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Lecture 7 .J.Dominance

Overview

• Introduction

• Small-Scale Yielding

• Contained Yielding

• Large-Scale Yielding

• Size Scale for Region of Large Straining at a Crack Tip

• Two-Parameter Fracture Mechanics

• When are J and T Useful Predictors of Fracture?

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Fracture Mechanics with ABAQUS

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Introduction

Introduction

• Fracture mechanics provides a basis for the correlation of crack growth in a laboratory specimen with crack growth in the engineering structure, based on the similarity of the crack-tip stress and deformation fields.

• Similarity is based primarily on the strength of the asymptotic fields around the crack tip.

• The J-integral, as a measure of the strength of the associated HRR asymptotic fields, provides single parameter characterization of these fields for nonlinear elasticity and, by analogy, for plastic deformation.

• We need to establish whether the asymptotic fields can characterize the local crack-tip fields for situations of practical significance, such as experiments where fracture parameters are measured or postulated flaws in actual structures.

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Introduction

• Does a region exist around the crack tip where the asymptotic fields match the actual deformation fields closely? If there is such a region, the parameters characterizing the asymptotic fields can be used to characterize the actual stress fields.

• Conditions of loading and geometry in which J is an adequate characterization are reasonably well-defined. In general terms these conditions are associated with the existence of a state of high triaxial tension (high triaxiality) ahead of the crack tip.

• In some practical situations the crack-tip stress field does not exhibit high triaxiality. However, recent research shows that a two-parameter approach can be used to extend the fracture characterization to such cases.

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Introduction

Experimental observation has shown that:

1. Crack-tip configurations with high levels of tensile triaxiality ahead of the crack tip lead to the lowest fracture toughness.

2. High levels of tensile triaxiality occur in:

- Most states of well-contained yielding (where the plastic zone is surrounded by an elastic zone)

- Most load levels in geometries involving predominantly bending on the uncracked ligament, where the uncracked ligament c is small compared to the crack length

c«d

c

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3. Low levels of tensile triaxiality are often associated with: - Large-scale yielding

- Fully plastic flow of single-edge cracked specimens under

tension loading or shallow cracks under bending

Consider estimates of when the HRR singular solutions may be applicable.

Begin by defining three levels of plastic deformation associated with a crack:

• Small-scale yielding

• Contained yielding

• Large-scale yielding

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Small-Scale Yielding


• In small-scale yielding (SSY) the plastic zone is surrounded by the linear elastic K field.

• In this case the plastic zone size is given by

r = !(Kl)2

P 6 0"0

(obtained by finding where the stress component of the asymptotic linear elastic stress field ahead of the crack tip perpendicular to the crack line equals the yield stress).

• SSY applies when rp is small compared to any other characteristic dimension of the specimen.

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Introduction

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• Outside the finite-strain zone that encloses the fracture process zone, the stress field can be approximately assembled using the asymptotic results:

I

:..!.-- HRR singularity: (J - r -I / (n+l:

Finite strain zone

K field: (J - r -112

far field

r

Numerical results (Shih and German, 1981) indicate that in SSY the HRR fields are a good approximation out to O.25r P' with this extent having relatively little dependence on hardening.

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Contained Yielding

Contained Yielding

In contained yielding the plastic zone size is no longer small compared to characteristic dimensions of the specimen (such as the size of the remaining ligament), but the remaining ligament is not fully yielded. There is no longer a linear elastic singular field surrounding the plastic zone.

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Large-Scale Yielding


• In large-scale yielding the size of the plastic zone is no longer small compared to a characteristic dimension of the specimen and, typically, yielding has occurred across the remaining ligament.

• Under certain conditions, such as the bending of deeply cracked specimens, there can still be a zone where the HRR field is valid (the size of this zone being some fraction of the remaining ligament size).

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t P t

B

t P t

SLIP LINE FIELD

DEFORMATION ZONE

CENTERED CRACKED PANEL

1

R

T

Rigid

SLIP LINE FIELD

DEFORMATION ZONE

SINGLE EDGE CRACK

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Size Scale for Region of Large Straining at a Crack Tip


• A size scale is required to characterize the region of large straining around a crack tip. This size should be independent of far field geometry.

- The blunted crack tip opening is observed to be a good measure of this size.

We, therefore, look at estimates of the size of the crack opening.

Crack-Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD), ()t

The deformation field around the crack tip in an elastic, perfectly plastic material is a function of:

1. Loading, characterized by 1.

2. Geometry of the specimen, characterized by the crack length a.

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3. Material properties E, v, and 0'0.

