Composite Materials

Design, Analysis & Applications

Dr. S. Kamran Afaq

 Composite Materials

OUTLINE
• Introduction Week-1

• Mechanical Behavior
Week-2,3
• Laminated Composite Materials

• Sandwich Structures Week-4

• Analysis and Design Week-5

• Manufacturing Processes
Week-6
• Applications
 Composite Materials

OUTLINE

Mechanical Behavior

• Unidirectional Composite (Revision)

• Off-Axis Stiffness/Compliance Matrix

• Off-Axis Engineering Constants

• Failure Criteria

• Laminate Theory

• Classical Laminate Theory

Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Failure Criteria
Failure prediction can be limited to five strengths in the principal material
directions
 L U - - -  X t  ,  T U - - - Yt  ,  LT U - - - S
 ' U - - -  X c  ,  T' U - - - Yc 
L

Similarly five strains in the principal material directions

 L U - - -  X t  ,  T U - - - Yt  ,  LT U - - - S 
 
'
L U
- - -  X c  ,  
'
T U - - - Yc 

Xt Yt
X εt  Yεt 
EL ET
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Failure Criteria

Failure Theories

 Maximum Stress Theory

 Maximum Strain Theory
 Tsai-Hill Theory (Max. Work)
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Failure Criteria
Maximum Stress Theory
Failure will occur if any of these stresses in the principal material
axes exceeds the corresponding allowable stress.

 L  Xt
 T  Yt
x x
 LT  S

 L'  X c y
T L
  Yc
'
T θ
x
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Failure Criteria
Maximum Stress Theory
Off-Axis Tension
 L   x cos 2   x cos 2   X t
 LT  T  x y  T   x sin 2   x sin 2   Yt
 LT   x sin  cos    x sin  cos   S

For a tensile load, σxu is smallest value of

x 
Xt x x
cos 2 
Y
 x  t2 y
sin  T L
S θ
x 
sin  cos  x
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Failure Criteria
Maximum Strain Theory
Off-Axis Tension
Failure will occur if any of these strains in the principal material axes
exceeds the corresponding allowable strain

 L  X t
 L'  X c
 T  Yt
 LT  S   Yc
'
T x x

y
T L
θ
x
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Failure Criteria
Maximum Strain Theory
Off-Axis Tension
 L  S11 cos 2   S12 sin 2   x cos   
2
LT 
sin 2   x  X t
 LT  S T  x y  T  S 22 cos 2   S12 sin 2   x sin   
2
LT cos 2   x  Yt
 LT  S66 sin  cos  x sin  cos   x  S
For a tensile load, σxu is smallest value of

Xt
x  x x
cos 2    LT sin 2 
Yt
x 
sin 2    LT cos 2  y
T L
S
x  θ
sin  cos  x
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Failure Criteria
Tsai-Hill Theory (Max. Work)

Failure initiates when the following inequality is violated

2 2
 L    L T   T    LT 
2

           1
  S 
2
 XT   T X   YT

x x

For a tensile load, σxu is

y
cos   1
4
1  2 sin  1 4 T L
  sin  cos 2
  
X T2  S2 X 2  Y 2
 2 θ
 T  T x
x
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Failure Criteria

Unidirectional Strength of Composite with Epoxy (Vf = 60 %)

Fiber E-glass HS carbon Kevlar

Xt 1400 1380 1400
Xc 910 1430 280
Yt 35 40 15
Yc 110 240 50
S 35 70 35
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Assignment 5
Exercise 1
Develop a relation for ‘σyu’ (Ultimate strength along y-axis) of a
lamina having fiber an angle ‘φ’, by all theories.

Exercise 2
Calculate ‘σyu’ at an angle of φ = 35 degree. Check by all failure
theories, , for Glass/Epoxy (Vf = 60%).

Exercise 3

Consider a lamina of Kevlar/Epoxy. The layer is subjected to a

tension in the direction θ.
Plot σxu as a function of angle θ (0° to 90°), by all theories.
Composite Materials

Thank You