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10-1 Sequences, Series, and Sigma Notation
Find the next four terms of each sequence.

1. 1, 8, 15, 22, …
SOLUTION:
The terms appear to increase by 7. Check.

The next four terms are:
2. 3, −6, 12, −24, …

SOLUTION:
These terms appear to be multiplied by –2. Check.

3. 81, 27, 9, 3, …
SOLUTION:
These terms appear to be divided by 3. Check.

4. 1, 3,
eSolutions Manual …
7, 13,- Powered by Cognero Page 1
SOLUTION:
If we subtract each term from the term that follows, we see a pattern.
.
4. 1, 3, 7, 13, …
SOLUTION:
3 – 1 = 2
7– 3=4
13 – 7 = 6
It appears that each term is generated by adding the next successive even number. So the next four terms are:

13 + 8 = 21
21 + 10 = 31
31 + 12 = 43
43 + 14 = 57.
5. −2, −15, −28, −41…

SOLUTION:
–15 – (–2) = –13
–28 – (–15) = –13
–41 – (–28) = –13

Each term is 13 less than the previous term. The next four terms are
–41 + (–13) = –54
–54– (–13) = –67
–67 – (–13) = –80
–80– (–13) = –93.
6. 1, 4, 10, 19, …

SOLUTION:

4– 1=3
10 – 4 = 6
19 – 10 = 9

It appears that each term is generated by adding the next successive multiple of 3. The next four terms are :

19 + 12 = 31
31+ 18 = 46
46 + 21 = 64
64 + 24 = 85.
Find the first four terms of each sequence.

7. a n = n 2 – 1
SOLUTION:
2
a 1 = 1 – 1
= 0
2
a 2 = 2 – 1
= 3
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 2
2
a3 = 3 – 1
= 8

19 + 12 = 31
31+ 18 = 46
10-1 46 + 21 = 64
Sequences, Series, and Sigma Notation
64 + 24 = 85.
Find the first four terms of each sequence.

7. a n = n 2 – 1
SOLUTION:
2
a 1 = 1 – 1
= 0
2
a 2 = 2 – 1
= 3
2
a3 = 3 – 1
= 8
2
a 4 = 4 – 1
= 15
8. a n = −2n + 7
SOLUTION:
1
a 1 = −2 + 7
= –2 + 7
= 5
2
a 2 = −2 + 7
= –4 + 7
= 3
3
a 3 = −2 + 7
= –8 + 7
= –1
4
a 4 = −2 + 7
= –16 + 7
= –9
9. a n =
SOLUTION:

= –1
4
a 4 = −2 + 7
10-1 = –16 + 7
= –9
9. a n =
SOLUTION:
10. a n = (–1)n + 1 + n
SOLUTION:
1+1
a 1 = (–1) +1
2
= 1 + 1
= 2
2+1
a 2 = (–1) +2
3
= (–1) + 2
= 1
3+1
a 3 = (–1) +3
4
= (–1) + 3
= 4
4+1
a 4 = (–1) +4
5
= (–1) + 4
= 3
11. AUTOMOBILE LEASES Lease agreements often contain clauses that limit the number of miles driven per year
by charging a per-mile fee over that limit. For the car shown below, the lease requires that the number of miles
driven each year must be no more than 15,000.


= 4
4+1
a 4 = (–1) +4
5
10-1 = (–1)
Sequences, + 4 Series, and Sigma Notation
= 3
11. AUTOMOBILE LEASES Lease agreements often contain clauses that limit the number of miles driven per year
by charging a per-mile fee over that limit. For the car shown below, the lease requires that the number of miles
driven each year must be no more than 15,000.

a. Write the sequence describing the maximum number of allowed miles on the car at the end of every 12 months
of the lease if the car has 1350 miles at the beginning of the lease.
b. Write the first 4 terms of the sequence that gives the cumulative cost of the lease for a given month.
c. Write an explicit formula to represent the sequence in part b.
d. Determine the total amount of money paid by the end of the lease.
SOLUTION:
a. If the car starts with 1350 miles on it and the number of additional miles must be less than 15,000, for the
sequence by adding 15,000 to the previous term.
a 1 = 1350 + 15,000 or 16,350
a 2 = 16,350 + 15,000 or 31,350
a 3 = 31,350 + 15,000 or 46,350

b. During the first month, the customer pays the down payment plus the first month’s lease payment. After that,
the customer pays just the lease payment each month.

b 1 = 1699 + 399 or 2098
b 2 = 2098 + 399 or 2497
b 3 = 2497 + 399 or 2896
b 4 = 2896 + 399 or 3295
So the first four terms of the sequence are 2098, 2497, 2896, and 3295.

c. The sequence in part b is 2098, 2497, 2896, 3295. Each term a n in this sequence can be found by adding multiple
n of 399 to an initial value of 1699. So an explicit formula for this sequence is a n = 1699 + 399n.

d. The lease is for 36 months. Use the explicit formula you wrote in part a to find a 36.
a 36 = 1699 + 399(36) = 16,063
The total amount of money paid by the end of the lease is $16,063.
Find the specified term of each sequence.

12. 4th term, a 1 = 5, a n = –3a n – 1 + 10, n ≥ 2
SOLUTION:
This formula given is a recursive one. This requires that each of the terms before the 4th term a 4 must be found
first.
a =5
eSolutions1 Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 5

a 2 = –3a 2 – 1 + 10

d. The lease is for 36 months. Use the explicit formula you wrote in part a to find a 36.
10-1 aSequences,
36 = 1699 + 399(36) = 16,063
Series, and Sigma Notation
The total amount of money paid by the end of the lease is $16,063.
Find the specified term of each sequence.

12. 4th term, a 1 = 5, a n = –3a n – 1 + 10, n ≥ 2
SOLUTION:
first.
a1 = 5

a 2 = –3a 2 – 1 + 10
= –3a 1 + 10
= –3(5) + 10
= –5

a 3 = –3a 3 – 1 + 10
= –3a 2 + 10
= –3(–5) + 10
= 25

a 4 = –3a 4 – 1 + 10
= –3a 3 + 10
= –3(25) + 10
= –65
13. 7th term, a 1 = 14, a n = 0.5a n − 1 + 3, n ≥ 2
SOLUTION:
first.
a 1 = 14
a 2 = 0.5a 2 − 1 + 3
= 0.5a 1 + 3
= 0.5(14) + 3
= 10

a 3 = 0.5a 3 – 1 + 3
= 0.5a 2 + 3
= 0.5(10) + 3
= 8

a 4 = 0.5a 4 – 1 + 3
= 0.5a 3 + 3
= 0.5(8) + 3
= 7
a 5 = 0.5a 5 – 1 + 3
= 0.5a 4 + 3
= 0.5(7) + 3
= 6.5
a 4 = –3a 4 – 1 + 10
= –3a 3 + 10
= –3(25) + 10
10-1 = –65
13. 7th term, a 1 = 14, a n = 0.5a n − 1 + 3, n ≥ 2
SOLUTION:
first.
a 1 = 14
a 2 = 0.5a 2 − 1 + 3
= 0.5a 1 + 3
= 0.5(14) + 3
= 10

a 3 = 0.5a 3 – 1 + 3
= 0.5a 2 + 3
= 0.5(10) + 3
= 8

a 4 = 0.5a 4 – 1 + 3
= 0.5a 3 + 3
= 0.5(8) + 3
= 7
a 5 = 0.5a 5 – 1 + 3
= 0.5a 4 + 3
= 0.5(7) + 3
= 6.5

a 6 = 0.5a 6 – 1 + 3
= 0.5a 5 + 3
= 0.5(6.5) + 3
= 6.25

a 7 = 0.5a 7 – 1 + 3
= 0.5a 7 + 3
= 0.5(6.25) + 3
= 6.125
14. 4th term, a 1 = 0, , n ≥ 2
SOLUTION:
first.
a1 = 0

a 7 = 0.5a 7 – 1 + 3
= 0.5a 7 + 3
10-1 = 0.5(6.25) + 3
= 6.125
14. 4th term, a 1 = 0, , n ≥ 2
SOLUTION:
first.
a1 = 0
15. 3rd term, a 1 = 3, a n = (a n – 1)2 – 5a n – 1 + 4, n ≥ 2
SOLUTION:
2
3rd term, a n = (a n – 1) – 5a n – 1 + 4, a 1 = 3
first.
a1 = 3

2
a 2 = (a 2 – 1) – 5a 2 – 1 + 4
2
= (a 1) – 5a 1 + 4
2
= 3 – 5(3) + 4
= 9 – 15 + 4
= –2