A convenient definition of 01 is the distance between the points where 45° lines from the crack tip intersect the crack faces:

Dimensional analysis shows that 01 is given by

1 01 = dCi,

o

where d is an undetermined parameter. We now investigate what values d may have.

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Example: Dugdale-Barenblatt Model


• This model assumes that the plastic zone is confined to a strip of material ahead of the crack. In this strip the material is perfectly plastic.

• This problem is a linear elasticity problem with the size of the plastic zone set by the requirement that the stresses be bounded everywhere (with the stress intensity factor at the original crack tip equal to zero).

:> ::21

~

x2L bt
~ ipttr
Xl
rp r-..

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The plastic zone is given by

And the CTOD is

bt = u2(x1 = 0, x2 = 0+) - u2(x1 = 0, x2 = 0-), which gives

K2 b =t Ecr o

• Thus, for the Dugdale-Barenblatt model d = 1.0.

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Example: Power Law Hardening Materials


For the HRR fields the displacements of points on the crack faces are given by

_n_ 1

ui(r,1t) = aco( J I )n+ 1 rn+ 1 ui(1t, n). aaoco n

Here Dr is defined as the distance between points where ±45° lines from the deformed crack tip intercept the crack faces, so that

r - Ul (r, n) = u2(r,1t).

(r,1t)

U 1 (r.n)

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The HRR solution provides

Size Scale for Region of Large Straining at a Crack TIp

J Dr = d-, ao

where

d(co, n)

1 1 -

2(aco)'i(Ul + U2)n ~2.

n

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d is plotted below. It is a weak function of 0"01 E and a somewhat stronger function of n.

typical metals 1.0
do -.8
1i,-d,,~
do 0.6 PLANE 0' do
0.4
0.2 GJE GJE
8:~ 8:1182
0.002 0.002
0.001 0.001
0 00
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2
N =1/n N =1/n Typical metals have 5::; n S 15. In this range d == 0.6 for plane strain and d S 0.8 for plane stress, as shown in the figures above.

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Inner Bounds on Zone of J Dominance

• The crack-tip opening

J ° = d-

, 0"0

characterizes the length scale of the fracture process zone. We have seen that d - 0.6 to 0.8 for typical metals.

• Finite-strain computations (for example, McMeeking, 1977) have shown that the HRR fields do not hold within a region closer to the crack tip than 30,.

Within this region the J -integral is not path independent. The numerical results indicate that J ~ 0 as the contour collapses onto the blunted crack surface in this highly deformed region.

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• The slip line solution about a blunted crack tip for a perfectly plastic material (Rice and Johnson, 1970) gives some indication of this process zone and the surrounding stress fields.

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Immediately ahead of the crack tip, within 38( to 58" there is a region of intense straining. In front of this is a constant state region of high triaxial tension,

CJkk = (1 + 1t)'to - 2.4CJo'

with the stress across the crack line elevated significantly above yield, Oyy - 300. For hardening materials the Oyy stress is increased even further.

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Mechanisms of Fracture

Mechanisms of fracture set limits on the size of the fracture process zone.

Materials that Cleave

• In pure cleavage the fracture energy G oc T, where r is the surface energy (the energy required to break atomic bonds and fonn new surfaces). Covalently bonded materials (such as diamond) and some ionically bonded materials cleave in this manner.

• In materials that form atomically sharp cracks but have a fracture energy IOf' - 100r, a crack generates a dislocation cloud that absorbs energy.

There is strong evidence that this absorbed energy is a function of the energy required to create new surfaces in ionic materials, such as LiF, and bee and hcp metals, such as iron and zinc.

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• In polycrystals stress concentrations cleave favorably oriented grains, causing voids to form. Voids reduce the triaxiality and allow ductile deformation of the surrounding grains. This requires a fracture energy of 103r - 105r in mild steel, with grain sizes in the range

10 - 100 Jim.

• For cleavage fracture in polycrystals, typical fracture process zone sizes are 2- to 10-grain diameters.

• A fracture criterion frequently used for brittle fracture is attaining a critical level of stress at a distance of a few grain sizes ahead of the crack tip. The distance frequently depends on microstructural particle spacing. Fracture initiates at these particles.

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Ductile Fracture

• Ductile hole growth to coalescence.

Voids form in the region of high tensile triaxiality (ahead of the finite-strain region) as a result of cracking of second phase particles or decohering of particles from the matrix material.

