Introduction of

compressible turbulence

1
 Main topics
• Derive averaged equations for compressible
turbulence
– Introduce a math. technique to perform averaging in
presence of density variation
• Favre average
– Leads to compactness of notation

• Difference between incompressible and

compressible turbulence
– New terms due to compressibility.
– Old terms, with new consideration.
• Models those terms
2
Compressible turbulence: examples
1: Shock/turbulence interaction

3
 Compressible turbulence: examples
• Acoustic waves.
• Combustion,
– heat release due to exothermic reaction
• Heat and mass transfer
• T, density, change.

Mode of fluctuation
decomposed into: Vorticity mode + acoustic mode + entropy mode

Dynamic decoupled (1st order) in fluctuation amplitude 4

 Governing equations
Incompressible Compressible
Conservation of: Conservation of:
•Mass •Mass
Equations
•Momentum •Momentum
•Energy
• Equation of State

Velocity, (u,v,w) Velocity (u,v,w)

Unknown
variables pressure (p) Pressure(p)
Density (ρ) ,
Energy/Enthalpy/temperature (e/h/T)
 Incompressible Equations

Incompressibilty: = . or =0

Mass 1 1
= + = =0

1 1
Momentum + =− +

Unknown : , = 1,2,3
Num. of Eq. : 3+1 = 4
6
 Compressible Equations

Mass + =0 Î = + = ≠

( = 0 , )

Momentum + =− +
1 1
+ =− + , .)

Energy + + ℎ+ = −
2 2

e is the internal energy and h is the enthalpy ℎ= +

Eq. of state =
7
 momentum + =− +

energy + + ℎ+ = −
2 2

Volume dilation
Assuming Newtonian fluid: =2 +

The second viscosity is 2 Valid for monoatomic

often related to the = gases. However, in CFD it
3
dynamic viscosity by: is in principle used for all
gases

8
 energy + + + = −
2 2

Assuming perfect gas with =

constant Cv and Cp ℎ=

ℎ
The heatflux term: Fouriers =− =−
law then reformulated by h.

Prandtl number =

9
 What we plan to do now
• Use Reynold average directly on all the
governing equations
For example:
Take average

Problems
Average breaks,
enters derivative

Solved problem 1 1
+ =− + 10
for incompressible eq.
 Introduce Favre averaging ( )
Previously: = . apply Reynold average ( )

⋅ = ( + ′)( + ) = + ′+ ′ + ′= ⋅ +0+0+ ′
( ) 1 1
+ =− +

Now : = +

⋅ ⋅ = + + + = ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ ′ +….+ ′

( ) Too many non-zero terms !

+ =− +

Still want to keep as simple

as the Reynold average?

Solution:
Faver average ( ):
A new decompsoition ( ′′):
11
 Introduce favre averaging ( )
= = / =( ⋅ + )/ = + /
= + = − = − − /

Rule 1: = 0 ( =− ≠ 0)
Rule 2: = +
Rule 3: ⋅ = ⋅ ( / )= ⋅( / )= ⋅

Now ⋅ ⋅ = [ + + ]= ( + b + a + a′′b′′)
= + b + a + a′′b′′
Not Expand r.3 = +( ′′) +( ′′) + ′′
r.2 r.1
= + ′′ + ′′ + ′′
= + 0 + 0 + ′′
“Old” Reynold average
⋅ = ( + ′)( + ) = ⋅ +0+0+ ′
Apply to bi-product
⋅ = ⋅ ⋅1= + ′′ 1 + 1′′ = 1+0+0+ 1′′ = 12
 Let’s derive averaged equations
• Equations
– Mean mass (Easy, + = 0)
– Mean momentum ( „ to be shown),
– Mean Kinetic energy equation ( = , „ to be shown),
– Turbulent kinetic energy (k, „ to be shown),

= = ≠
– Mean energy.
• one more math:
( ⋅ ) ( ) ( )
= +

( ) ( ⋅ ) ( )
= − 13
 Derive (compressible) averaged momentum equation

+ =− +
Expand

( + ) ( + )( + ) ̅+
+ =− + + (Eq.1)

Mean: + ( + + + ) ̅+ +
+ =− + (Eq.2)

