# Q 1087 kJ/s

m steam ! ! ! 0.45
hfg 2431 kJ/kg
Therefore, we need to circulate about 72 kg of co
ERS
Lecture 17 Problems steam condensing to remove the2017
March 29, heat released durin

and
#
1. Cold water (cp = 4.18 #kJ/kg C) Q enters1087 kJ/s exchanger at 15 C at a rate of 0.5 kg/s,
a heat
m steam ! ! EXAMPLE
! 0.45 kg/s 11–4 Heating Water in a Count
2431
where it is heated by hot air (chp fg= 1.0 kJ/kg
kJ/kg C) that enters the heat exchanger at 50 C
at a rate of 1.8 kg/s. A student calculates the heat transfer rate in this heatHeatexchanger
Exchanger
Therefore, we need to circulate about 72 kg of
to be 100.0 kW. Is this result realistic? Explain briefly.cooling water
(5 pt.) for each 1 kg of
steam condensing to remove the heat released during the condensation process. exchanger is to he
A counter-flow double-pipe heat
(a) The result is realistic at a rate of 1.2 kg/s. The heating is to be accomp
available at 160"C at a mass flow rate of 2 kg/s. T
(b) The result is not realistic and has a diameter of 1.5 cm. If the overall hea
(c) EXAMPLE 11–4
There is not Heating Water
enough information in the
to make a Counter-Flow
heat exchanger is 640 W/m2 # "C, determine the le
judgment
Heat Exchanger required to achieve the desired heating.
2. A counter-flow double-pipe heat =- exchanger
<S" ' isCto heat water from 20"C to 80"C
Ica SOLUTION Water is heated in a counter-flow dou
at a rate of 1.2 kg/s. The heating is to be accomplished by geothermal water
jifites geothermal water. The required length of the heat ex
available at 160"C at a mass flow rate of 2 kg/s. The inner tube is thin-walled
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2
and has a diameter of 1.5 cm. If the overall heat transfer coefficient of the
< * ! insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is n
heat exchanger is 640 W/m2 # "C, determine the length of the heat exchanger
kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are n
required to achieve the desired heating.
r
SOLUTION Water is heated in a counter-flow4.18
ing. 5 Fluid properties are constant.
>
Properties We take the specific heats of water
double-pipe heat exchanger by
L.-^-o*c
Wi geothermal water. The required
and 4.31 kJ/kg # "C, respectively.
Hot length of the heat exchanger is to be determined.
Analysis The schematic of the heat exchanger is g
geothermal
Assumptions 1 Steady operating water conditions
insulated so that heat loss2 kg/s
160°C
1
exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well
of heat transfer in the heat exchanger can be dete
to the surroundings is# negligible.
#
3 Changes in the
Cold
kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are Q! [m cp(Tout4$There
negligible. is no!foul-
Tin)]water (1.2 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg #
water
ing. 5 Fluid properties are constant.
Noting that all of this heat is supplied by the g
Properties
20°C We take the specific heats 80°Cof water and geothermal fluid to be
^ ~ ( ^ S \ ~ l . ? M temperature
O O O -of the)geothermal water is determined
tfoo u/|<
Hot 4.18 and
1.2 kg/s 4.31 kJ/kg # "C, respectively.
D = 1.5 cm
thermal Analysis The schematic of the heat exchanger #is given # in Fig. 11–20. The rate
160°C Q ! [m cp(Tin $ Tout)]geothermal ⎯→ Tout ! Tin $
water of heat transfer in the heat exchanger can be determined from
kg/s FIGURE
# # 11–20
Q ! [m cp(Tout $ Tin)]water ! (1.2 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg # "C)(80 $ 20)"C ! 301 kW ! 160"C
Schematic
3. A stream for Example
of hydrocarbon (cp = 11–4.
2.2 kJ/kgK) is cooled at a rate of 720 kg/h from 150 C
Noting
to 40 C in that all ofside
the tube thisof heat is supplied
a double-pipe by the geothermal
counter-flow water, the
heat exchanger. outlet
Water (cp =
80°C 4.18temperature ! 125"C
of the
kJ/kgK) enters thegeothermal water at
heat exchanger is determined to beof 540 kg/h. The outside
10 C at a rate
cm diameter of the inner tube is 2.5 cm, and its length Knowing
is 6.0 m.# the
Determine the
inlet and overall
outlet heat
temperatures of both
# coefficient.
transfer # Q
Q ! [m cp(Tin $ Tout)]geothermal ⎯→ temperature
Tout ! Tin $# difference for this counter-flow heat e
m cp
! Th, in $ Tc, out ! (160 $ 80)"
%T1 kW
301
1–4. ! 160"C $ %T2 ! $ Tc, in ! (125 $ 20)"
Th, out# "C)
(2 kg/s)(4.31 kJ/kg
! 125"C
and
Knowing the inlet and outlet temperatures of both fluids, the logarithmic%T1 $ %T2
mean 80 $ 105
%Tlm ! !
l Odifference
temperature O liU v )counter-flow
for this c & - r ?heat^ / exchanger
r s ( S c becomes ln (%T1/%T2) ln (80/105
%T1 ! Th, in $ Tc, out ! (160 $Then
80)"Cthe 80"C area of the heat exchanger is det
! surface
/ 2(125 $ 20)"C ! 105"C