2
a 3 = (a 3 – 1) – 5a 3 – 1 + 4
2
= (a 2) – 5a 2 + 4
2
= (–2) – 5(–2) + 4
= 4 + 10 + 4
= 18
16. WEB SITE Khari, the student from the beginning of the lesson, had great success expanding her Web site. Each
student who received a referral developed a Web page and referred five more students to Khari’s site.
a. Manual
eSolutions List the- Powered by terms
first five Cognero
a sequence modeling the number of new Web pages created through Khari’s site.Page 8
of
b. Suppose the school has 1576 students. After how many rounds of referrals did the entire student body have a
Web page?
2
= (a 2) – 5a 2 + 4
2
= (–2) – 5(–2) + 4
10-1 = 4 + 10 + 4
= 18
16. WEB SITE Khari, the student from the beginning of the lesson, had great success expanding her Web site. Each
student who received a referral developed a Web page and referred five more students to Khari’s site.
a. List the first five terms of a sequence modeling the number of new Web pages created through Khari’s site.
b. Suppose the school has 1576 students. After how many rounds of referrals did the entire student body have a
Web page?
SOLUTION:
a. An explicit formula for this sequence is a n = 5n . Use this formula to find the first five terms of the sequence, a 0,
a 1, a 2, a 3, and a 4, where n represents the first round of referrals.
0
a0 = 5 = 1
1
a1 = 5 = 5
2
a 2 = 5 = 25
3
a 3 = 5 = 125
4
a 4 = 5 = 625

b. To determine after how many rounds of referrals the entire student body had a Web page, find one or two more
terms of the sequence. Then find the cumulative sum of the sequence after each term.
5
a 5 = 5 = 3125
6
a 6 = 5 = 15,625

a0 + a1 = 1 + 5 = 6
a 0 + a 1 + a 2 = 6 + 25 = 31
a 0 + a 1 + a 2 + a 3 = 31 + 125 = 156
a 0 + a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + a 4 = 156 + 625 = 781
a 0 + a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + a 4 + a 5 = 781 + 3125 = 3206
a 0 + a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + a 4 + a 5 + a 6 = 3026 + 15,625 = 18,651

After 5 rounds of referrals, then total number of new Web pages is greater than the population of the school since
2306 > 1576.
17. BEES Female honeybees come from fertilized eggs (male and female parent), while male honeybees come from
unfertilized eggs (only one female parent).
a. Draw a family tree showing the 3 previous generations of a male honeybee (parents only).
b. Determine the number of parent bees in the 11th previous generation of a male honeybee.
SOLUTION:
a. Start with a male honeybee in generation 4 and work backward. A male honeybee can only have a female
parent.

A female honeybee has a male and a female parent.
0 1 2 3 4 5
a 0 + a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + a 4 + a 5 + a 6 = 3026 + 15,625 = 18,651

10-1 After 5 rounds ofSeries,
Sequences, referrals,and
then total
Sigma number of new Web pages is greater than the population of the school since
Notation
2306 > 1576.
17. BEES Female honeybees come from fertilized eggs (male and female parent), while male honeybees come from
unfertilized eggs (only one female parent).
a. Draw a family tree showing the 3 previous generations of a male honeybee (parents only).
b. Determine the number of parent bees in the 11th previous generation of a male honeybee.
SOLUTION:
a. Start with a male honeybee in generation 4 and work backward. A male honeybee can only have a female
parent.
A female honeybee has a male and a female parent.
Again, a male honeybee can only have a female parent, and a female honeybee has a male and a female parent.
b.
Let Bn be the number of bees in the nth previous level of the tree, with level 0 corresponding to the original male
bee. Each of the B n − 1 bees at level n − 1 will have a mother, so there are Bn − 1 female bees at level n. Each
female at level n − 1 will also have a father and each of these is a mother to exactly one of the bees at level n − 2,
so there are Bn − 2 male bees at level n. Thus, Bn = Bn − 1 + Bn − 2 with B0 = 1 and B1 = 1. This is the Fibonacci
sequence, in which the previous two terms are added to get the next term. Find the 11th term in the Fibonacci
sequence.
4th term: 2 + 3 = 5
5th term: 3 + 5 = 8
6th term: 5 + 8 = 13
7th term: 8 + 13 = 21
8th term: 13 + 21 = 34
9th term: 21 + 34 = 55
10th term: 34 + 55 = 89
11th term: 55 + 89 = 144
Therefore, there will be 144 parent bees in the 11th previous generation.
Determine
eSolutions whether
Manual - Powered each
by Cognero sequence is convergent or divergent. Page 10
18. a 1 = 4, 1.5a n – 1, n 2
8th term: 13 + 21 = 34
9th term: 21 + 34 = 55
10th term: 34 + 55 = 89
10-1 11th term: 55 + 89
Sequences, = 144 and Sigma Notation
Series,
Therefore, there will be 144 parent bees in the 11th previous generation.
Determine whether each sequence is convergent or divergent.

18. a 1 = 4, 1.5a n – 1, n 2
SOLUTION:
The first term in this sequence is 4. Find several more terms using the given recursive formula.

The first eight terms of the sequence are 4, 6, 9, 13.5, 20.25, 30.375, 45.5625, and 68.34375. These terms do not
appear to approach a finite number. Therefore, the sequence is divergent.
19. a n =
SOLUTION:
Find several terms in the sequence using the given explicit formula.

The first eight terms of the sequence are 4, 6, 9, 13.5, 20.25, 30.375, 45.5625, and 68.34375. These terms do not
10-1 appear
Sequences, Series,
to approach a finiteand Sigma
number. Notation
Therefore, the sequence is divergent.
19. a n =
SOLUTION:
The first eight terms of this sequence are 0.5, 0.05, 0.005, 0.0005, 0.00005, 0.000005, 0.0000005, and 0.00000005.
These terms appear to slowly approach a finite number, 0. The sequence appears to have a limit and is therefore
convergent.
20. a n = –n 2 – 8n + 106
SOLUTION:

The first eight terms of this sequence are 0.5, 0.05, 0.005, 0.0005, 0.00005, 0.000005, 0.0000005, and 0.00000005.
10-1 These terms appear
Sequences, to slowly
Series, and approach
Sigmaa finite number, 0. The sequence appears to have a limit and is therefore
Notation
convergent.
20. a n = –n 2 – 8n + 106
SOLUTION:

The first eight terms of this sequence are 97, 86, 73, 58, 41, 41, 22, 1, and –22. These terms do not appear to
approach a finite number. Therefore, the sequence is divergent.
21. a 1 = –64, a n – 1, n 2
SOLUTION:
The first term in this sequence is –64. Find several more terms using the given recursive formula.


10-1 The
Sequences, Series,
first eight terms of thisand Sigma
sequence Notation
are 97, 86, 73, 58, 41, 41, 22, 1, and –22. These terms do not appear to
approach a finite number. Therefore, the sequence is divergent.
21. a 1 = –64, a n – 1, n 2
SOLUTION:
The first term in this sequence is –64. Find several more terms using the given recursive formula.

The first eight terms of this sequence are –64, –48, –36, –27, –20.25, –15.1875, –11.390625, and –8.54296875.
These terms appear to slowly approach a finite number, 0. The sequence appears to have a limit and is therefore
convergent.
22. a 1 = 1, n 2
SOLUTION:

The first eight terms of this sequence are –64, –48, –36, –27, –20.25, –15.1875, –11.390625, and –8.54296875.
10-1 These
Sequences, Series,
terms appear and
to slowly Sigmaa finite
approach Notation
number, 0. The sequence appears to have a limit and is therefore
convergent.
22. a 1 = 1, n 2
SOLUTION:
The first eight terms of this sequence are 1, 3, 1, 3, 1, 3, 1, and 3. It appears that when n is odd, a n is 1 and when n
is even, a n is 3. Since a n does not approach one particular value, the sequence has no limit. Therefore, the
sequence is divergent.
23. a n = n 2 – 3n + 1
SOLUTION:


The first eight terms of this sequence are 1, 3, 1, 3, 1, 3, 1, and 3. It appears that when n is odd, a n is 1 and when n
10-1 isSequences,
even, a n is 3. Since a n does not approach one particular value, the sequence has no limit. Therefore, the
sequence is divergent.
23. a n = n 2 – 3n + 1
SOLUTION:

These terms are increasing and do not approach a finite number. Therefore, the sequence is divergent.
24. a n =
SOLUTION:



24. a n =
SOLUTION:

25. a 1 = 9, a n = ,n 2
SOLUTION:


25. a 1 = 9, a n = ,n 2
SOLUTION:

These terms slowly approach a finite number, 3. The sequence appears to have a limit and is therefore convergent.
26. a n =
SOLUTION:
26. a n =
SOLUTION:

27.
SOLUTION:

27.
10-1 SOLUTION:

The first eight terms of this sequence are 2, 1.4, 1.12, 1.032, 1.008, 1.00195, 1.000448, and 1.0001024. These terms
approach a finite number, 1. The sequence appears to have a limit and is therefore convergent.
Find the indicated sum for each sequence.