As the crack blunts out, these voids are enveloped by the large strain region ahead of the crack tip. The ligaments between the voids and the crack tip neck down as the voids grow in size, until the ligaments fail in tension.

•

•

• •

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• Alternatively, for materials in which shear band formation is possible, localization occurs, with intense shearing from the crack tip to voids typically on lines at about ±45° to the crack plane.

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Summary

• The fracture process zone size is characterized by - a number of grain sizes for brittle fracture or

- either inclusion or second phase particle spacings for ductile

fracture.

• For typical materials large straining around the tip extends for

38t - 5 Ot. Thus, any asymptotic field used to characterize the local crack-tip fields must be a good approximation outside this region.

• The zone of dominance of the HRR fields must, therefore, be more than 30t for the i-integral to characterize the effect of remote loading on the configuration. Otherwise, higher-order asymptotics may be necessary.

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Two-Parameter Fracture Mechanics


One-parameter fracture mechanics based on J works well when there is a region of sufficiently high triaxial tension ahead of the crack tip.

Results from an SSY analysis of a blunted crack tip, using finite strain show:

PRESS VALUE

0'0= 1.0 n = 10

TIl« ee .. n.nu> VI TIIIl n1l' .42. WD.L ~ TIMii .u<

..a...cus VDSIOM. ~.:·l D><T1l, J)·"""-.l TIIC, H,J •• ll STEP 1 llfCRiMDI'T lC

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Fracture MechaniCS with ABAQUS

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• The region of high tensile triaxiality controls the development of the plastic zone. This, in turn, controls the fracture mechanisms and, therefore, the loading at which fracture occurs.

• When the tensile triaxiality is sufficiently high, the crack tip is described as being under high constraint.

• The issue is what to do when this constraint is not high or does not exist.

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Linear Elastic Two-Term Expansion

The Williams' expansion of the stress field about a sharp crack in a linear elastic body with respect to r, the distance from the crack tip, is

KI 1/2

(Jij(r,9) = r,::;-:::-fi/9) + TO)jolj + OCr ).

",21tr

The T-stress component represents a stress parallel to the crack faces. The magnitude of the T-stress affects the size and shape of the plastic zone and the region of tensile triaxiality ahead of the crack tip.

The T-stress is obtained from a linear elastic problem, with the same loading as in the real problem, even in the case where the actual problem has nonlinear material response.

It can be estimated from finite element modeling by matching stress values at a number of points around the crack tip or by using an interaction integral.

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The usual method of estimating T is to use the stress parallel to the crack faces at points along the crack faces, since fij(re) = O.

The formulation of the interaction integral is given here for completeness. To form the interaction integral, use the linear elastic two-term expansion about a three-dimensional crack (with a smoothly varying crack front):

KI 9

033 = ~2vcos- + £33E + vT,

",2rer 2

KI . 9 9 39

,fiiU- SIll 2. cos 2. cos 2:' o 13

O.

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To extract the T-stress, we also need the solution of a line load, with magnitude f, applied in the plane of crack propagation and along the crack line:

L f 9.29 022 = -cos SIll ,

rer

Lvcos9 rer

L f 92. 9 °12 = -cos SIll,

rer

O.

The interaction integral used is

as shown in the following illustration.

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/-l(S)

In the limit as r ~ 0, using the local asymptotic fields,

T(s) = E 2 [I(fS) + V£33(S)],

(I-v)

where £33 is obtained directly from the nodal displacements along the crack line.

Following the J-integral numerical implementation, the contour integral can be transformed into a domain integral. In principle there is no difficulty in calculating this domain integral.

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Perfectly Plastic Material

If we consider the effect of the T-stress on the plastic zone for a perfectly plastic material, the slip line solutions show:

Prandtl Field

crack

crack

T100 = 0.0

Tloo = -0.7

T100 = 0.446

crack

crack

T I 00 = -0.443

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These slip line solutions were constructed using ABAQUS results as guidance (Hancock, 1992).

• T I Go = 0 corresponds to the SSY solution.

• For T I Go ~ 0.446, the full Prandtl field is developed. This is also the nonhardening limit of the HRR fields.

• At T-stress values higher than that at which the Prandtl field develops, the effect on the plastic zone is small since the material is already yielding. J-based fracture methodology still applies.

• Thus, under conditions of sufficiently large T, the HRR fields will exist (at least for the perfectly plastic case) and, therefore, J-based fracture evaluation can be used.

