GEOTECHNIC 1

SAB 2722

INTRODUCTION

15-Oct-08 1
 SAB 2722 GEOTECHNICS I
• LECTURER: MR. MOHAMED ZAHRY OTHMAN
• ROOM No. : M46 342
• EXT No. : 31620

• References:
• Nurly Gofar & Khairul Anuar Kassim, (2007) Introduction to Geotechnical
Engineering: part 1. revised Version, Pearson Education, South Asia.

• Liu, C. & Evert, J. B (2005), Soils and Foundation, SI Edition, Pearson-

Prentice Hall, Singapore.

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 INTRODUCTION
TO
GEOTECHNICAL
ENGINEERING

NURLY GOFAR
KHAIRUL ANUAR KASSIM

12/16/2008 3
 Soils and
Foundation
Cheng Liu
Jack B. Evett
6th Edition
in SI Units

4
COURSE SCHEDULE AND ASSESSMENT
Topics Duration Coursework (50%)
(weeks)

(1) Introduction 1 3/01/09

(1) Stresses in soil 2-3 Assignment 1 Week 4 5%
(i) Vertical and 4-6 Test 1- Week 5 29/1/09 20%
(ii) Horizontal

(2) Consolidation 7

Semester break 8 16/2/09 - 22/2/09

(3) Consolidation 9-11 Test 2 - Week 10 12/3/089 20%

Assignment 2 Week 11 5%

(4) Slope Stability 12-14

Revision, Team assig 15

Final Examination 50%
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 INTRODUCTION

 OUTLINE
 REVIEW SOIL MECHANICS
TOTAL & EFFECTIVE STRESS
STRESS IN SOIL (Due to self weight of soils)
WEIGHT VOLUME RELATIONSHIP

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 Review Soil Mechanics
TOTAL & EFFECTIVE STRESS

• In-situ stress in saturated soil presents in two

situations i.e.:
(i) the total normal stress and
(ii) the effective stress.

• The total normal stress is the feels by the soil element

as if it is a solid material.

• Effective stress is the stress transmitted through inter-

granular particle contacts within the soil (Figure 1.1).
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 Review Soil Mechanics
• TOTAL & EFFECTIVE STRESS

Figure 1.1 Representation of stresses in soil

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 Review Soil Mechanics
 N'
The effective normal stress is σ'
A
P
• And the total stress is σT 
A

• If water pressure is working on all area A, then the stress is

P  N'  μ A
• or P  N'
 
A A

• Thus T = ’ + 
• Total Stress = Effective Stress + Pore water pressure
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 Example Problem 1.1
A soil profile consists of a surface layer of loose sand 3.5 m thick
overlying a layer of stiff clay as shown in Figure below. Unit weight of
sand is 16.5 kN/m3 while the saturated unit weight of stiff clay is 18.5
kN/m3. Draw the distribution of total, effective and pore water
pressure in the soil and calculate the stresses at depth of -3.5 and
-5.5 m from surface. Use the extension of Figure P1.1 to plot the
diagram. Take gw = 9.8 kN/m3.

Figure P1.1 10
 Solution
• At depth of 0 m T =0;  = 0; ’o =0

• At depth of -3.5 m (GWT)

• Total stress: T = 16.5 x 3.5 = 57.75 kN/m3
• Pore-water pressure: =0
• Effective stress: ’o = 57.75 – 0 = 57.75 kN/m3

• At depth of -5.5 m
• Total stress: T = (16.5 x 3.5) + (18.5 x 2) = 94.75 kN/m3
• Pore-water pressure:  = 2 x 9.8 = 19.6 kN/m3
• Effective stress: ’o = 94.75 – 19.6 = 75.15 kN/m3

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 Solution

Figure P1.1a

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 Example Problem 1.2
• Calculate the effective stress at 5 m below a
river bed which consist of sand with saturated
unit weight of 20 kN/m3. The depth of the
water in the river was 2 m. Take gw = 9.8 kN/m3.

Figure P1.2 13
 Solution
• At point A
• Total stress: T = 2 x gw + 5 x gsat = 119.6 kN/m3
• Pore water pressure  = gw (2 + 5) = 68.6 kN/m3
• Effective stress ’o = o - 
= 119.6 – 68.6
= 51 kN/m3

• The effective stress at point A is 51kN/m3

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 WEIGHT VOLUME RELATIONSHIP

Soil

Block diagram of
soil components

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 Basic composition
n
e or n=e/(1+e)
1 n
Ws Vs Ws
Gs  
γw Vs γ w

G w
Sr  s
e

γb 
1  w  G s γ w
1 e

Gs γw
γd 
1 e

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 Example Problem 1. 4
• A soil sample has a void ratio of 0.78, water content 12%, and
specific gravity 2.68. Calculate bulk unit weight gb, dry unit weight
gd, degree of saturation (Sr), and porosity (n).

Solution:
From the given data, and unit weight of water gw = 9.8 kN/m3
(1  ω) G s γ w (1  0.12) x 2.68 x 9.8
γb   16.54 kN / m3
(1  e) (1  0.78)
γ
g
16.54
  14.77 kN / m3
b 1  ω (1 0.12)
w Gs 0.12 x 2.68
Sr    33.78%
e 0.78
e 0.78
n   0.44
(1  e) 1  0.78
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 Example Problem 1. 4
• A soil sample has a void ratio of 0.78, water content 12%, and
specific gravity 2.68. Calculate bulk unit weight gb, dry unit weight
gd, degree of saturation (Sr), and porosity (n).

Solution:
From the given data, and unit weight of water gw = 9.8 kN/m3
(1  w ) G s γ w (1  0.12) x 2.68 x 9.8
γb   16.54 kN / m3
(1  e) (1  0.78)
γ
g
16.54
  14.77 kN / m3
b 1  w  (1 0.12)
w Gs 0.12 x 2.68
Sr    33.78%
e 0.78
e 0.78
n   0.44
(1  e) 1  0.78
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 End of CHAPTER 1

End

of
INTRO

1 CHAPTER

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 ASSIGNMENT
Instruction

• Assignment must be TYPE.

• This is an individual work.
• Marks will be given for work that is elegantly
simple in form.
• You have 1 week to hand in to me the
Assignment.

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 ASSIGMENT 1
1.1 The total volume of a soil sample is 80 cm3, and its
weight 145 g. Specific gravity of the soil is 2.68. If the
dry weight of the soil sample is 128 g, determine
water content (w), void ratio (e), Porosity (n), degree
of saturation (Sr), bulk unit weight (gb), and dry unit
weight (gd) of the soil

1.2 588 cm3 of wet sand weight 1010 g. Weight of the dry
soil is 918 g. If specific gravity (Gs) of the soil is 2.67,
calculate void ratio, water content, porosity, degree of
saturation, and bulk unit weight.

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 ASSIGMENT 1 (cont’n)
1.3 If given the void ratio of the soil is e = 0.60, water
content w = 10%, and the specific gravity Gs is 2.65;
determine the dry unit weight gd and the moist unit
weight gb of the soil

1.4 5,000,000 m3 of earth is needed for construction of an

earth dam. The soil taken from a quarry will be
compacted to a void ratio of 0.78. The original void
ration of the soil in the quarry is 1.12. Estimate the
volume of the soil that must be excavated from the
quarry.

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 THE END

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