%T2 ! Th, out $ Tc, in1! #
# Q 30
and Q ! UAs %Tlm ⎯→ As ! !
U %Tlm (640 W/m
%T1 $ %T2 80 $ 105
%Tlm ! ! ! 91.9"C
ln (%T /%T ) ln (80/105)
 available at 160"C at a mass flow rate of 2 kg/s. Th
(b) The result is not realistic and has a diameter of 1.5 cm. If the overall heat
(c) EXAMPLE 11–4
There is not Heating Water
enough information in the
to make a Counter-Flow
heat exchanger is 640 W/m2 # "C, determine the len
judgment
11/30/05 3:09 PM Page 628
Heat Exchanger required to achieve the desired heating.
2. A counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger is to heat water from 20"C to 80"C
SOLUTION Water is heated in a counter-flow doub
at a rate of 1.2 kg/s. The heating is to be accomplished by geothermal water
geothermal water. The required length of the heat exc
available at 160"C at a mass flow rate of 2 kg/s. The inner tube is thin-walled
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2
628 and has a diameter of 1.5 cm. If the overall heat transfer coefficient of the
EXCHANGERS insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is ne
heat exchanger is 640 W/m2 # "C, determine the length of the heat exchanger
kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are ne
required
and to achieve the desired heating.
# ing. 5 Fluid properties are constant.
# Q 1087 kJ/s
m steam ! ! ! 0.45 kg/s Properties We take the specific heats of water an
SOLUTION Water is heated hfg 2431 inkJ/kg
a counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger by
4.18 and 4.31 kJ/kg # "C, respectively.
geothermal
Therefore, wewater.
need The required
to circulate Hot
aboutlength
72 kg ofofcooling
the heat
water exchanger
for each 1 kgis of to be determined.
steam condensing to removegeothermal Analysis process.
the heat released during the condensation The schematic of the heat exchanger is giv
Assumptions 1 Steady operating water conditions
160°C exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well
of heat transfer in the heat exchanger can be determ
insulated so that heat loss2 kg/s to the surroundings is # negligible. 3 Changes in the
Cold and potential energies of fluid streams are #
kinetic
EXAMPLE 11–4 Heating Water in a Counter-Flow Q negligible.
! [m c (T
p out $4 There is no!foul-
Tin)]water (1.2 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg # "
water
ing. 5 Fluid properties Heatare constant.
Exchanger
Noting that all of this heat is supplied by the geo
Properties
20°C Wedouble-pipe
A counter-flow take theheatspecific exchangerheats
is 80°C ofwater
to heat water
fromand
20"C geothermal
to 80"C fluid to be
temperature of the geothermal water is determined
Hot 4.18 aand
1.2atkg/s 4.31
rate of kJ/kg
1.2 kg/s. "C, respectively.
The# heating is to be accomplished by geothermal water
available at 160"C at D = 1.5flow
a mass cmrate of 2 kg/s. The inner tube is thin-walled
hermal Analysis The schematic of the heat exchanger #iscoefficient given # inofFig. 11–20. The rate
160°C and has a diameter of 1.5 cm. If the overall heat transfer Q ! [m cp(T $ Tout)]geothermal ⎯→ Tout ! Tin $
the
ater of heat transferisin
heat exchanger 640 the
W/m heat2
# "C,exchanger
determine thecan beofdetermined
length the heat exchangerfrom
in
m
kg/s FIGURE # 11–20
# required to achieve the desired heating.
Q ! [m cp(Tout $ Tin)]water ! (1.2 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg # "C)(80 $ 20)"C ! 301 kW ! 160"C
Schematic
3. A stream for Example
of hydrocarbon (c = 11–4.
2.2 kJ/kgK) is cooled at a rate of 720 kg/h from 150 C
SOLUTION Water is heatedp in a counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger by
Noting
to 40 in that
Cgeothermal all of
the water.
tube this
side
The of heat
required alengthisofsupplied
double-pipe by the is togeothermal
counter-flow
the heat exchanger be heat water, the
exchanger.
determined. outlet
Water (cp =
80°C 4.18temperature
Assumptions of
! 125"C
kJ/kgK) enters the geothermal
the
1 Steady heat waterexist.
exchanger
operating conditions is determined
at 10 C at a to beis well
rate
2 The heat exchanger of 540 kg/h. The outside
m diameterinsulated
of thesoinner
that heat
tube lossisto2.5
the surroundings
cm, and itsis length is 36.0
negligible. Changes
Knowing # the
m. in the
Determine the
inlet and overall
outlet heat
temperatures of both fl
# kinetic
transfering. # and potential
coefficient.
energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 There
Q is no foul-
Q ! [m cp(Tinproperties
5 Fluid $ Tout)] constant. ⎯→
aregeothermal Tout ! Ttemperature
in $ #
difference for this counter-flow heat ex
Properties We take the specific heats of water and geothermal mfluid
cp to be