28. 5thManual
eSolutions partial- Powered
sum of by
n = n(n –
4)(n – 3)
a Cognero Page 20
SOLUTION:

10-1 The first eight terms
Sequences, of thisand
Series, sequence are 2,Notation
Sigma 1.4, 1.12, 1.032, 1.008, 1.00195, 1.000448, and 1.0001024. These terms
approach a finite number, 1. The sequence appears to have a limit and is therefore convergent.
Find the indicated sum for each sequence.

28. 5th partial sum of a n = n(n – 4)(n – 3)
SOLUTION:
Find the first five terms of the sequence.

The 5th partial sum of this sequence is 6 + 4 + 0 + 0 + 10 is 20
29. 6th partial sum of a n =
SOLUTION:
Find the first six terms of the sequence.

The 6th partial sum of this sequence is –2 + (–3.5) + (–4) + (–4.25) + (–4.4) + (–4.5) or –22.65.
30. S 8 of a 1 = 1, a n = a n – 1 + (18 – n), n 2
SOLUTION:
Analyze the pattern by finding the differences between successive terms.
18 – 1 = 17
34 – 18 = 16
49 – 34 = 15
eSolutions
63Manual
– 49 =- Powered
14 by Cognero Page 21
The sequence is formed by adding successively smaller integers.
Continue this pattern to find the next three terms.
The 6th partial sum of this sequence is –2 + (–3.5) + (–4) + (–4.25) + (–4.4) + (–4.5) or –22.65.
30. S 8 of a 1 = 1, a n = a n – 1 + (18 – n), n 2
SOLUTION:
Analyze the pattern by finding the differences between successive terms.
18 – 1 = 17
34 – 18 = 16
49 – 34 = 15
63 – 49 = 14
The sequence is formed by adding successively smaller integers.
Continue this pattern to find the next three terms.
63 + 13 = 76
76 + 12 = 88
88 + 11 = 99
The 8th partial sum S 8 of this sequence is 1 + 18 + 34 + 49 + 63 + 76 + 88 + 99 or 428.
31. S 4 of a 1 = 64, a n = a n – 1, n 2
SOLUTION:
Find the next three terms of the sequence.

The 4th partial sum S 4 of this sequence is 64 + (–48) + 36 + (–27) or 25.
32. 11th partial sum of a 1 = 4,
SOLUTION:
The first term of the sequence is 4. Find the next 10 terms of the sequence.


1
SOLUTION:
The first term of the sequence is 4. Find the next 10 terms of the sequence.

The 11th partial sum of this sequence is 4 + (–7) + 10 + (–13) + 16 + (–19) + 22 + (–25) + 28 + (–31) + 34 or 19.
33. S 9 of a 1 = –35, a n = a n – 1 + 8, n 2
SOLUTION:
The first term of the sequence is –35. Find the next 8 terms of the sequence.
The 9th partial sum S of this sequence is –35 + (–27) + (–19) + (–11) + (–3) + 5 + 13 + 21 + 29 or –27.
9
34. 4th partial sum of a 1 = 3, a n = (a n – 1 – 2)3, n ≥ 2

The 11th partial sum of this sequence is 4 + (–7) + 10 + (–13) + 16 + (–19) + 22 + (–25) + 28 + (–31) + 34 or 19.
33. S 9 of a 1 = –35, a n = a n – 1 + 8, n 2
SOLUTION:
The first term of the sequence is –35. Find the next 8 terms of the sequence.
The 9th partial sum S 9 of this sequence is –35 + (–27) + (–19) + (–11) + (–3) + 5 + 13 + 21 + 29 or –27.
SOLUTION:
10-1 The
Sequences, Series,
9th partial sum and
S of this Sigma
sequence Notation
is –35 + (–27) + (–19) + (–11) + (–3) + 5 + 13 + 21 + 29 or –27.
9
SOLUTION:

The 4th partial sum of this sequence is 3 + 1 + (–1) + (–27) or –24.
35. S 4 of a n =
SOLUTION:
Find the first 4 terms of the sequence.

The 4th partial sum of this sequence is which is
Find each sum.

36.
SOLUTION:

10-1 The
Sequences, Series,
4th partial sum of this and Sigma
sequence is Notation which is
Find each sum.

36.
SOLUTION:
37.
SOLUTION:
38.
SOLUTION:
39.
SOLUTION:
40.
SOLUTION:
40.
SOLUTION:
41.
SOLUTION:
42.
SOLUTION:
43.
SOLUTION:

43.
SOLUTION:
44.
SOLUTION:
45.
SOLUTION:
46. FINANCIAL LITERACY Jim’s bank account had an initial deposit of $380, earning 3.5% interest per year
compounded annually.
a. Find the balance each year for the first five years.
b. Write a recursive and an explicit formula defining his account balance.
c. For very large values of n, which formula gives a more accurate balance? Explain.
SOLUTION:
a. The compound interest formula is . In this situation, P = 380, r = 0.035, and n = 1, so the formula
becomes , where t is the number of years after the initial deposit. Use this equation to find the first
five terms of the sequence.
46. FINANCIAL LITERACY Jim’s bank account had an initial deposit of $380, earning 3.5% interest per year
compounded annually.
a. Find the balance each year for the first five years.
b. Write a recursive and an explicit formula defining his account balance.
c. For very large values of n, which formula gives a more accurate balance? Explain.
SOLUTION:
a. The compound interest formula is . In this situation, P = 380, r = 0.035, and n = 1, so the formula
becomes , where t is the number of years after the initial deposit. Use this equation to find the first
five terms of the sequence.

b. In this sequence, each term is 1.035 times the previous term. Therefore, a recursive formula for this sequence is
a 0 = 380 and a t = 1.035a t – 1, t 1, where t is the number of years after the initial deposit.
t
An explicit formula for this sequences is a t = 380(1.035) , where t is the number of years after the initial deposit.
This is the same formula as that given by the compound interest formula for this situation, replacing P with a t.

c. Explicit formula; when the recursive formula is used, rounding occurs at each step. With an explicit formula, you
only need to round the final answer.
47. INVESTING Melissa invests $200 every 3 months. The investment pays an annual percentage rate of 8% and the
interest is compounded quarterly. If Melissa makes each payment at the beginning of the quarter and the interest is
posted at the end of the quarter, what will the total value of the investment be after 2 years?
SOLUTION:
Since the interest is compounded quarterly, divide the rate 0.08 by 4 to get a quarterly rate of 0.02. So the value of
the investment at the end of the first quarter is 200 + 200(0.02), which is 200(1 + 0.02) or 200(1.02) or 204.
Melissa continues to add money to the account each quarter. Therefore, we can define the sequence of quarterly
investment values as , , where n 2.
Two years is equivalent to 2 × 4 or 8 quarters. Therefore, you need to find the 8th term in this recursively defined
sequence.


After 2 years or 8 quarters, the total value of the investment will be about $1750.93.
48. RIDES The table shows the number of riders of the Mean Streak each year from 1998 to 2007. This ridership
data can be approximated by , where n = 1 represents 1998, n = 2 represents 1999, and so on.

After 2 years or 8 quarters, the total value of the investment will be about $1750.93.
48. RIDES The table shows the number of riders of the Mean Streak each year from 1998 to 2007. This ridership
data can be approximated by , where n = 1 represents 1998, n = 2 represents 1999, and so on.

a. Sketch a graph of the number of riders from 1998 to 2007. Then determine whether the sequence appears to be
convergent or divergent. Does this make sense in the context of the situation? Explain your reasoning.
b. Use the table to find the total number of riders from 1998 to 2005. Then use the explicit sequence to find the 8th
partial sum of a n. Compare the results.
c. If the sequence continues, find a14. What does this number represent?
SOLUTION:
a.
Divergent; the sequence appears to continue to decrease. It could not decrease forever because the number of
riders cannot be less than 0.

b. Using the table, the total number of riders from 1998 to 2005 is 1.31 + 1.15 + 1.14 + 1.09 + 1.05 + 0.99 + 0.95 +
0.89 or 8.57 million. Now fine the 8th partial sum of the sequence given by the explicit formula .

