
(i) Fore-brain
(ii) Mid-brain
(iii) Hind-brain
Fore-brain
→ It is the most complex or specialised part of the brain. It

consists of cerebrum.
→ Functions of Fore-brain:
(i) Thinking part of the brain.

(ii) Control the voluntary actions.
(iii)Store information (Memory).
(iv) Receives sensory impulses from various parts of the
body and integrate it.
(v) Centre associated with hunger.
Mid-brain
→ Controls involuntary actions such as change in pupil size

and reflex movements of head, neck and trunk.
Hind-brain
It has three parts:
(i) Cerebellum : Controls posture and balance. Precision of

voluntary actions. Example: picking pen.
(ii) Medulla : Controls involuntary actions. Example: blood

pressure, salivation, vomiting.
(iii) Pons : Involuntary actions, regulation of respiration.
Protection of Brain and Spinal Cord
→ Protection of Brain: Brain is protected by a fluid filled

balloon which acts as shock absorber and is enclosed in
cranium (skull or brain box).
→ Protection of Spinal Cord: Spinal cord is enclosed in

vertebral column.
Coordination between Nervous and Muscular Tissue
→ For taking place the voluntary actions, the brain has to

send messages to muscles.
→ The communication between the central nervous system

and the other parts of the body is facilitated by the peripheral
nervous system consisting of cranial nerves arising from the
brain and spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord.
→ The brain thus allows us to think and take actions based

on that thinking. This is accomplished through a complex
design, with different parts of the brain responsible for
integrating different inputs and outputs.
Limitations of Electric communication/Nervous system
(i) Electric impulse will reach only to those cells that are
connected by nervous tissue.
(ii) After generation and transmission of an electrical

impulse, the cell takes some time to reset its mechanism
before transmitting another impulse. So cells cannot
continually create and transmit impulse.
(iii) Plants do not have any nervous system.
Chemical communication
→ It helps in overcoming the limitations of electric

communication.
Coordination in Plants
→ There are three types of movements in plants.
(i) Independent of growth

(ii) Dependent on growth
Independent of growth
→ Independent growth has immediate response to the

stimulus.
• Plants use electrical-chemical means to convey information

from cell to cell.
• For movement to happen, cells change their shape by

changing the amount of water in them, resulting in swelling
or shrinking of cells.
Example: Drooping of leaves of ‘Touch-me-not’ plant on

touching it.
Dependent on growth
→ These movements are tropic movements i.e., directional

movements in response to stimulus.
• Tendrils: The part of tendril away from the object grows

more rapidly as compared to the part near the object. This
causes circulating of tendril around the object.
• Phototropism: Movement towards light.
• Geotropism: Movement towards/away from gravity.
• Chemotropism: Growth of pollen tube towards ovule.
• Hydrotropism : Movement towards water.
Plant Hormones
→ These are chemical compounds which help to coordinate

growth, development and responses to the environment.
→ Main plant hormones are:
• Auxin: This hormones synthesized at shoot tip. It helps the

cells to grow longer and involved in phototropism (response
towards light).
• Gibberellin : It helps in the growth of the stem.
• Cytokinins: It promotes cell division. This is present in

greater concentration in fruits and seeds
• Abscisic Acid: It inhibits growth. It also cause wilting of

leaves and also known as stress hormone.
Hormones in Animals
→ Hormones are the chemical substances which coordinate

the activities of living organisms and also their growth.
• Endocrine glands : These glands secrete their product

(hormone) into the blood and the main organ for releasing
the hormones.
• The list of endocrine gland with the hormones names and

their functions are given below:
(i) Thyroxine: This hormone is secreted by Thyroid. The

Thyroid is located in Neck/Throat region. It regulates the
metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
(ii) Growth hormones: This is secreted by Pituitary (master

gland). This gland is located in Mid-brain. It regulates growth
and development.
(iii) Adrenaline: This hormone is secreted by Adrenal. The

adrenal gland is located above both kidneys. It regulates
blood pressure (increasing), heart beat, carbohydrate
metabolism (during emergency).
(iv) Insulin: This hormone is secreted by Pancreas. The

pancreas is located below stomach. It reduces and regulates
blood sugar level.
(v) Sex hormones:

(a) Testosteron in males: This hormone is secreted by testis.
The testis is located in genital area. Its changes associated
with puberty (Sexual maturity).
(b) Estrogen in females: This hormone is secreted by