Hot 4.18 and 4.31 kJ/kg # "C, respectively.
301 ! Th, in $ Tc, out
%T1 kW ! (160 $ 80)"C
–4. geothermal Analysis The schematic of the heat exchanger is given!in160"C $ The rate %T ! T
Fig. 11–20.
water 160°C
of heat transfer in the heat exchanger can be determined from (2 kg/s)(4.31
2 kJ/kg $ Tc, in
# "C)
h, out ! (125 $ 20)"C
2 kg/s # # ! 125"C
Q ! [m cp(Tout $ Tin)]water ! (1.2 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg # "C)(80 and
$ 20)"C ! 301 kW
Noting that all of this heat is supplied by the geothermal water, the outlet
80°C Knowing the inlet and outlet temperatures of both fluids, the logarithmic%T 1 $ %T2
mean 80 $ 105
temperature of the geothermal water is determined to be %Tlm ! !
D = 1.5 cm temperature difference for this counter-flow # heat exchanger becomes ln (%T1/%T2) ln (80/105)
# # Q
Q ! [m cp(Tin $ Tout)]geothermal ⎯→ T !T $ #
%T1 ! Th, in $ Tc,outout !in (160 80)"Cthe
m cp $Then 80"C area of the heat exchanger is dete
! surface
/ 2(125 301 kW #
xample 11–4. %T2 ! Th, out $ Tc, in!1! 160"C $ $ 20)"C ! 105"C
#
(2 kg/s)(4.31 kJ/kg # "C) Q 301
and ! 125"C Q ! UA s %T lm ⎯→ As ! !
U %Tlm (640 W/m
Knowing the inlet and outlet temperatures of both fluids, the logarithmic mean
temperature difference
%T1 $ %T2heat exchanger
80 $ 105
%Tlmfor!this counter-flow ! becomes! 91.9"C
%T ! T $ T ln (%T 1/%T 2 ) ln (80/105)
! (160 $ 80)"C ! 80"C
1 h, in c, out
%T2 ! Th, out $ Tc, in ! (125 $ 20)"C ! 105"C
Then the surface area of the heat exchanger is determined to be
and #
# %T1 $ %T2 Q $ 105
80 301,000 W
Q ! UAs %Tlm%Tlm⎯→
!
ln (%TA/%T
s !)
!
ln
2 U %T
!
(80/105)
! 91.9"C
2
! 5.12 m2
1
lm (640 W/m # "C)(91.9"C)
Then the surface area of the heat exchanger is determined to be
#
# Q 301,000 W
Q ! UAs %Tlm ⎯→ As ! ! ! 5.12 m2
U %Tlm (640 W/m2 # "C)(91.9"C)
 rate of heat transfer to the cold water and the log mean temperature Assumptionsdifference1 forSteady operating
this heat are to exist. 2
conditions
exchanger
and
be determined.
has a diameter of 1.5 cm. If the overall heat transfer coefficient of the
insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is ne
heat exchanger is 640 W/m2 # "C, determine the length of the heat exchanger
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Changes kinetic and potential
in the kinetic energies
and potential of fluid
energies streams are ne
of fluid
629
required to achieve the desired heating. CHAPTER 11
streams are negligible. 4 There is no fouling. 5 Fluid properties are constant.
ing. 5 Fluid properties are constant.
Properties The specific
To provide heat
this much ofheat
hot transfer
water is givenarea,
surface to be
the 4.25 Properties
lengthkJ/kg. C. mustWe
of the tube be take the specific heats of water an
SOLUTION Water is heated in a counter-flow double-pipe
4.18 and 4.31
heat exchanger by
kJ/kg # "C, respectively.
Analysis The rate of heat
geothermal water.given The uprequired
by theHothot water
A
length
s is the
of
5.12 m2 heat exchanger is to be determined.
As ! pDL ⎯→ L ! ! 109 m
geothermalpD p(0.015 m) Analysis
!
Hot The schematic of the heat exchanger is giv
Q h [mcAssumptions
(
p in T T )] 1
out hot water
Steady operating
water conditions
160°C exist.
of heat
2 The
water
heat exchanger is well
transfer in the heat exchanger can be determ
insulated
Discussion so Thethatinner
heat tubeloss to counter-flow
of this the surroundings (and thus the 3 Changes in the
is negligible.
heat exchanger
(1.4 kg/s)(4.25 kJ/kg.itself)
heat exchanger C)(85needsC to250 kg/s
C) =100
be over 208.3 kWto achieve# the85
m long #C heat
desired
Cold
kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are Q! negligible. out4$
[m cp(Theat There is no!foul-
Tin)]water (1.2 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg # "
transfer, which is impractical. In cases like this, we need to use a plate
The rate of water
heat picked up
5 Fluidorproperties
ing.exchanger by the cold water
are constant. is
a multipass shell-and-tube heat exchanger with multiple passes
Noting that all of this heat is supplied 50 C by the geo
of
Properties tube bundles.
Q c20°C (1 0.03)We Q h take (1 0the .03)(specific
208.3 kW) heats of water
202.0
80°C kW and geothermal fluid to be
temperature of the
4.18 and 4.31 kJ/kg # "C, respectively. Coldgeothermal water is determined
ot 1.2 kg/s D = 1.5 cm
The log mean temperature difference water
ermal Analysis The schematic is of the heat exchanger #is given # in Fig. 11–20. The rate
160°C Q ! [m cp(Tin $ Tout)]geothermal ⎯→ Tout ! Tin $
ater of heat EXAMPLE
transfer
11–5
in the heatQexchanger202
Heating of Glycerin in a
can.0be kWdetermined from m
Q UA T T 43.9 C Cold
kg/s FIGURE# 11–20
# lm lm
UAHeat(1.Exchanger 2 2