The 8th partial sum of this sequence is 1.25 + 1.2 + 1.15 + 1.1 + 1.05 + 1 + 0.95 + 0.9 or 8.6 million. The results
are approximately equal.

c.
a 14 represents the number of riders in 2011, 0.6 million riders.

Copy and complete the table.

49.
Explicit
Recursive Formula Sequence
Formula
6, 8, 10, 12, …
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: The first term is 6 and each successive term is 2 more than the term before it, so a 1 = 6, a n = a n –
1 + 2, for n 2.
Since 2(1) + 4 = 6, 2(2) + 4 = 8, 2(3) + 4 = 10, and 2(4) + 4 = 12, then a n = 2n + 4
50.
Explicit
Formula
a 1 = 15, a n = a n – 1 – 1, n 2

SOLUTION:
a 1 = 15, a 2 = 15 – 1 = 14, a 3 = 14 – 1 = 13, a 4 = 13 – 1 = 12, so the sequence is 15, 14, 13, 12, …;
Since 15 = –1 + 16, 14 = –2 + 16, 13 = –3 + 16, and 12 = –4 + 16, then a n = –n + 16.
51.
Explicit
Formula
7, 21, 63, 189, …

SOLUTION:
Sample answer: The first term is 7 and each successive term is 3 times larger than the term before it, so a 1 = 7, a n
= 3a n – 1, for n 2.
2 3 n –1
Since 7 = 7(1), 21 = 7(3), 63 = 7(3 ), and 189 = 7(3 ), then a n = 7(3)
SOLUTION:
a 1 = 15, a 2 = 15 – 1 = 14, a 3 = 14 – 1 = 13, a 4 = 13 – 1 = 12, so the sequence is 15, 14, 13, 12, …;
10-1 Since
Sequences, Series,
15 = –1 + 16, 14 = –2and
+ 16,Sigma
13 = –3 Notation
+ 16, and 12 = –4 + 16, then a = –n + 16.
n
51.
Explicit
Formula
7, 21, 63, 189, …

SOLUTION:
Sample answer: The first term is 7 and each successive term is 3 times larger than the term before it, so a 1 = 7, a n
= 3a n – 1, for n 2.
2 3 n –1
Since 7 = 7(1), 21 = 7(3), 63 = 7(3 ), and 189 = 7(3 ), then a n = 7(3)
52.
Recursive
Sequence Explicit Formula
Formula
a n = 10(–2)n

SOLUTION:
1 2 3 4
Since a 1 = 10(–2) = –20, a 2 = 10(–2) = 40, a 3 = 10(–2) = –80, and a 4 = 10(–2) = 160, the sequence is –20, 40,
–80, 160, …;
The first term is –20 and each successive term is –2 times larger than the term before it, so a 1 = –20 and a n = –
2a n – 1, for n 2.
53.
Explicit
Formula
a n = 8n – 3
SOLUTION:
Since a 1 = 8(1) – 3 = 5, a 2 = 8(2) – 3 = 13, a 3 = 8(3) – 3 = 21, and a 4 = 8(4) – 3 = 29, the sequence is 5, 13, 21,
29, …;
The first term is 5 and each successive term is 8 more than the term before it, so a 1 = 5 and a n = a n – 1 + 8, for n
2;
54.
Explicit
Formula
a 1 =2, a n = 4a n – 1 , n 2
SOLUTION:
Since a 1 = 2, a 2 = 4(2) = 8, a 3 = 4(8) = 32, and a 4 = 4(32) = 128, the sequence is 2, 8, 32, 128, …;
2 3 n–1
Since 2 = 2(1), 8 = 2(4), 32 = 2(4 ), and 128 = 2(4 ), then a n = 2(4 ).
55.
Explicit
Formula
eSolutionsaManual
=3, a n- =Powered
1
a n – 1 +by – 1, n
2nCognero 2 Page 34
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
Since a 1 = 2, a 2 = 4(2) = 8, a 3 = 4(8) = 32, and a 4 = 4(32) = 128, the sequence is 2, 8, 32, 128, …;
10-1 Since
Sequences,
2 = 2(1), 8Series,
= 2(4), 32and
= 2(4Sigma
2 Notation
), and 128
3
= 2(4 ), then a
n–1
n = 2(4 ).
55.
Explicit
Formula
a 1 =3, a n = a n – 1 + 2n – 1, n 2
SOLUTION:
Since a 1 = 3, a 2 = 3 + 2(2) – 1 = 6, a 3 = 6 + 2(3) – 1 = 11, and a 4 = 11 + 2(4) – 1 = 18, the sequence is 3, 6, 11,
18, …;
2 2 2 2 2
Since 3 = 1 + 2, 6 = 2 + 2, 11 = 3 + 2, and 18 = 4 + 2, then a n = n + 2.
56.
Explicit
Formula
an = n2 + 1
SOLUTION:
2 2 2 2
Since a 1 = 1 + 1 = 2, a 2 = 2 + 1 = 5, a 3 = 3 + 1 = 10, and a 4 = 4 + 1 = 17, the sequence is 2, 5, 10, 17, …;
The first term is 2 and each successive term is 2n – 1 more than the term before it, so a 1 = 2 and a n = a n – 1 + 2n
– 1, for n 2.
Write each series in sigma notation. The lower bound is given.

57. –2 – 1 + 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5; n = 1
SOLUTION:
58. + + + + + ;n=4
SOLUTION:
59. 8 + 27 + 64 + … + 1000; n = 2

SOLUTION:
60. + + + … + ;n=1

59. 8 + 27 + 64 + … + 1000; n = 2

SOLUTION:
60. + + + … + ;n=1
SOLUTION:
61. –8 + 16 – 32 + 64 – 128 + 256 – 512; n = 3

SOLUTION:
62. ;n=1
SOLUTION:
Determine whether each sequence is convergent or divergent. Then find the fifth partial sum of the
sequence.
63.
SOLUTION:
Find the first five terms of the sequence using the explicit formula, .

Determine whether each sequence is convergent or divergent. Then find the fifth partial sum of the
sequence.
63.
SOLUTION:
These terms do not approach a finite number. Therefore, the sequence is divergent.
The sum of the first five terms is 1 + 0 + (–1) + 0 + 1 or 1.
64.
SOLUTION:
These terms continue to decrease; they do not approach a finite number. Therefore, the sequence is divergent.
The sum of the first five terms is (–1) + (–2) + (–3) + (–4) + (–5) or –15.
65.
SOLUTION:

These terms approach a finite number, 0. Therefore, the sequence is convergent.

The approximate sum of the first five terms is (–0.61) + (0.37) + (–0.22) + (0.14) + (–0.08) or about –0.4.
66. WATER PRESSURE The pressure exerted on the human body at sea level is 14.7 pounds per square inch (psi).
10-1 These terms continue
Sequences, to decrease;
Series, they do Notation
and Sigma not approach a finite number. Therefore, the sequence is divergent.
The sum of the first five terms is (–1) + (–2) + (–3) + (–4) + (–5) or –15.
65.
SOLUTION:

These terms approach a finite number, 0. Therefore, the sequence is convergent.

For each additional foot below sea level, the pressure is about 0.445 psi greater, as shown.

a. Write a recursive formula to represent a n, the pressure at n feet below sea level. (Hint: Let a 0 = 14.7.)
b. Write the first three terms of the sequence and describe what they represent.
c. Scuba divers cannot safely dive deeper than 100 feet. Write an explicit formula to represent a n. Then use the
formula to find the water pressure at 100 feet below sea level.
SOLUTION:
a. Let a 0 = 14.7. n = 1 represents the human body 1 foot below sea level. Since the pressure exerted on the human
body increases about 0.445 psi for each foot below sea level, a 1 = 14.7 + 0.445 or 15.145 psi. When the human
body is 2 feet below sea level, n = 2 and a 2 = 15.145 + 0.445 or 15.59 psi. a 1 and a 2 can be written as:
a 1 = 14.7 + 0.445 = a 0 + 0.445
a 2 = 15.145 + 0.445 = a 1 + 0.445
So, a recursive formula to represent the pressure at n feel below sea level is a 0 = 14.7, a n = a n – 1 + 0.445.