Ovaries. The ovaries are located in lower abdomen area. Its
changes associated with puberty (Sexual maturity).
Importance of iodine
Iodised salt is necessary because iodine mineral is essential

part of thyroxine hormone secreted by thyroid gland.
Thyroxine regulates metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and
proteins. So, we must consume iodised salt which is
necessary for proper working of thyroid gland. It’s deficiency
causes a disease called goiter (Swollen neck).
Diabetes
Diabetes is a disease in which blood sugar level increases.
Cause of Diabetes
The disease is caused due to the deficiency of insulin
hormone secreted by pancreas that is responsible to control
blood sugar levels.
Treatment of Diabetes
Injections of insulin hormone can help in the treatment of

diabetes.
Feedback Mechanism
→ The excess or deficiency of hormones has a harmful

effect on our body. Feedback mechanism makes sure that
hormones should be secreted in precise quantity and at right
time.
Example: Feedback mechanism to control the sugar level in

blood is as follows :
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Add a comment...
Raja Kumar
something fishy in last line there is nothing given after as
follows
Like · Reply · Jan 10, 2018 9:25am
Akash Kaman
good job
Like · Reply · Nov 18, 2017 2:12am
Pranav Lopez Lopez

Awesome!!!!
Like · Reply · Nov 4, 2017 9:52pm
py p
Sulagno Ghosh
you missed ethylene in plant hormones which actually helps in
ripening of fruits and vegetables
Like · Reply · Sep 20, 2017 3:37am
Lavanya Thiyagarajan ·
Chennai, India
It's very helpful n the brain diagram explanation is awfully
awesome! !!!!!!
Like · Reply · Sep 19, 2017 5:33pm
Gaurav Phogat
There is a mistake in the CNS diagram u have return motor bu
it is mortor
Shivam Singh Rajput ·

Ghaziabad, India
Return nahi written hota h bhai....
Like · Reply · 4 · Sep 5, 2017 12:19pm
Aalap Bhat ·
Delhi Public School, Kolar Road Bhopal
Rekt
Om Gusain ·
INDIRAPURAM PUBLIC SCHOOL
Nashedi...
Gaurav Phogat
You have return(sense of test) correct at as (sense of taste)
Santosh Rahul ·
Works at Kendriya Vidyalaya
thank you for giving me an
instant recalling of this chapter
Like · Reply · 1 · Sep 3, 2017 9:24pm
Surya J ·
Studying at Student
I dont have to study the whole chapter again and again in
textbook,thank you.
Like · Reply · Aug 20, 2017 8:28am · Edited
Yuvraj Singh
Thank you so much It helped me a lot...
Like · Reply · Aug 17, 2017 7:05am
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 Home » class10science-notes » Notes of Ch 7 Control and

Notes of Ch 7 Control and

Study Material and Notes of Ch 7 Control and

Topics in the Chapter

→ All the living organisms respond and react to changes in

→ The changes in the environment to which the organisms

Systems for Control and Coordination in Animals

→ Control and Coordination in animals is done with the help

→ Control and coordination are provided by nervous and

→ Nervous tissue is made up of an organized network of

→ These are specialized tips of some nerve cells that detect

(i) Ear: It acts as phonoreceptors (receiving sound). It helps

(ii) Eyes: It acts as photoreceptors (receiving light). It helps

(iii) Skin: It acts as thermoreceptors (feels temperature). It

(iv) Nose: It acts as olfactory receptors (sense of smell). It

(v) Tongue: It acts as Gustatory receptors (sense of test). It

It is the structural and functional unit of nervous system.

→ The information from receptors is acquired at the end of

→ Chemicals are released at the end of the axon by the

→ These chemicals cross the gap (synapse) and start a

→ The similar synapse finally allows delivery of such

(i) Dendrite: It acquires information.

(ii) Cell body: The information acquired by it travels as an

(iii) Axon: It is the longest fibre on the cell body is called

Synapse: It is the gap between the nerve ending of one

→ Reflex action is quick, sudden and immediate response of

→ Stimulus: It is observable or detectable change in the

→ Reflex arc: The pathway through which nerve impulses

→ Response: It is the final reaction after the reflex action.

Three types of responses:

(i) Voluntary: Controlled by fore brain. Example: talking,

(ii) Involuntary: Controlled by mid and hind brain. Example:

(iii) Reflex action: Controlled by spinal cord. Example:

Need for Reflex Actions

→ In some situations such as touching a hot object, pinching

Human Nervous System

→ Human nervous system consists of two parts, Central

→ Central nervous system consists of Brain and Spinal

→ Peripheral nervous system consists of Cranial Nerves

→ Brain is the main coordinating centre of the body. It has

→ It is the most complex or specialised part of the brain. It

(i) Thinking part of the brain.

→ Controls involuntary actions such as change in pupil size

It has three parts:

(i) Cerebellum : Controls posture and balance. Precision of

(ii) Medulla : Controls involuntary actions. Example: blood

(iii) Pons : Involuntary actions, regulation of respiration.

Protection of Brain and Spinal Cord

→ Protection of Brain: Brain is protected by a fluid filled

→ Protection of Spinal Cord: Spinal cord is enclosed in

Coordination between Nervous and Muscular Tissue

→ For taking place the voluntary actions, the brain has to

→ The communication between the central nervous system

→ The brain thus allows us to think and take actions based

Limitations of Electric communication/Nervous system

(ii) After generation and transmission of an electrical

(iii) Plants do not have any nervous system.

→ It helps in overcoming the limitations of electric

→ There are three types of movements in plants.

(i) Independent of growth