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A single section selected to research and gather statistics of the whole.

For
example, when studying a group of college students, a single student could be a
sampling unit.

N statistics, a sampling frame is the source material or device from which


a sample is drawn.[1] It is a list of all those within a population who can be
sampled, and may include individuals, households or institutions.[1]

A SAMPLE (TECHNICAL DEFINITION) IS A COLLECTION OF


SAMPLING UNITS DRAWN FROM A FRAME.

The sampling fraction is equal to the sample size divided by the population
size,
A STATISTIC IS ANY QUANTITY THAT CAN BE CALCULATED FROM
THE SAMPLE (I.E., A FUNCTION OF THE SAMPLE). (A STATISTIC IS A
RANDOM VARIABLE; IT DOES NOT DEPEND ON ANY UNKNOWN
PARAMETERS, SUCH AS μ OR σ2.)

AN ESTIMATOR IS A STATISTIC USED TO ESTIMATE A POPULATION


CHARACTERISTIC (PARAMETER, SUCH AS A MEAN OR TOTAL). (IF A
STATISTIC IS USED TO ESTIMATE A POPULATION PARAMETER,
THEN IT IS AN ESTIMATOR.)

EXAMPLE OF AN ESTIMATOR: USE THE SAMPLE MEAN TO ESTIMATE


THE POPULATION MEAN. (THE VALUE OF THE ESTIMATOR,
CALCULATED FROM A PARTICULAR SAMPLE, IS CALLED THE
ESTIMATE. THE ESTIMATOR IS A FUNCTION (FORMULA); THE
ESTIMATE IS A NUMBER.)

PROPERTIES OF ESTIMATORS:

PRECISION: HOW MUCH VARIATION IS THERE IN THE ESTIMATE,


FROM SAMPLE TO SAMPLE
 TRUENESS: ON AVERAGE, HOW
“CLOSE” IS THE ESTIMATE TO THE POPULATION CHARACTERISTIC
BEING ESTIMATED

ACCURACY: A COMBINATION OF PRECISION AND TRUENESS


HE PRECISION (OF AN ESTIMATOR, X) WILL BE MEASURED BY THE
2
VARIANCE: var(X)=V(X)=σx =E((X−μx)2);

WHERE μx = E(X), OR THE STANDARD DEVIATION: SD(X)=σx = var(X).

THE TRUENESS OF AN ESTIMATOR WILL BE MEASURED BY THE


BIAS, WHICH IS DEFINED AS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE
EXPECTATION OF THE ESTIMATOR AND THE POPULATION
PARAMETER OF WHICH IT IS AN ESTIMATE:

BX =E(X)−μx.
 AN ESTIMATOR IS UNBIASED IF ITS EXPECTATION IS


EQUAL TO THE POPULATION

PARAMETER OF WHICH IT IS AN ESTIMATE. 41

ACCURACY WILL BE MEASURED BY THE MEAN SQUARED ERROR:


2 2
MSE(X)=E((X−μx)2)=σx +BX .

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