• At lower T-stress values the size of the elastic zone on the crack flanks increases. This increases the difference between the actual stress field and the HRR fields.

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• Finite element solutions by Du and Hancock (1991) show the tensile triaxial stress as a function of angle e around the crack tip as follows:

• For positive T-stresses there is high tensile triaxiality in front of the crack tip and J dominance will exist.

• For negative T-stresses the magnitude of the tensile triaxiality is reduced and J dominance will be lost.

2.5E!3~-1

1.0

0.5

45 00

'35

-0.7

9(deg)

• Note that the drop in Gml Go with T I Go gets smaller.

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The shape of the plastic zone is also significantly modified by the T-stress.

..L :0 ao

..L =-0'443 ao

lHO'446 ao

-D"~,~':

( '\ I

I ,(,' \ "

\ "

"

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0,' 0·2 0·3

x .

(~o)l

(Du and Hancock, 1991)



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• From finite element calculations the variation of 0'22 with respect to distance ahead of the crack tip for different values of T / 0'0 shows essentially parallel curves.

n= 10

o

b ';:;. 3

<II

b

2

2

(Parks, 1992)

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The variation in the triaxial tension ahead of the crack tip as a function of the T-stress and angular position is also shown below:

n= 10

't

-I~~~~~~~~~~~~~

o 30 60 90 120 150 160

8 (deg)

• These results suggest that:

1. For positive T-stress J dominance exists and a single parameter J can used for a fracture criterion.

2. For negative T-stress a two-parameter approach (J, n is required to characterize the stress fields.

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QFactor

An alternative to the T-stress method of correlating the triaxial stress ahead of the crack tip is to use

SSy

aij = crjj + QaObjj•

Q is a measure of the deviation of the tensile triaxial field ahead of the crack tip from the SSY stress stat€?.

The point where Q is measured is arbitrarily chosen as 2bt ahead of the crack tip.

This method of measuring the tensile triaxiality has been proposed by Shih and coworkers.

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• The effect of the T- or Q-stress is often studied by considering cracks in infinite bodies loaded in the far field by the first two terms of the Williams' expansion:

This is referred to as modified boundary layer loading.

• For modified boundary layer loadings there is a one to one correspondence between T and Q:

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The relation between T and Q is shown below (from O'Dowd and Shih, 1994):

0.0

-0.5

Q

__ n=3

___ n=5

-.------- n = io

._ ... _._ n=20

~._. n =00

-1.0

-1.5

-ao~~~~~~~~~~

-1.0 -0.5 0.0

T/uo

0.5

1.0

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Modified Asymptotic Expansion

A further possible method of characterizing the level of constraint at the crack tip is to use a two-term asymptotic expansion in which the first term is the SSY field:

e - SSYe· A (_r_)p-o) e.

(Jij(r, )-(Jij (,n)+QI(JO J/(Jo (Jij ( ,n).

(Sharma, Aravas, and Zelman, 1993)

• This approximation is less dependent on r than the expansion using the HRR field, although the difference is on the order of the error in the asymptotic expansion.

• (h is determined from detailed finite element solutions by extrapolating stress components back to the crack tip (r = 0).

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Advantages and Disadvantages of T- and a-Stress T-stress

• T Carl be calculated from a relatively inexpensive linear elastic calculation.

• An interaction integral Carl be used to calculate T. Even without this, it is fairly easy (and computationally inexpensive) to estimate its value.

• T has been demonstrated to be useful even up to large-scale yielding in many cases, even though it is defined as an elastic quantity.

The reason is that as the plastic zone develops, T is a correct, second-order term in the asymptotic expansion of the surrounding stress field. Therefore, the plastic zone starts to develop in the correct manner (Hancock et aI., 1993).

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Q-stress

• There is no restriction in the definition of Q to small strain, so it can be extended formally to large strain. However, it has been clearly demonstrated that the region of high tensile triaxiality lies outside the region of finite deformation (Shih and German, 1981, for the small strain calculations and McMeeking and Parks, 1979, for the large strain calculations), so this extension is not so important.

• Finding Q requires a sufficiently detailed finite element solution (the suggested position for measuring Q is at 2J / ao -about 2 CTODahead of the crack tip). This may require expensive calculations, especially in three dimensions.

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ell

• ell is useful in giving justification to the approximation made in using Q.

• There is no ambiguity in using (J, ell) as a fracture criterion since they are valid for both small- and large-scale yielding.