Easy cancel using ⋅ ⋅ = + ′′ + ′′ = + 0 + 0 + ′′

̅ ̅ +0+0+ ̅
+ =− +
14
Reynold stress, also written with favre
average as:
 Derive mean kinetic energy equation ( = )
̅ ̅ (Eq .1)
Mean mass Eq. + =0

Mean momentum Eq. ̅ ̅ ̅

(Conservative form) + + =− +

− ∗ 1 ̅
non-conservative ̅ + ̅ + =− + (Eq .2)
form
̅
∗ Eq(2) ̅ + ̅ + =− +

/2 /2 ̅
̅ + ̅ + =− +

̅
̅ + ̅ + =− +

+ ∗ 1 ̅ ̅ ̅
Conservative form + + =− +

̅ ̅ ̅ 15
+ + = − +
 Derive compressible turbulent kinetic energy (k) eq.
Instantaneous continuity Eq. + =0 (Eq.1)
Instantaneous momentum Eq.
(Non-Conservative) + =− +
Remind: here is conservative form
Expand Expand Expand
Keep
+ =⋯ .
( + ) ( + ) ̅+
+ =− + (Eq.2)
⋅ 2 :
( ̅+ )
( )+ + + =− +

/ /
+ + + =⋯

+ ⋅ 1
Take average
2 /2 ⋅ /2
+ + + =⋯
= + Expand Expand

=
( + )⋅ /2 ( ̅+ ) 16
2 ̅ +0+ + ( + ) =− +
 Compressible turbulent kinetic energy (k) equation

( + )⋅ /2 ̅+
+0+ + ( + ) =− +

1
. ℎ. . = +0+ + + 0+ = −
2

̅
. ℎ. . = − −( − ) + −

̅
+ − − − =− − +− + ′
2

Transport
Disppation Pressure work
Production
≠0

Pressure dilatation
= =
≠0
17
 Averaged equations for compressible turbulence
Applying Reynold average to whole equations. rewrite using two sets of decompositions:
Reynold-Ave. : ̅, , ( ̅, )
Favre-Ave.: ( , ′′), ( ̃ , ′′), (ℎ, ℎ′′), ( , ′′)…
Mass Eq. : ̅ ̅
+ =0 . ̅ = ̅
Momentum Eq. ̅ ̅ ̅
+ =− + − = =
k- Eq.
̅
+ − − − =− − − + ′
2
K-Eq. :
̅ ̅ ̅
+ + = − + =
2
Energy Eq. ̅ ̃+ + + ̅ ℎ+ + =

ℎ
− − ℎ + − + − ′′ ′′
2
Turbulent Molecular Turbulent
transport of heat diffusion of k transport k 18
 Models
“Old” terms in k- equation

̅
+ ̅ =− − + − − − + ′
2

Production Disppation Transport Pressure work

Pressure dilatation
Transport: − = +
2
Production: The Reynolds stresses model:
2 1
− + ̅ =2 −
3 3
Disspation:
≡ ̅ ≈ ̅ + ̅

”Solenodial” ̅ = ̅ put in epilson equation

4
”Dilatation” ̅ = ̅ ~ ̅ ( )~2 ̅
3
Sarkar’s Model
19
turbulent Mach number =
 Model
”New” terms in k- equation

̅
+ ̅ =− − + − − − + ′
2

Production Disppation Transport Pressure work

≠0

Pressure dilatation
Pressure work
̅ ≠0
~
̅

Pressure dillation:

′ ~− + ̅

turbulent Mach number =

20
 Model
Terms in energy- equation

̅ ̃+ + + ̅ ℎ+ + =
2 2
ℎ
− − ℎ + − + − ′′ ′′
2

Turbulent heat flux is

modelled using the gradient ℎ
diffusion hypothesis. PrT is ℎ =− =−
the turbulent Prandtl number,
usually with a value of about
0.9

21
 Summary: compressible turbulence models

Compressibility caused extra terms:

• Solenoidal dissipation / dilation dissipation

̅ ≈ ̅ + ̅
Model

• Pressure dilation term

≠0

• Pressure work term

≠0

22
=
2

=
2

23