Q ! [m cp(Tout $ TMultipass 15 kW/m C)(4 m ) glycerin
in)]water ! (1.2 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg # "C)(80 $ 20)"C ! 301 kW
20°C ! 160"C
Schematic
3. A stream for Example
of hydrocarbon
A 2-shell passes and 4-tube
(cp = 11–4.
2.2 kJ/kgK) is cooled at a rate of 720 kg/h
passes heat exchanger is used to heat glycerin
from 150 C
to 40Noting Cfrom that
in 20"C
the to all
tube
50"C ofside
bythis heat
hotofwater, is supplied
a double-pipe
which enters the by the geothermal
counter-flow
thin-walled water, the
heat exchanger.
2-cm-diameter outlet
Water (cp =
80°C 4.18temperaturetubes at 80"C ! 125"C
kJ/kgK) ofandthe
enters leaves at 40"C
thegeothermal
heat (Fig.water
exchanger11–21). isThe
at 10total
C length
determinedat a ofratethebe
to tubes
of 540in kg/h. The outside
40°C
Hot
the heat exchanger is 60 m. The convection heat transfer coefficient is
m diameter of the inner tube is 2.5 cm, and its length is 6.0 m.
25 W/m2 # "C on the glycerin (shell) side and 160 W/m2 # "CKnowing
# the
on the water
Determine
inlet and
(tube)
the
water overall
outlet heat
temperatures of both flu
#
transferside. # Determine the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger
coefficient. Q
Q ! [of
11-44 A stream p(Tin $ Tout)]
m chydrocarbon cooled by⎯→
isgeothermal ! Ttemperature
water inTaoutdouble-pipe difference
80°C for this counter-flow heat ex
in $ #counterflow heat exchanger. The
(a) before any
fouling and (b) after fouling with a fouling factor of 0.0006 m2 #m"C/ cpW occurs
overall heat transfer coefficient
on the outer surfaces of isthe
to tubes.
be determined. 50°C
%T ! T $ T ! (160 $ 80)"C
3011 kW h, in c, out
FIGURE 11–21
–4. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat ! 160"C
exchanger
$ is well-insulated
%T2 ! Th,so that
$T heat loss (125 11–5.
$ 20)"C
(2 kg/s)(4.31 kJ/kg Schematic
#
out "C) in !
c, for Example
SOLUTION
to the surroundings Glycerin isand
is negligible heated
thusinheat
a 2-shell passes
transfer andthe
from 4-tube
hot passes
fluid isheat
equal to the heat transfer to the
exchanger by hot water. The rate of heat transfer for !
cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energiesthe
no fouling are to be determined.
cases of fouling and
of125"C
and streams are negligible. 4 There is no
fluid
fouling. 5 Fluid properties are constant. welllogarithmic%T
Assumptions
Knowing 1 Steady
the inlet and operating
outletconditions
temperaturesexist. 2 The
of heat
bothexchanger
fluids,isthe 1 $ %T2
mean 80 $ 105
insulated so that heat
The specific difference
Propertiestemperature heats of loss to the surroundings
hydrocarbon and is negligible.
water are given3 Changes
to be in the
2.2 and %TlmkJ/kg.
4.18 ! C, respectively. !
kinetic and potential energies forofthis
fluidcounter-flow heat exchanger
streams are negligible. 4 Heat transferbecomes ln (%T1/%T2) ln (80/105)
Analysis Thecoefficients
rate of heatandtransfer is
fouling factors are constant and uniform. 5 The thermal resis-
tance of the inner%Ttube1! Th, in $ Tsince
is negligible (160is $
! tube
c, outthe 80)"Cthe
Then
thin-walled ! 80"C
andsurface
highly area of the heat exchanger is deter
Q conductive.
[mc p (Tout Tin%T )] HC! T(720 /$ 3600
T 1! kg/s)(2.2 kJ/kg. C)(150
/ 2(125 $ 20)"C ! 105"C C 40 C) = 48.4 kW #
2 h, out c, in
Analysis The tubes are said to be thin-walled, and thus it # is reasonable to Q 301
The outletand
temperature
assume the of water
inner is surface areas of the tubes to beQequal.
and outer ! UA s %T
Then the
lm ⎯→ As ! !
heat transfer surface area becomes U %Tlm (640 W/m2
Q [mc p (Tout Tin )] w
%T1 $ %T2 80 $ 105 Water
! ! p(0.02 m)(60 m)
As !lmpDL
%T !! 3.77 m2 ! 91.9"C
ln (%T
48.4 kW (540 / 3600 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg. C)(T1/%T
w,out 2 ) 10 ln
C)(80/105) 10 C
The rate of heat transfer in this heat exchanger can be determined
HCfrom
Tw,out = 87.2 the
Then C surface area of the # heat exchanger is determined to be 40 C
Q ! UAs F $Tlm, CF 150 C
The logarithmic mean
# where temperature difference is #
F is the correction factor and $T Q is the log mean301,000 Wdif-
temperature
⎯→
lm, CF
Q ! UA %T
T1ference
Th,infor
s Tthelm counter-flow
150 Carrangement.
A !
These
87s .2 CU=%T
62.8 two !
quantities are2 determined
C (640
! 5.12 m2
from c ,out lm W/m # "C)(91.9"C)
T2 Th,out Tc ,in 40 C 10 C = 30 C
$T1 ! Th, in % Tc, out ! (80 % 50)"C ! 30"C
T1 T2$T2 ! Th,62
out.%
8 Tc,30
in ! (40 % 20)"C ! 20"C
and Tlm 44.4 C
ln( T1 / $T
T2 ) !ln($T 621.8%/$T302) ! 30 % 20 ! 24.7"C
lm, CF
ln ($T1/$T2) ln (30/20)
The overall heat transfer coefficient is determined from
Q UA Tlm
48.4 kW U ( 0.025 6.0)(44.4 C)
U 2.31 kW/m 2 K