b. From part a, a 0 = 14.7, a 1 = 15.145, and a 2 = 15.59. a 0 represents the pressure exerted on the human body at
sea level. The pressure exerted on the human body at sea level is 14.7 psi. a 1 represents the pressure exerted on
the human body 1 foot below sea level. The pressure exerted on the human body 1 foot below sea level is 15.145
psi. a 2 represents the pressure exerted on the human body 2 feet below sea level. The pressure exerted on the
human body 2 feet below sea level is 15.59 psi.
Manual - Powered by Cognero
eSolutions Page 38
c. The common difference between the terms is 0.445. This sequence can be represented by a linear function that
has slope 0.445. Therefore, a n = 0.445n + b, where b is a constant. Since a n = 14.7 when n = 0, substitute these
10-1 These terms approach
Sequences, a finite
Series, andnumber,
Sigma 0. Therefore,
Notationthe sequence is convergent.
For each additional foot below sea level, the pressure is about 0.445 psi greater, as shown.

a. Write a recursive formula to represent a n, the pressure at n feet below sea level. (Hint: Let a 0 = 14.7.)
b. Write the first three terms of the sequence and describe what they represent.
c. Scuba divers cannot safely dive deeper than 100 feet. Write an explicit formula to represent a n. Then use the
formula to find the water pressure at 100 feet below sea level.
SOLUTION:
a. Let a 0 = 14.7. n = 1 represents the human body 1 foot below sea level. Since the pressure exerted on the human
body increases about 0.445 psi for each foot below sea level, a 1 = 14.7 + 0.445 or 15.145 psi. When the human
body is 2 feet below sea level, n = 2 and a 2 = 15.145 + 0.445 or 15.59 psi. a 1 and a 2 can be written as:
a 1 = 14.7 + 0.445 = a 0 + 0.445
a 2 = 15.145 + 0.445 = a 1 + 0.445
So, a recursive formula to represent the pressure at n feel below sea level is a 0 = 14.7, a n = a n – 1 + 0.445.

b. From part a, a 0 = 14.7, a 1 = 15.145, and a 2 = 15.59. a 0 represents the pressure exerted on the human body at
sea level. The pressure exerted on the human body at sea level is 14.7 psi. a 1 represents the pressure exerted on
the human body 1 foot below sea level. The pressure exerted on the human body 1 foot below sea level is 15.145
psi. a 2 represents the pressure exerted on the human body 2 feet below sea level. The pressure exerted on the
human body 2 feet below sea level is 15.59 psi.

c. The common difference between the terms is 0.445. This sequence can be represented by a linear function that
has slope 0.445. Therefore, a n = 0.445n + b, where b is a constant. Since a n = 14.7 when n = 0, substitute these
values into the equation and solve for b.
Thus, an explicit formula for a n is a n = 0.445n + 14.7. Substitute n = 100 into this formula to find the water
pressure at 100 feet below sea level.
Therefore, the water pressure at 100 feet below sea level is 59.2 psi.
Match each sequence with its graph.

a. a =
n n
b. a n = – n+9
Therefore, the water pressure at 100 feet below sea level is 59.2 psi.
Match each sequence with its graph.

a. a n = n
b. a n = – n+9
c.
d. a n = 8 – (2n)
e. a n = 9 – 2n
f.
67.
SOLUTION:
Find the first few terms of each sequence and identify the point (n, a n) that corresponds to each term.
For a n = n, the first three terms are , , and 4. So, three points are

For , the first three terms are 8.25, 7.5, and 6.75. So, three points are (1, 8.25), (2, 7.5), and (3, 6.75).

For , the first three terms are .So, three points are

For , the first three terms are 6.5, 5, and 2. So, three points are (1, 6.5), (2, 5), and (3, 2).

For a n = 9 − 2n, the first three terms are 7, 5, and 3. So, three points are (1, 7), (2, 5), and (3, 3).

For , the first three terms are , , and . So, three points are
is the only sequence that has points that match this graph. Therefore, the correct answer is b.

10-1 Sequences, is the only sequence that has points that match this graph. Therefore, the correct answer is b.
68.
SOLUTION:





is the only sequence that has points that match this graph. Therefore, the correct answer is f.
69.
SOLUTION:

eSolutions Page 41
10-1 Sequences, is the only sequence that has points that match this graph. Therefore, the correct answer is f.
69.
SOLUTION:





is the only sequence that has points that match this graph. Therefore, the correct answer is c.
70.
SOLUTION:

eSolutions Page 42
is the only sequence that has points that match this graph. Therefore, the correct answer is c.
70.
SOLUTION:





an = n is the only sequence that has points that match this graph. Therefore, the correct answer is a.
71.
SOLUTION:

eSolutions Page 43
10-1 aSequences,
n=
Series,
n is the only andthat
sequence Sigma Notation
has points that match this graph. Therefore, the correct answer is a.
71.
SOLUTION:





a n = 9 − 2n is the only sequence that has points that match this graph. Therefore, the correct answer is e.
72.
SOLUTION:



10-1 aSequences, Series, and Sigma Notation
= 9 − 2n is the only sequence that has points that match this graph. Therefore, the correct answer is e.
n
72.
SOLUTION:





is the only sequence that has points that match this graph. Therefore, the correct answer is d.
73. GOLDEN RATIO Consider the Fibonacci sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, …, a n – 2 + a n – 1.

a. Find for the second through eleventh terms of the Fibonacci sequence.
b. Sketch a graph of the terms found in part a. Let n − 1 be the x-coordinate and be the y-coordinate.
c. Based on the graph found in part b, does this sequence appear to be convergent? If so, describe the limit to three
decimal places. If not, explain why not.
d. In a golden rectangle, the ratio of the length to the width is about 1.61803399. This is called the golden ratio.
How does the limit of the sequence compare to the golden ratio?
e . Golden rectangles are common in art and architecture. The Parthenon, in Greece, is an example of how golden
rectangles are used in architecture.

decimal places. If not, explain why not.
d. In a golden rectangle, the ratio of the length to the width is about 1.61803399. This is called the golden ratio.
How does the limit of the sequence compare to the golden ratio?
10-1 eSequences,
.
Golden rectangles are common in art and architecture. The Parthenon, in Greece, is an example of how golden
rectangles are used in architecture.
Research golden rectangles and find two more examples of golden rectangles in art or architecture.
SOLUTION:
a. The first 11 terms of the sequence are 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, and 89. Find for the second term.

Find for the third term.

Find for the fourth term.

Find for the fifth term.

Find for the sixth term.

Find for the sixth term.

Find for the seventh term.

Find for the eighth term.

Find for the ninth term.

Find for the tenth term.

Find for the eleventh term.

Find for the eleventh term.
for the second through eleventh terms of the Fibonacci sequence are , , , , , , , , ,
b. Graph the points .

c. yes; As n increases, approaches 1.618. Therefore, the sequence appears to be convergent.

d. Since the golden ratio is 1.61803399 and the limit of the sequence found in part c is 1.618, the two ratios are
equivalent to three decimal places.
eSolutions Page 48
e . Sample answer: The golden rectangle can be found throughout some of Leonardo Da Vinci’s art, including the
Mona Lisa. It was also used in the construction of the Taj Mahal in India.

c. yes; As n increases, approaches 1.618. Therefore, the sequence appears to be convergent.
d. Since the golden ratio is 1.61803399 and the limit of the sequence found in part c is 1.618, the two ratios are
equivalent to three decimal places.

e . Sample answer: The golden rectangle can be found throughout some of Leonardo Da Vinci’s art, including the
Mona Lisa. It was also used in the construction of the Taj Mahal in India.
Determine whether each sequence is convergent or divergent.
74.
SOLUTION:
The terms of the sequence appear to be increasing by a constant rate. Therefore, the terms of the sequence do not
approach a unique number and the sequence is divergent.
75.
SOLUTION:
The terms of the sequence appear to alternate signs while their absolute values seem to increase without bound.
Therefore, the terms of the sequence do not approach a unique number and the sequence is divergent.
76.
SOLUTION:
The terms of the sequence appear to alternate signs while slowly approaching 0. Therefore, the terms of the
sequence approach a unique number, 0, and the sequence is convergent.
77.
SOLUTION:
The terms of the sequence appear to be approaching a value of about 2.75. Therefore, the terms of the sequence
76.
SOLUTION:
10-1 The
Sequences,
terms of theSeries,
sequence and
appearSigma Notation
to alternate signs while slowly approaching 0. Therefore, the terms of the
sequence approach a unique number, 0, and the sequence is convergent.
77.
SOLUTION:
The terms of the sequence appear to be approaching a value of about 2.75. Therefore, the terms of the sequence
approach a unique number, about 2.75, and the sequence is convergent.
Write an explicit formula for each recursively defined sequence.

