STEEL IN SHIPBUILDING

Materials used for ship construction play very important role in the total cost of the vessel and
the performance of the vessel in operation. Most of the failures occurred in ships are attributed
to the materials. There are many materials available for ship construction. The Selection of
material will be depending on the type of the vessel and the purpose for which it is going to be
built. Following are the materials:

1. Steel
2. Aluminium
3. Composites
Steel:

There are many different grades of steel, each with its own characteristics and suitability
for a particular application. Mild steel is the most commonly used and cheapest
shipbuilding material.

Advantages of steel :

 Low Cost
 Ductile in ambient conditions
 Isotropic
 Easily formable and fabricated
 Easily obtained
 Easily alloyed
 Easily repaired
 Good fire resistance
Disadvantages of steel :
 Corrosion
 Lower fatigue limit
 Heavy
 Brittle at lower temperature
 Magnetic

Due to these advantages, steel remains the most popular material for welded ship
structures. However, one serious problem with steel is its tendency to corrode in a
marine environment. Protective coatings may be used to defer the initiation of
corrosion. Thus, the planning and execution of inspection, maintenance and repair of the
hull structure will assume a high level of importance.

Mild steel has another particular disadvantage, in that toughness is reduced and it can
become brittle at low temperatures. Therefore, caution must be exercised if mild steel is
to be used in any large structure that may be subject to relatively high rates of loading
(for example collision or minor weapon impact) in cold conditions. In extreme cases,
even high seas may be enough to trigger brittle failure. Although vessels are not planned
to operate in extremely cold conditions, brittle fracture and high thermal stresses may
still be of concern due to large temperature variations in the prescribed operational
envelope of the vessels.

Various types of high strength steels exist and these are usually advocated in surface
ships to reduce weight. However, high strength steel only provides greater strength. No
advantage is provided in terms of stiffness. Strength of the vessels, with a length of
approximately 50-60 m, will be mostly determined by the adequacy of the local structure
in terms of buckling of local plating and stiffeners, and not by the longitudinal hull girder
strength. Therefore, it is expected that no substantial weight savings will be gained by
the use of high strength steels.

There are four grades of normal strength steels used in shipbuilding. These are
designated by the alloying composition and the toughness (determined by the Charpy V-
notch impact test). These are given in Table 1.

Table 1 : Designation of mild steels used for ship structural applications.

Grades A B D E

Chemical Composition(%)

Carbon 0.21 max. 0.21 max. 0.21 max. 0.18 max.

Manganese 2.5 × C% 0.80 min. 0.60 0.70

Silicon 0.50 0.35 0.10-0.35 0.10-0.35

Sulphur 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035

Phosphorus 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035

Aluminium - - 0.015 min. 0.015 min.

Yield stress Minimum( N/mm2)

235 235 235 235

Tensile strength (N/mm2)

400-520 400-520 400-520 400-520

Charpy V-Notch ( Impact Energy- Joules)

27 (20C) 34(0C) 41(-20C)

For completeness, mechanical properties and designations of several high
strength steels also used in shipbuilding are provided in Table 2.

Table 2 : Mechanical properties of high strength steels used for ship tructural
applications.

Strength and AH32, DH32, AH36, DH36, AH40, DH40,

Grade EH32, FH32 EH36, FH36 EH40, FH40
Yield ( MPa ) 315 355 390
Tensile( MPa) 440-590 490-620 510-650
Impact Energy 31 34 41
( MPa)
Impact Tests: AH 0C, DH -20C, EH -40C, FH -60C