Developmental biology
- Where the eye will develop
Primitive groove – forms the primitive streak
- Form the outer layer form the inner of the
blastoderm
Neural plate
- Thickening in the epiderm
- To form folding the neural fold  to form the
neural tube
Neural tube
- Very important in the divisions of the brain: the
midbrain and the forebrain and the hind brain
- Migration of cells in the anterior and in the
lateral
- Development into the mesoderm
- From the axial to the lateral mesoderm
Blastoderm
- Process of neurolation
- Followed by the caudal formation
Different extraembryonic membrane
Amniotic cavity
- Where the embryo is contained
Amniotic fluid
- Where the embryo is supended
Chorion
- Outermost
- Next is the chorionic cavity
 Most of the cavity are protective in nature
 Before the foreign material/bacteria will reach
the developing embryo they have to pass the
chorion and the amnion
Allantois
- Extraembryonic membrane not only present in
human but also in reptiles, birds and other
mammals
- They arise as a pouch or a sac in the radial
- In birds and reptiles it will expand to 2 other
membranes – the amnion and the chorion
- Temporary respiratory organ
- The cavities are for fetal excretion
- Will be differentiated in the albumen where it
has blood vessels
- Covered by blood vessels
- Transparent
33-hour chick embryo
Evident parts
 Optic vesicle
40-45 hours
 Divisions of the brain are visible:
- Forebrain
- Midbrain
- Hindbrain
 Lateral portion is the heart
 Neural tube and the regressing primitive streak
 As the organs develop, the primitive streak will start
to regress.
- Become smaller and smaller in the posterior
portion.
48 hour
 Designation of the anterior and posterior
 Presence of the divisions of the brain
 Prominent is the optic vesicle
 Presence of the auditory vesicle
 Somites
72 hour
 Presence of allantochorion in the mesodermal layer
- Serves as a respiratory organ for exchange of
gases
- Also an excretory structure – in order for the
embryo to discharge its waste
96 hour
 Primitive streak
 Development of the head process
 Neurolation that will happen and the formation of
endodermal structures
 Caudal plexus where it bends and caudal flexion
Yolk sac
- Connecting in the gut of the developing embryo
- Connected by a narrow bridge
Mammalian cleavage
 Type of cleavage is holobalstic
 Isolecithal – complete cleavage
 Cleavage pattern: rotational
 Two groups of cells present:
- Inner cell mass – give rise to the embryo
- Trophoblast – outer region of the cells from the
zona pellucida
o Important in the implantation in the
uterus
 o Used to attach itself in the
endometrium of the uterus
o Involved in placenta formation
o Placenta formation is for the maternal
and the fetal
Placental
 For the exchange of materials:
o Mother for nourishment of the embryo
o Fetus for the excretory waste products
- Cavity is the blatocoel
Secondary oocyte stage
- Was expelled during ovulation
- Undergo fertilization
- During fertilization is the onset of continuation
of the last part of meiotic division
- Will now become the mature ovum
- Cleavage will happen from the zygote
- Morula to blastocyst
- As the egg/ovum traverses there is fertilization
- There is fingerlike structures in the fallopian
tube to catch the egg during ovulation
Ampulla of the fallopian tube
- Where fertilization occurs
- There is cleavage happening in the fallopian
tube
Uterus
- Inner lining is the endometrium
- Very important part is the medometrium
- Fundus – body – where implantation occurs
- Cervix
- When there is a presence of the inner cell mass
and the trophoblast is the time that it will
implant itself in the endometrium
- Blastocyst: embryonic pole
o Opposite pole is the abembyonic pole
o Attachment is via the embryonic pole in
the inner cell mass
Implantation will not be superficial, it has to embed
itself.
- It has to invade the endometrium
Zona pellucida
- Will not allow the fusion of any other cell but
only with the sperm cell
Mouse blastocyst
- With vitelline lining
- Initial implantation of the blastocyst
Inner cell mass
- Will be the one to be attach in the
endometrium
Hypoblast cells
- Will line in the embryonic membrane
Delamination
- Will form the lower hypoblast and the inner
epiblast.
Trophoblast
- Divide into
- cynotrophoblast – anchor the embryo in the
endometrium
- syncytiotrophoblast – cause the progression of
the embryo into the cleavage
- Invasive tissue – it will digest it way to the
endometrium and embed it way in the
endometrium
9-11 days
- There is complete engulfment of the blastocyst
- There is formation of amniotic ectoderm cavity
and the embryonic epiblast
- Epiblast is one of the layers of the ectoderm
that will give rise to the organs of the embryo
Syncytiotrophoblast
- Will find the trophblastic lamellae – maternal
secretion of the blood in the developing
balstocyst
o Will give nourishment due to the
absence of the umbilical cord
- When the entire blastocyst is engulf there will
be a coagulation defect – in order to seal the
area.
Primitive yolk sac
- Primitive because unlike the birds and the
reptiles, we are not dependent in the yolk
- Nourishment in human will be maternal
Delamination and migration of cells
- Form the mesoderm and the endoderm
Human gastrulation
- Structure of the embryo
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