78. a 1 = 10; a n = a n − 1 + 5
SOLUTION:
Find the next two terms of the sequence.
n =2

n =3

Each term of the sequence is found by adding 5 to the succeeding term. Thus, the terms of the sequence are 10,
15, 20, 25, 30, … . The common difference between the terms is 5. This sequence can be represented by a linear
function that has slope 5. Therefore, a n = 5n + b, where b is a constant. Since a n = 10 when n = 1, substitute these
values into the equation and solve for b.
Thus, an explicit formula for the recursively defined sequence is a n = 5n + 5.
79. a 1 = 1.25; a n = a n − 1 − 0.5
SOLUTION:
n =2

10-1 Thus,
Sequences,
an explicitSeries, and
formula for the Sigma Notation
recursively defined sequence is a n = 5n + 5.
79. a 1 = 1.25; a n = a n − 1 − 0.5
SOLUTION:
n =2

n =3

Each term of the sequence is found by subtracting 0.5 to the succeeding term. Thus, the terms of the sequence are
1.25, 0.75, 0.25, −0.25, −0.75, … . The common difference between the terms is −0.5. This sequence can be
represented by a linear function that has slope −0.5. Therefore, a n = −0.5n + b, where b is a constant. Since a n =
1.25 when n = 1, substitute these values into the equation and solve for b.

Thus, an explicit formula for the recursively defined sequence is a n = −0.5n + 1.75.
80. a 1 = 128; a n = 0.5a n − 1
SOLUTION:
n =2

n =3

eSolutions Page 51
Each term of the sequence is found by multiplying the succeeding term by 0.5. Thus, the terms of the sequence are
128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, … . The terms of the sequence can be written in terms of multiples of 0.5.
0 1−1

10-1 Thus,
an explicit formula for the recursively defined sequence is a −0.5n + 1.75.
n=
80. a 1 = 128; a n = 0.5a n − 1
SOLUTION:
n =2

n =3

Each term of the sequence is found by multiplying the succeeding term by 0.5. Thus, the terms of the sequence are
128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, … . The terms of the sequence can be written in terms of multiples of 0.5.
0 1−1
a 1 = 128(0.5) or 128(0.5)
1 2−1
a 2 = 128(0.5) or 128(0.5)
2 3−1
a 3 = 128(0.5) or 128(0.5)
3 4−1
a 4 = 128(0.5) or 128(0.5)
4 5−1
a 5 = 128(0.5) or 128(0.5)
n−1
Thus, an explicit formula for the recursively defined sequence is a n = 128(0.5) .
81. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS In this problem, you will investigate sums of infinite series.
a. NUMERICAL Calculate the first five terms of the infinite sequence .
b. GRAPHICAL Use a graphing calculator to sketch .
c. VERBAL Describe what is happening to the terms of the sequence as n .
d. NUMERICAL Find the sum of the first 5 terms, 7 terms, and 9 terms of the series.
e . VERBAL Describe what is happening to the partial sums S n as n increases.
f. VERBAL Predict the sum of the first n terms of the series. Explain your reasoning.
SOLUTION:
a. Substitute n = 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 into .
n =1

n =2
f. VERBAL Predict the sum of the first n terms of the series. Explain your reasoning.
SOLUTION:
10-1 a.Sequences,
Substitute n = Series, and5 into
1, 2, 3, 4, and Sigma Notation
.
n =1
n =2
n =3
n =4
n =5

b. Plot the points (1, 0.4), (2, 0.04), (3, 0.004), (4, 0.0004), (5, 0.00004). Use a graphing calculator to find a few
other points and sketch the graph.

c. As n approaches infinity, the terms approach a value of 0. It seems as if each term adds another 0 to the right of
the decimal point in front of the 4.

d. To find S 5, add the first five terms. So, S 5 = 0.4 + 0.04 + 0.004 + 0.0004 + 0.00004 = 0.44444.
To find S 7, first find the sixth and seventh terms of the sequence.

n =6

n =7

d. To find S 5, add the first five terms. So, S 5 = 0.4 + 0.04 + 0.004 + 0.0004 + 0.00004 = 0.44444.
To find S , first find the sixth and seventh terms of the sequence.
7
n =6

n =7

Now add the sixth and seventh terms to S 5. So, S 5 = 0.44444 + 0.000004 + 0.0000004 = 0.4444444.

To find S 9, first find the eighth and ninth terms of the sequence.
n =8

n =9
Now add the eighth and ninth terms to S 7. So, S 9 = 0.4444444 + 0.00000004 + 0.000000004 = 0.444444444.

e . Sample answer: The sum seems to approach , which is equivalent to . So, the sum approaches .

f. Sample answer: The sum will be the decimal 0.44…, where the number of 4s after the decimal point is n. The
sum of the first five terms has 5 fours, the sum of the first seven terms has 7 fours, and sum of the first nine terms
has 9 fours. Therefore, the sum of the first n terms will have n fours.
82. CHALLENGE Consider to the recursive sequence below.

for a 1 = 1, a 2 = 1, n 3
a. Find the first eight terms of the sequence.
b. Describe the similarities and differences between this sequence and the other recursive sequences in this lesson.
SOLUTION:
a. The first two terms of the sequence are given as a 1 = 1 and a 2 = 1. Substitute n = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 into the
recursive sequence to find the next 6 terms.

a. Find the first eight terms of the sequence.
b. Describe the similarities and differences between this sequence and the other recursive sequences in this lesson.
10-1 SOLUTION:
a. The first two terms of the sequence are given as a 1 = 1 and a 2 = 1. Substitute n = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 into the
recursive sequence to find the next 6 terms.



The first eight terms of the sequence are 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, and 5.

b. Sample answer: Like other recursive sequences, the terms in this sequence depend on previous terms. For
instance, after simplifying, a 4 = a 2 + a 3. However, this sequence is different because the previous terms are not
necessarily the two terms that came right before it. For instance, after simplifying, a 3 = a 2 + a 2.
83. OPEN ENDED Write a sequence either recursively or explicitly that has the following characteristics.
a. converges to 0
b. converges to 3
c. diverges
SOLUTION:
a. Sample answer: Find a function f (x) such that . Consider f (x) = . The first five terms of f (x) are
1, , , , and . The 100th term is . So, . Since , the sequence a n = converges

to 0 as n approaches infinity.

b. Sample answer: For the sequence a n = , as n approaches infinity, each term gets closer and closer to 0. Thus,
it converges to 0. If 3 is added to each term in the sequence, as n approaches infinity, the sequence will get closer
and closer to 3. Thus, the sequence a n = + 3 converges to 3.

c. Sample answer: For a sequence to diverge, it cannot have a limit. Linear functions do not have a limit because
they have a constant slope. Thus, the function f (x) = 2x does not have a limit. So, the sequence a n = 2n diverges.
84. WRITING IN MATH Describe why an infinite sequence must not only converge, but converge to 0, in order for
there to be a sum.
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: If an infinite sequence converges to a value other than 0, then as the number of terms n
approaches infinity, the sum of the corresponding series S n will approach positive or negative infinity.
Consider the sequence .

The first 5 terms of the sequence are 2.2, 2.02, 2.002, 2.0002, and 2.00002. Thus, the sequence converges to 2.

S 1 = 2.2,
S 2 = 2.2 + 2.02 = 4.22
S 3 = 2.2 + 2.02 + 2.002 = 6.22
and closer to 3. Thus, the sequence a n = + 3 converges to 3.

c. Sample answer: For a sequence to diverge, it cannot have a limit. Linear functions do not have a limit because
10-1 they
have a constant slope. Thus, the function f (x) = 2x does not have a limit. So, the sequence a n = 2n diverges.
84. WRITING IN MATH Describe why an infinite sequence must not only converge, but converge to 0, in order for
there to be a sum.
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: If an infinite sequence converges to a value other than 0, then as the number of terms n
approaches infinity, the sum of the corresponding series S n will approach positive or negative infinity.
Consider the sequence .

The first 5 terms of the sequence are 2.2, 2.02, 2.002, 2.0002, and 2.00002. Thus, the sequence converges to 2.

S 1 = 2.2,
S 2 = 2.2 + 2.02 = 4.22
S 3 = 2.2 + 2.02 + 2.002 = 6.22
S 4 = 2.2 + 2.02 + 2.002 + 2.0002 = 8.2222

Each succeeding term increases the sum by about 2. Therefore, as n approaches infinity, the sum of the
corresponding series S n approaches infinity.
REASONING Determine whether each statement is true or false . Explain your reasoning.
85.
SOLUTION:
Find the sum for the expression on the left side, .
So,
Find the sum for the expression on the right side, . First find .
So,
Now find .