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
condenser of a power
e of condensation are EXAMPLE 11–3 The Condensation of Steam in a Condenser

4.well Steam in the condenser of a power plant is to be condensed at a temperature

eat exchanger is
ble. 3 Changes in the of 30!C with cooling water from a nearby lake, which enters the tubes of the
igible. 4 There is no condenser at 14!C and leaves at 22!C. The surface area of the tubes is 45 m ,
2

and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 2100 W/m2 " !C. Determine the
s hfg # 2431 kJ/kg mass flow rate of the cooling water needed and the rate of condensation of the
mperature of 18!C is steam in the condenser.

ig. 11–19. The con- SOLUTION Steam is condensed by cooling water in the condenser of a power
ince the temperature Steam
plant. The mass30°Cflow rate of the cooling water and the rate of condensation are
water at the to be determined.
coolingcen29305_ch11.qxd 11/30/05 3:09 PM Page 627
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well
insulated so that heat loss to the Cooling
surroundings is negligible. 3 Changes in the
water
8!C kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 There is no
14°C
fouling. 5 Fluid properties are constant.
16!C
Properties The heat of vaporization of water at 30!C is hfg # 2431 kJ/kg
ds varies from 8!C at and the specific heat of cold water at the average temperature of 18!C is CHA
rature difference be- cp # 4184 J/kg " !C (Table A–9). 22°C
e difference (not the Analysis The schematic of the condenser is given in Fig. 11–19. The con-
EXAMPLE 11–3 The Condensation of Steam in a Condenser
denser can be treated as a counter-flow heat exchanger since the temperature S
ofSteam
one ofinthe
thefluids (the steam)
condenser remains
of a power plant constant.
is to be condensed at a temperature
!C of 30!C
The with cooling
temperature water
differencefrom a nearby
between thelake, which
steam andenters the tubes
the cooling of the
water at the
condenser
two ends of at 14!C
the and leaves
condenser is at 22!C. The surface area of the tubes is 45 m2,
30°C
and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 2100 W/m2 " !C. Determine the
#FIGURE 11–19
1
e difference of 2 (8& mass flow rate of the $Tcooling Th,water needed and % the22)!C
rate of
#condensation of the
5. A simple 1 exchanger in % Tc, out # (30 8!C
enser is determined steamparallel-flow
in theSchematicheatfor
condenser. Example consists
11–3. of an inner tube carrying cold fluid with
# TW/K h, out % Tc, in # (30 % 14)!C # 16!C
a heat capacity rate of$T 9,2000 and inlet temperature Tc,in = 20 C, and a shell
carrying hot oil with
SOLUTION Steam a is
heat capacitybyrate
condensed of 3,water
cooling 000 W/Kin the and an inlet
condenser of temperature
a power of
' 106 W # 1087 kW Th,inThat
= 100
plant. C.
is,The Assuming
themass
temperature the overall
flow rate difference heat
of the cooling transfer
between coefficient
water andthe the
tworateU is
fluids 1000 W/m 2
,
varies from 8!C
of condensation answer
are at the
following
to be
one questions
end determined. about the heat exchanger.
to 16!C at the other. The proper average temperature difference be-
it flows through the
of it, since the con-
tween the two 1fluids
Assumptions Steady is operating
the logarithmicconditions mean exist. 2 The heat difference
temperature exchanger is(not wellthe
(a) For this heat exchanger, what are Cmin and Cmax ?
insulated sowhich
arithmetic), that heat loss to the from
is determined surroundings is negligible. 3 Changes in the
(b) kinetic
If the totaland surface
potential area available
energies of for
fluid heat transfer
streams 10 m2 , what
areisnegligible. is the is
4 There e↵ectiveness
no
the condensation of
" of the heat exchanger.
fouling. 5 Fluid properties are $T1constant.
% $T2
ling water # (m hfg)steam 8 % 16
(c) Properties
How much heat The is $T
heat #
lmof vaporization