• Determining ell is even more cumbersome than determining Q: the finite element mesh has to be even finer, and the extrapolation back to r = 0 can be difficult.

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T and Q under Large-Scale Yielding

• The T- and Q-stresses are good measures of the crack-tip triaxiality for contained plasticity. For many geometries they are a good measure of the crack-tip triaxiality all the way to large-scale yielding (the fully plastic regime).

• Exceptions are the center-cracked panel, the deeply-cracked beam in tension, and the double-edge notch specimen with shallow cracks.

The reason appears to be that as the plastic zone develops and grows, from being confined to the remaining ligament to an unconstrained plastic deformation field across the whole specimen, it reduces the tensile triaxiality.

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The plastic deformation required to equilibrate the far-field load now dominates over the triaxiality associated with the singularity at the crack tip; and, hence, Tor Q is no longer a useful predictor of the triaxiality (Hancock, 1992).

• All two-dimensional geometries that have been studied and that develop such unconstrained plastic zones, which overcome the crack-tip triaxiality, have negative T- or Q-stress values.

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When are J and T Useful Predictors of Fracture?

• For geometries and loadings that give negative T-stresses, the limit of J dominance is the load at which the plastic zone extends across the specimen (or breaks out to a free surface). This corresponds to limits proposed on J dominance for certain geometries (such as the center-cracked panel) of

J c~ 11-, 0"0

where 11 "" 200 and c is the size of a critical dimension, such as crack length or remaining ligament.

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• For geometries that have positive T-stress, J dominance is maintained until the crack-tip opening is no longer small compared to characteristic specimen dimensions such as remaining ligament length.

The ASTM limit for J dominance of specimens under bending is

11 "" 25. In bending specimens this corresponds to the compressive part of the bending field intruding on the crack-tip field.

• Current research shows that if both J and T (or Q) are used, even for cases where Tor Q are negative, the restriction on the size of specimens for the bending case can be used for all cases.

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Application of Two-Parameter Fracture Mechanics

In the ductile-brittle transition region of ferritic steels, cleavage fracture generally occurs by some critical stress, O"e, being attained over a microstructurally significant distance (typically a number of grain or microstructural spacing sizes).

• Ductile failure generally occurs by void growth, which is typically driven by hydrostatic tension.

If experimental data' crit are available for a wide variety of specimens (having varying Tor Q), a failure diagram of 'crit versus Tor Q can be created, as shown in the following illustration.

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J critical

J critical

Upper-Bound

Structure B

-0

-0

• l-values for specimens with high crack-tip triaxiality (Q or T - 0) or larger, such as in deeply cracked bend specimens, do not show much dependence on Q or T with load. The scatter in the experimental data for 'Ie is also small, and failure is generally in the brittle range (O'Dowd and Shih, 1992).

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• For low constraint geometries (negative Q or T, such as for center-cracked panels or single-edge notch specimens in tension with shallow cracks) J increases slowly with Q or T. For brittle failure there is considerable scatter in the experimental data for these specimens.

• For actual structures numerical calculations will give applied J versus T orQ.

- For high constraint conditions J rises rapidly for small decreases in Tor Q, and cleavage fracture will occur.

- For low constraint conditions J rises slowly with decreasing Q.

Failure can then be by a ductile failure mechanism at high J-that is, at high load, such as an overload.

• If it is not possible to perform fracture tests on a wide variety of specimens, numerical analysis of the actual structure can be used to guide the choice of specimen type.

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• If the failure mechanism is cleavage, by assuming a micromechanical model (for example, (Jc at a critical distance ahead of the crack tip),

J IC for one value of Tor Q can be obtained from a second value of Tor

Q,

n+l

where Q(T) is obtained from the modified boundary layer loading formula given previously.

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This relation seems to predict cleavage toughness quite well for a number of steels:

1200
J kJ/m2
1000
900
600
• .
~ •
•
•
200 • . .
• O+-~~~r---r---r-~~~~

-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -02 -0.0 02

(Experimental data from Beteg6n and Hancock, 1990, with the curve fit by Wang, 1991).

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• Since ductile failure is caused by plastic deformation causing void nucleation, growth, and coalescence, it is a load path dependent effect failure may depend on how the critical state is reached.

• Experimental results of Hancock, Reuter, and Parks, 1991, show

dJ / da at initiation is largest for the most negative values of T or Q.

Q. o o

- We expect that for small amounts of crack growth in low constraint geometries, the critical value of J will increase rapidly.