S 4 = 2.2 + 2.02 + 2.002 + 2.0002 = 8.2222

Each succeeding term increases the sum by about 2. Therefore, as n approaches infinity, the sum of the
10-1 corresponding
Sequences,series
S n approaches infinity.
REASONING Determine whether each statement is true or false . Explain your reasoning.
85.
SOLUTION:
So,
Find the sum for the expression on the right side, . First find .
So,
Now find .
So,
Thus, Therefore,
86.
SOLUTION:

So,
So,
Thus, Therefore,
86.
SOLUTION:
So,
Find the sum for the expression on the right side, .
So, Therefore, .
87. CHALLENGE Find the sum of the first 60 terms of the sequence below. Explain how you determined your
answer.
15, 17, 2, –15, –17, …,
where a n = a n – 1 – a n – 2 for n 3
SOLUTION:
Write out the next several terms of the sequence.

Since a 7 = a 1 and a 8 = a 2, the sequence will repeat the first six terms. The sum of every 6 consecutive terms is 0.
So, the sum of 60 terms is 10 ⋅ 0 or 0.
88. WRITING IN MATH Write an outline that could be used to describe the steps involved in finding the 300th
partial sum of the infinite sequence a n = 2n − 3. Then explain how to express the same sum using sigma notation.
SOLUTION:
Sample answer:
1. Calculate each term of the sequence.
a) Substitute n = 1 up to n = 300 into a n = 2n - 3 to find the value of each term in the sequence.
b) Or, use a spreadsheet to automate the substitution of the 300 terms.
2. Sum all of the terms.
3. State the partial sum using the correct symbol and form.
Since a = a and a = a , the sequence will repeat the first six terms. The sum of every 6 consecutive terms is 0.
7 1 Series,
8 2 and Sigma Notation
10-1 Sequences,
So, the sum of 60 terms is 10 ⋅ 0 or 0.
88. WRITING IN MATH Write an outline that could be used to describe the steps involved in finding the 300th
partial sum of the infinite sequence a n = 2n − 3. Then explain how to express the same sum using sigma notation.
SOLUTION:
Sample answer:
1. Calculate each term of the sequence.
a) Substitute n = 1 up to n = 300 into a n = 2n - 3 to find the value of each term in the sequence.
b) Or, use a spreadsheet to automate the substitution of the 300 terms.
2. Sum all of the terms.
3. State the partial sum using the correct symbol and form.
a) The three hundredth partial sum is S 300 = 89,400.
4. Use the Greek letter sigma Σ to express the sum of the series.
a) Write the first term at the bottom of the sigma symbol Σ, n = 1 (called the index of summation).
b) Write the ending term at the top of the sigma symbol Σ, 300 (called the upper bound of summation).
c) State the sum using the correct symbol and form. = 89,400.
Graph each complex number on a polar grid. Then express it in rectangular form.
89.
SOLUTION:
The value of r is 2, and the value of θ is . Plot the polar coordinates .
To express the number in rectangular form, evaluate the trigonometric values and simplify.
The rectangular form of is .
90. 2.5(cos 1 + i sin 1)
SOLUTION:
eSolutions
TheManual
value- Powered by Cognero
of r is 2.5, and the value of θ is 1. Plot the polar coordinates . Page 60
10-1 The rectangular form of
Sequences, is
Series, and Sigma Notation .
90. 2.5(cos 1 + i sin 1)
SOLUTION:
The value of r is 2.5, and the value of θ is 1. Plot the polar coordinates .
The rectangular form of 2.5(cos 1 + i sin 1)

is 1.35 + 2.10i
.
91. 5(cos 0 + i sin 0)
SOLUTION:
The value of r is 5, and the value of θ is 0. Plot the polar coordinates .
The rectangular form of 5(cos 0 + i sin 0) is 5.
Determine the eccentricity, type of conic, and equation of the directrix given by each polar equation.
92.
SOLUTION:
Write the equation in standard form, r = .


The rectangular form of 5(cos 0 + i sin 0) is 5.
Determine the eccentricity, type of conic, and equation of the directrix given by each polar equation.
92.
SOLUTION:
Since e = 0.25, the conic is a ellipse. For a polar equation of this form (where sinθ is included), the equation of the
directrix is x = d. From the numerator, we know that ed = 9, so d = 6. Therefore, the equation of the directrix is
x = 6.
93.
SOLUTION:

Since e = 4, the conic is a hyperbola. For a polar equation of this form (where sinθ is included), the equation of the
directrix is y = d. From the numerator, we know that ed = 20, so d = 5. Therefore, the equation of the directrix is
y =5.
94.
SOLUTION:

Since e = 1, the conic is a parabola. For a polar equation of this form (where sinθ is included), the equation of the
directrix
eSolutions Manual is x = d. From
- Powered the numerator,
by Cognero we know that ed =5, so d = 5. Therefore, the equation of the directrix isPage
y =62
5.
Determine whether the points are collinear. Write yes or no.

Since e = 4, the conic is a hyperbola. For a polar equation of this form (where sinθ is included), the equation of the
10-1 directrix
Sequences,is y = Series, and
d. From the Sigmawe
numerator, Notation
know that ed = 20, so d = 5. Therefore, the equation of the directrix is
y =5.
94.
SOLUTION:

Since e = 1, the conic is a parabola. For a polar equation of this form (where sinθ is included), the equation of the
directrix is x = d. From the numerator, we know that ed =5, so d = 5. Therefore, the equation of the directrix is y =
5.
Determine whether the points are collinear. Write yes or no.

95. (–3, –1, 4), (3, 8, 1), (5, 12, 0)
SOLUTION:
Let a = (–3, –1, 4), b = (3, 8, 1), and c = (5, 12, 0). Form two vectors, and . If the three points are
collinear, then the angle between and will be 0° or 180°.
Find the component form of each vector.

Use the formula for the angle between two vectors.
The angle between the vectors is about 69°. Therefore, the points are not collinear.
96. (4, 8, 6), (0, 6, 12), (8, 10, 0)

SOLUTION:
Let a = (4, 8, 6), b = (0, 6, 12), and c = (8, 10, 0). Form two vectors, and . If the three points are collinear,
then
eSolutions the angle
Manual by Cognero and
between
- Powered will be 0° or 180°. Page 63
10-1 The angle between the vectors is about 69°. Therefore, the points are not collinear.
96. (4, 8, 6), (0, 6, 12), (8, 10, 0)

SOLUTION:
Let a = (4, 8, 6), b = (0, 6, 12), and c = (8, 10, 0). Form two vectors, and . If the three points are collinear,
then the angle between and will be 0° or 180°.

The angle between the vectors is 0°. Therefore, the points are collinear.
97. (0, –4, 3), (8, –10, 5), (12, –13, 2)

SOLUTION:
Let a = (0, –4, 3), b = (8, –10, 5), and c = (12, –13, 2). Form two vectors, and . If the three points are


The angle between the vectors is 0°. Therefore, the points are collinear.
97. (0, –4, 3), (8, –10, 5), (12, –13, 2)

SOLUTION:
Let a = (0, –4, 3), b = (8, –10, 5), and c = (12, –13, 2). Form two vectors, and . If the three points are

98. (–7, 2, –1), (–9, 3, –4), (–5, 1, 2)

SOLUTION:
Let a = (–7, 2, –1), b = (–9, 3, –4), and c = (–5, 1, 2). Form two vectors, and . If the three points are


98. (–7, 2, –1), (–9, 3, –4), (–5, 1, 2)

SOLUTION:
Let a = (–7, 2, –1), b = (–9, 3, –4), and c = (–5, 1, 2). Form two vectors, and . If the three points are

The angle between the vectors is about 0°. Therefore, the points are collinear.
Find the length and the midpoint of the segment with the given endpoints.
99. (2, −15, 12), (1, −11, 15)
SOLUTION:
Use the Distance Formula for points in space to find the length of the segment.

Use the Midpoint Formula for points in space to find the midpoint of the segment.


The angle between the vectors is about 0°. Therefore, the points are collinear.
Find the length and the midpoint of the segment with the given endpoints.
99. (2, −15, 12), (1, −11, 15)
SOLUTION:


100. (−4, 2, 8), (9, 6, 0)

SOLUTION:


101. (7, 1, 5), (−2, −5, −11)

SOLUTION:


101. (7, 1, 5), (−2, −5, −11)

SOLUTION:


102. TIMING The path traced by the tip of the hour-hand of a clock can be modeled by a circle with parametric
equations x = 6 sin t and y = 6 cos t.
a. Find an interval for t in radians that can be used to describe the motion of the tip as it moves from 12 o’clock
noon to 12 o’clock noon the next day.
b. Simulate the motion described in part a by graphing the equation in parametric mode on a graphing calculator.
c. Write an equation in rectangular form that models the motion of the hour-hand. Find the radius of the circle
traced out by the hour-hand if x and y are given in inches.