transferred by the of#water at 30!C
exchanger? # 11.5!C
is hfg # 2431 kJ/kg
ln ($T1/$T2) ln (8/16)
and the specific heat of cold water
(d) What are the outlet temperatures of the two fluids? at the average temperature of 18!C is
cp # 4184 J/kg " !C (Table A–9). 1
# 32.5 kg/s
This is a little
Analysis The less than the
schematic of arithmetic
the condenser mean temperature
is given in Fig. difference
11–19. Theofcon- 2 (8 &
14)°C 16) # 12!C. Then
denser
6. A cross-flow can treatedthe
heatbeexchanger aheat
asconsists transfer
counter-flow rate exchanger
heat
of 80 thin-walled in the condenser
tubes since
of 3 the is determined
temperature
cm diameter located in Sch
Steam
from
a duct of of
one 1 of
m the⇥ 1fluids
m cross(thesection.
steam) remains
There are constant.
no fins attached to the tubes. Cold water 30°C
The temperature difference
(cp = # 4180 J/kgK) enters the tubes between the
at 18 C 2with steam and thevelocity
an average cooling ofwater at the
3 m/s, while hot
2 6
Q
air (ctwo #
= UA
ends s
1010 $T
of #
the
lm
J/kgK) (2100
condenser
entersW/m is
the " !C)(45
channel m at)(11.5!C)
130 C #
and 1.087
105 '
kPa 10
at W
an # 1087
average kW
velocity
p
2
of 12 m/s. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is 130 W/m K, determine the outlet
Therefore,ofsteam
temperatures will
both fluids$Tlose# Theat
1 and in %
the
h,
atTc,aout
rate ofrate
# of transfer.
(30
heat 1087
% 22)!C kW#as 8!Cit flows through the
condenser, and the cooling water will gain practically all of it, since the con-
$T2 # Th, out % Tc, in # (30 % 14)!C # 16!C
denser is well insulated.
The mass flow rate of the cooling water and the rate of the condensation of
That is, the temperature difference
" between" (T the two fluids varies from 8!C" at
the steam are determined from Q # 2 /[m 2 caverage
p out % Tin)]cooling water # (m hfg)steam
one end to 16!C at the other. The proper temperature difference be-
to be
tween the two fluids is the logarithmic mean temperature difference (not the
arithmetic), which is determined
# from
# Q 1087 kJ/s
 $T1 # Th, in % Tc, out # (30 % 22)!C # 8!C
$T2 # Th, out % Tc, in # (30 % 14)!C # 16!C

That is, the temperature difference between the two fluids varies from 8!C at
one end to 16!C at the other. The proper average temperature difference be-
tween the two fluids is the logarithmic mean temperature difference (not the
arithmetic), which is determined from

$T1 % $T2 8 % 16
$Tlm # # # 11.5!C
ln ($T1/$T2) ln (8/16)

This is a little less than the arithmetic mean temperature difference of 12 (8 &
16) # 12!C. Then the heat transfer rate in the condenser is determined
from
#
Q # UAs $Tlm # (2100 W/m2 " !C)(45 m2)(11.5!C) # 1.087 ' 106 W # 1087 kW

Therefore, steam will lose heat at a rate of 1087 kW as it flows through the
condenser, and the cooling water will gain practically all of it, since the con-
5 3:09 PM denser
Page 628 is well insulated.
The mass flow rate of the cooling water and the rate of the condensation of
"
the steam are determined from Q # [m" cp (Tout % Tin)]cooling water # (m" hfg)steam
to be

#
# Q 1087 kJ/s
m cooling water # # # 32.5 kg/s
GERS cp (Tout % Tin) (4.184 kJ/kg " °C)(22 % 14)°C

and
#
# Q 1087 kJ/s
m steam ! ! ! 0.45 kg/s
hfg 2431 kJ/kg
Therefore, we need to circulate about 72 kg of cooling water for each 1 kg of
steam condensing to remove the heat released during the condensation process.

EXAMPLE 11–4 Heating Water in a Counter-Flow

Heat Exchanger
A counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger is to heat water from 20"C to 80"C
at a rate of 1.2 kg/s. The heating is to be accomplished by geothermal water
available at 160"C at a mass flow rate of 2 kg/s. The inner tube is thin-walled
and has a diameter of 1.5 cm. If the overall heat transfer coefficient of the
heat exchanger is 640 W/m2 # "C, determine the length of the heat exchanger
required to achieve the desired heating.