SOLUTION:
a. The tip of the hour-hand will complete one full rotation around the clock between 12 o’clock noon and midnight.
It will complete another full rotation around the clock between midnight and 12 o’clock noon the next day.
Therefore, the hour-hand will complete two full rotations around the clock from 12 o’clock noon to 12 o’clock noon
the next day. Since the parametric equations are written in terms of the trigonometric functions sine and cosine,
one full rotation will be completed every 2π, which is the period of these two functions. Therefore, two full
rotations will be completed after 4π. So, an interval for t in radians that can be used to describe the motion of the
tip is 0 ≤ t ≤ 4π.

b. Enter the parametric equations into a graphing calculator. Adjust the window so that 0 ≤ t ≤ 4π.

Therefore, the hour-hand will complete two full rotations around the clock from 12 o’clock noon to 12 o’clock noon
the next day. Since the parametric equations are written in terms of the trigonometric functions sine and cosine,
one full rotation will be completed every 2π, which is the period of these two functions. Therefore, two full
10-1 rotations
Sequences,will be completed after 4π. So, an interval for t in radians that can be used to describe the motion of the
tip is 0 ≤ t ≤ 4π.

b. Enter the parametric equations into a graphing calculator. Adjust the window so that 0 ≤ t ≤ 4π.

c. Solve the equations for sin t and cos t. Then use a trigonometric identity.

2 2
A rectangular equation that models the motion of the hour-hand is x + y = 36. This equation is in standard form,
2
so r = 36 or r = 6. Thus, the radius of the circle traced out by the hour-hand is 6 inches.
Find the exact value of each expression.

103. tan
SOLUTION:
Write as the sum or difference of angle measures with tangents that you know.

2 2
10-1 ASequences,
rectangular equation that models the motion of the hour-hand is x
2 Series, and Sigma Notation + y = 36. This equation is in standard form,
so r = 36 or r = 6. Thus, the radius of the circle traced out by the hour-hand is 6 inches.
Find the exact value of each expression.

103. tan
SOLUTION:
Write as the sum or difference of angle measures with tangents that you know.
104. sin 75°
SOLUTION:
Write 75° as the sum or difference of angle measures with sines that you know.
105. cos 165°
SOLUTION:
Write 165° as the sum or difference of angle measures with cosines that you know.

105. cos 165°
SOLUTION:
Write 165° as the sum or difference of angle measures with cosines that you know.
Find the partial fraction decomposition of each rational expression.
106.
SOLUTION:
Rewrite the expression so that the numerator is not of equal or higher degree than the denominator.
Thus, can be written as .
Rewrite the expression as partial fractions with constant numerators, A and B, and denominators that are the linear
factors of the original denominator.

2
Multiply each side by the LCD, 2x –3x + 1.

Group the like terms.

Equate the coefficients on the left and right side of the equation to form a system of equations. In other words, the
coefficients of the x-terms on the left side of the equation must equal the coefficients of the x-terms on the right
side.

Use any method to solve the new system.
Find the partial fraction decomposition of each rational expression.
106.
SOLUTION:
Rewrite the expression so that the numerator is not of equal or higher degree than the denominator.
Thus, can be written as .

2
Multiply each side by the LCD, 2x –3x + 1.


side.

Replace A and B with –6 and 5 in the partial fraction decomposition.
107.
SOLUTION:
107.
SOLUTION:

2
Multiply each side by the LCD, 2x + x.


side.


Replace A and B with 3 and −2 in the partial fraction decomposition.
108.
SOLUTION:
This rational expression is proper. The denominator has one linear factor and one irreducible quadratic factor.
Rewrite the expression as partial fractions. For the denominator that is a quadratic factor, use Ax + B in the
numerator.

3
Multiply each side by the LCD, x + x.

Group
eSolutions the- Powered
Manual like terms.
by Cognero Page 73
Replace A and B with 3 and −2 in the partial fraction decomposition.
108.
SOLUTION:
This rational expression is proper. The denominator has one linear factor and one irreducible quadratic factor.
Rewrite the expression as partial fractions. For the denominator that is a quadratic factor, use Ax + B in the
numerator.

3
Multiply each side by the LCD, x + x.


side.


Replace A, B, and C with 1, −1, and 1in the partial fraction decomposition.
109. SAT/ACT The first term in a sequence is −5, and each subsequent term is 6 more than the term that immediately
precedes it. What is the value of the 104th term?
A 607
B 613
C 618
D 619
E 615
SOLUTION:
If the
eSolutions first- Powered
Manual –5Cognero
term is by and each successive term is 6 more than the preceding term, then a n = –5 + 6(n – 1). Page 74

109. SAT/ACT The first term in a sequence is −5, and each subsequent term is 6 more than the term that immediately
precedes it. What is the value of the 104th term?
A 607
B 613
C 618
D 619
E 615
SOLUTION:
If the first term is –5 and each successive term is 6 more than the preceding term, then a n = –5 + 6(n – 1).
The correct answer is B.
110. REVIEW Find the exact value of cos 2 if and 180° < < 270°.
SOLUTION:
The correct answer is J.
111. The first four terms of a sequence are 144, 72, 36, and 18. What is the tenth term in the sequence?

A0
B

D
SOLUTION:
The correct answer is J.
111. The first four terms of a sequence are 144, 72, 36, and 18. What is the tenth term in the sequence?

A0
B
SOLUTION:
144, 72, 36, 18, …
Each term is of the term preceding it, so the nth term can be given by a n = 144 .
The correct answer is C.
112. REVIEW How many 5-inch cubes can be stacked inside a box that is 10 inches long, 15 inches wide, and 5

inches tall?
F5
G6
H 15
J 20
SOLUTION:
If the box is 10 inches long by 15 inches wide, then 2 five-inch cubes can be placed lengthwise and 3 cubes can be
placed widthwise for a total of 2 × 3 or 6 cubes.
The box is 5 inches high so only one layer of cubes can be stacked in the box for a total of 6 × 1 or 6 total cubes.
The correct answer is G.

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10-1 Sequences, Series, and Sigma Notation

Find the next four terms of each sequence.

2. 3, −6, 12, −24, …

5. −2, −15, −28, −41…

6. 1, 4, 10, 19, …

Find the first four terms of each sequence.

Find the first four terms of each sequence.

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Find the specified term of each sequence.

Find the specified term of each sequence.

13. 7th term, a 1 = 14, a n = 0.5a n − 1 + 3, n ≥ 2

13. 7th term, a 1 = 14, a n = 0.5a n − 1 + 3, n ≥ 2

14. 4th term, a 1 = 0, , n ≥ 2

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 7

14. 4th term, a 1 = 0, , n ≥ 2

15. 3rd term, a 1 = 3, a n = (a n – 1)2 – 5a n – 1 + 4, n ≥ 2

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 9

A female honeybee has a male and a female parent.

Determine whether each sequence is convergent or divergent.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 11

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Find the indicated sum for each sequence.

Find the indicated sum for each sequence.

The 5th partial sum of this sequence is 6 + 4 + 0 + 0 + 10 is 20

29. 6th partial sum of a n =

30. S 8 of a 1 = 1, a n = a n – 1 + (18 – n), n 2

30. S 8 of a 1 = 1, a n = a n – 1 + (18 – n), n 2

32. 11th partial sum of a 1 = 4,

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34. 4th partial sum of a 1 = 3, a n = (a n – 1 – 2)3, n ≥ 2

34. 4th partial sum of a 1 = 3, a n = (a n – 1 – 2)3, n ≥ 2

34. 4th partial sum of a 1 = 3, a n = (a n – 1 – 2)3, n ≥ 2

Find each sum.

Find each sum.

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a 14 represents the number of riders in 2011, 0.6 million riders.

Copy and complete the table.

Write each series in sigma notation. The lower bound is given.

58. + + + + + ;n=4

59. 8 + 27 + 64 + … + 1000; n = 2

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 35

60. + + + … + ;n=1

59. 8 + 27 + 64 + … + 1000; n = 2

60. + + + … + ;n=1

61. –8 + 16 – 32 + 64 – 128 + 256 – 512; n = 3

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 36

These terms approach a finite number, 0. Therefore, the sequence is convergent.

These terms approach a finite number, 0. Therefore, the sequence is convergent.

Match each sequence with its graph.

Match each sequence with its graph.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 40

73. GOLDEN RATIO Consider the Fibonacci sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, …, a n – 2 + a n – 1.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 45

b. Graph the points .