SOLUTION Water is heated in a counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger by

geothermal water. The required length of the heat exchanger is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well
 answer the following questions about the heat exchanger.
C The temperature difference between the steam and the cooling water at the
two ends of the condenser is
30°C

difference of 12 (8 & $T1 #FIGURE

Th, in % 11–19
Tc, out # (30 % 22)!C # 8!C
5. A simple parallel-flow
nser is determined Schematic for Example consists
heat exchanger 11–3. of an inner tube carrying cold fluid with
h, out % Tc, in # (30 % 14)!C # 16!C
# TW/K
a heat capacity rate of$T 9,2000 and inlet temperature Tc,in = 20 C, and a shell
carrying hot oil with a heat capacity rate of 3, 000 W/K and an inlet temperature of
' 106 W # 1087 kW
Th,inThat
= 100
is, C.
theAssuming the overall
temperature heat between
difference transfer coefficient U is 1000
the two fluids variesW/m
2
from, 8!C
answer
at the
following questions about the heat exchanger.
one end to 16!C at the other. The proper average temperature difference be-
t flows through the
f it, since the con-
tween the two fluids is the logarithmic mean temperature difference (not the
(a) For this heat exchanger, what are Cmin and Cmax ?
arithmetic), which is determined from
(b) If the total surface area available for heat transfer is 10 m2 , what is the e↵ectiveness
he condensation of
" of the heat exchanger. $T % $T
g water # (mhfg)steam 1 2 8 % 16
(c) How much heat is$T lm #
transferred by/$T #
the )exchanger? # 11.5!C
ln ($T ln (8/16)
1 2
(d) What are the outlet temperatures of the two fluids?

# 32.5 kg/s
This is a little less than the arithmetic mean temperature difference of 12 (8 &
)°C 16) # 12!C. Then the consists
heat transfer rate in the condenser is determined Schem
6. A cross-flow heat exchanger of 80 thin-walled tubes of 3 cm diameter located in
(a)
(a) from
For
For
a duct
our
our heat
m
exchanger,
Figure
of 1heat 1 3.16
⇥exchanger,
Figure 3.16
m cross
what
The
what
The
are
are C
effectiveness
section. CThere and
min and
min
effectiveness of
of
C
parallel
Cno
max
parallel
are
?? [5
maxfinsand
[5
and
points]
counterflow
points]
counterflow
attached to the heat
heat
tubes. Cold water
exchangers.
(cp = # 4180 J/kgK)
exchangers.enters(Data
(Data provided
provided
the tubes at 18by
by C
2 4182 J/kgK
A.D.
A.D.
withKraus.)
Kraus.)
an average velocity of 3 m/s, while hot
2 ⇥ 2.152 kg/sec = 9000 6W/K
Q # UA
air (cp = 1010 s $T lm #
J/kgK) (2100 CW/m
Cmaxthe
max
enters
= "
= 4182!C)(45
channel m
J/kgK )(11.5!C)
⇥ 2.152
at 130 C and # 1.087
kg/sec
105=kPa '
9000 10
atW/KW#
an 1087 kW
average velocity
2
of 12 m/s. If the overall
Solution.
Solution. In
In thisheat
this Ccase
Ccasetransfer
min =
min =we
we do
1881 coefficient
not
not know
do J/kgK
1881 J/kgK ⇥ 1.6is
⇥ 1.6
know the 130
kg/sec
the W/m
exit
exit
kg/sec =
= 3000K,W/K
temperatures,
temperatures,
3000 determine
W/K so the outlet
so it
it
Therefore,
temperatures steam will lose heat at a rate of 1087 kW as it flows through the
(b)
is not of
is not both fluids
possible
possible to and the the
to calculate
calculate rateLMTD.
the of heatInstead,
LMTD. transfer.we
Instead, we 22can
can go
go either
either to
to the
the
(b) If the
the total
total surface
Ifcondenser, and
surface thearea available
cooling
area water
available for heat
for will transfer
heatgain is
is 10
10 m
practically
transfer ,, what
m all of
what is
it, the
the e↵ectiveness
is since the con-
e↵ectiveness of
of the
the heat
heat
parallel-flow
parallel-flow
exchanger. [5 points] effectiveness
effectiveness chart
chart in
in Fig.
Fig. 3.16
3.16 or
or to
to eqn.
eqn. (3.20),
(3.20), using
using
denser is well
exchanger. insulated.
[5 points]
The mass flow rate of the cooling
UA water
UA and
500(30)
500(30)
U the rate of the condensation of
NTU = =
= CQ" NTU UAA = = 1.5
the steam are determinedNTU fromCmin #= [m"
NTU 10,=c (T
=pC000
min2 / 210,
%
out =
000 Tin)]cooling water # (m" hfg)steam
1.5
=3.32
3.32
Cmin
min
to be
C
Cmin
min C
C0.5
min
cc =
==
= min = 0.33
0.5 = 0.33
# C
Cmax Cmax
max C max
# Q 1087 kJ/s
mand we #
obtain 0.596. # ""from
Now =
= 0.75
0.75 (from
(from
eqn. chart)
chart)
(3.17), we # 32.5 kg/s
and we
cooling obtain
water
cp (T=
=
out
0.596.
% Tin ) Now from
(4.184 eqn.
kJ/kg "(3.17),
°C)(22 %find
we find that
that
14)°C
(c)
(c) How
How much
much heat
heat is
is transferred
transferred by by the
the exchanger?
exchanger? [5 [5 points]
points]
Q
Q= = C Cmin (Thin T
min (Th T c
cin )) =
= 0.596(10,
0.596(10, 000)(110)
000)(110)
in in
= 655,
655, 600
600 Q̇ W
W= = 655.6
655.6 kW
kW
""==
= 0.75
0.75 == ˙
Q̇
Q
Qmax˙
max
Finally,
Finally, from
from energy
energy balances,
balances, such such as as are
are expressed
expressed in in eqn.
eqn. (3.4),
(3.4), we
we
Q
Q =
= C
C (T
(T TT )) =
= 240.8
240.8 kW
kW
get
get
max
max min
min hot,in
hot,in c,in
c,in
Q̇
Q̇ == "" ⇥ ⇥Q Qmax˙˙ = 180.6 kW
max = 180.6 kW
Q
Q 655,
655, 600
600 = 84.44⇥⇥ C
T
Thh =T
= Thh
=
= 150
150 = 84.44 C
(d) What are the outlet temperaturesC
(d) What are the outlet out
out in
temperatures
in
Chof
of
h
the two fluids?
the two fluids? 10,
10, 000
000[5
[5 points]
points]
Q
Q = 40 + 655, 655, 600
600 = 72.78⇥⇥ C
T
Tccout =
= T
T c
c
+
+ = 40 +Q̇
Q̇ = 72.78 C
out in
in C
CccT 20, 000
c,out = C 20, T000
Tc,out = +
+T = 40.1 C
c,in = 40.1 C
c,in
Ccc
Q̇
Q̇ = 40 C
T
Th,out = Th,in
h,out = Th,in = 40 C
C
Chh

ME
ME 419
419 Exam
Exam 22 66 // 10
10 November
November 15,
15, 2012
2012
 (c) How much heat is$T lm #
transferred by/$T #
the )exchanger? # 11.5!C
ln ($T ln (8/16)
1 2
(d) What are the outlet temperatures of the two fluids?

# 32.5 kg/s
This is a little less than the arithmetic mean temperature difference of 12 (8 &
4)°C 16) # 12!C. Then the consists
heat transfer rate in the condenser is determined Sche
6. A cross-flow heat exchanger of 80 thin-walled tubes of 3 cm diameter located in
4. aAduct fromof 1 mheat
cross-flow ⇥ 1 exchanger consistsThere
m cross section. of 80arethin-walled tubes ofto
no fins attached 3 cm
the diameter located
tubes. Cold waterin
(cap duct
= # 4180 m ⇥ 1enters
of 1J/kgK) m crossthesection.
tubes atThere
18 C arewithnoanfins attached
average to theoftubes.
velocity 3 m/s,Cold
whilewater
hot
2 2 6
(c p Q
= # UA
4180 $T
J/kgK)
s lm # (2100
enters W/m
the tubes" !C)(45
at 18 mC )(11.5!C)
with an # 1.087
average ' 10
velocity
air (cp = 1010 J/kgK) enters the channel at 130 C and 105 kPa at an average velocity Wof #
3 1087
m/s, kW
while hot
ofair12(cm/s.
p = 1010If theJ/kgK)
overallenters
heat the channel
transfer at 130 C
coefficient is and 105 kPa
130 W/m 2
K, at an average
determine thevelocity
outlet
of Therefore,
12 m/s. If steam
the will
overall lose
heat heat at
transfer a rate of 1087
coefficient
temperatures of both fluids and the rate of heat transfer. is kW
130 as
W/m it2
flows
K, through
determine the
the -outlet
condenser,ofand
temperatures boththefluids
cooling
andwater
the ratewillofgain
heatpractically
transfer. all of it, since the con-
denser is well insulated.
The mass flow rate of the cooling water and the rate of the condensation of
Q
" " "
the steam are determined from Q # 2 /[m2 cp (Tout % Tin)]cooling water # (m hfg)steam
to be

#
# Q 1087 kJ/s
m cooling water # # # 32.5 kg/s
cp (Tout % Tin) (4.184 kJ/kg " °C)(22 % 14)°C

(<r ?. <r /■> /W

- ■ lo. °l ks/u<

•C
- <r ^V»»f>

£ r ^n.s _ ((.o/

44*

4/4
 '(^i -^ kr U — n

OsQSS'

—* /Q = '05T tuj~7

&» < ct^-t^.,). .—:=» - /?./ft|

J ' c.o^t

/-
^ * ^Tm,^ - 7
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