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- The indication from these results is that applying dJ / da data from high constraint situations will be conservative even in low constraint problems.

However, this may be more conservative than necessary.

Usage:

• Use the *CONTOUR INTEGRAL, TYPE=T-STRESS option to output the T-stress calculation.

- This parameter can be used only for homogeneous, isotropic linear elastic materials.

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Lecture 8

Crack Growth and Stability

Overview

• Crack Growth and Stability: Small-Scale Yielding

• Crack Growth and Stability under l-Controlled Conditions

• Stability of l-Controlled Crack Growth

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Crack Growth and Stability: Small-Scale Yielding

Crack Growth and Stability:


For a perfectly brittle material the stress intensity factor at initiation of crack growth, K]C' and the stress intensity factor for continued crack growth (measured by Ila) are constant.

a _I I

K

-

=-

,......

Ila

This is typical of high strength, low toughness materials under plane strain conditions.

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For intermediate and low strength materials under plane stress or plane strain conditions, the formation of a plastic zone (still small under small-scale yielding assumptions) makes continued crack growth more difficult than high strength materials. With intermediate and low strength materials the stress intensity factor reaches a steady-state value, Kss, as the crack growth increases such that l1a is a few times the original plastic zone SIze.

K

Kss

Kc

l1a

This behavior is also seen in high strength metals under plane stress.

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ABAQUS """,m

nmnm-------------------,


For SSY l1a is less than any other characteristic length, and this curve, KR(l1a), is called the resistance curve or R-curve (ASTM STP-527, 1974). Typically, crack growths of 1 to 2 mm can result in KR values twice K]C under plane strain.

Under plane strain SSY conditions this curve is a material characteristic-it is independent of initial crack length and specimen geometry.

The condition for continued crack growth for a crack length a + l1a is

Kapplied = KR(l1a).

The condition for stability of continued crack growth is

dKapPliedl dKR

<--

da load d Sa'

10/02


L8.3

LB.4

ABAQUS "",mn

r- mnnm-------------------,


The transition from stable to unstable behavior with increasing load, L, for a structure with a crack of original length, ao' is shown in the R -curve analysis below:

/ / K (p •• a)

/ /

K

/ / /

K~ "K(P3.a)

"

" /

"

" " "

"

" /-K(P2.a)

"

a

For different initial crack lengths the K R curve is moved over to the new initial crack length.

10/02


ABAQUS u ... mn

tumlin -------------------,


The stability of crack growth is a function of the testing or structure compliance:

where P is the applied force, eM is the machine's compliance, and C is the specimen's compliance.

10/02


l8.5

LS.6

ABAQUS ",mmt

mmmr-------------------,

La.?

10/02


The potential energy of the system is

The energy release rate under fixed total displacement is

= !p2(dC)

2 da T

10102


ABAQUS ,,,,,,,m

ummn -------------------,


• G is not a function of the machine compliance. This is important with regard to experimental determination of the fracture toughness. A similar conclusion can be made in nonlinear problems.

For a linear problem the stress intensity factor for a given crack length is proportional to the load,

K = l(a)P,

so that

dK= p~~da + I dP

and, hence,

dKI = pdl +1 dPI .

da A da da Ll

ur r


L8.8

ABAQUS """fUr

nnmm -------------------,


Under constant overall displacement but changing crack length,

Thus,

• Stability of crack growth is a function of the testing machine compliance.

10102


L8.9

ABAQUS mUfun

nnmm -------------------,


As an example of crack growth stability and machine compliance, consider the double cantilever beam.

t P,M2

_. a _I

:±l::= ===:1

1 P,M2

Assume each arm is a cantilever of length a. Then

~ 2

and, thus,

c

10/02


LB.l0

ABAQUS """,m

mmml ------------------.,


For plane stress

2 2 G = -aPEI = !p2aC = 12P a

aa ~ 2 aa Eb3

T

and, hence,

K

2j3ab-3/2p

so that, for this case,

Thus,

2j3Pb-3/2[1_ 3 1

1 + CMIC..J

so that the ratio CMIC determines whether K increases with increasing a.

10/02


ABAQUS "'''''UI

unmm------------------,


For prescribed displacement loading applied directly to the specimen, CM~O and

- Always stable whenever K R versus ~a has a positive slope.

Prescribed dead load corresponds to C M ~ 00 so that

aKI = 2j3Pb -3/2 = !i.

aa p a

- Instability occurs when

K

a

10102


LB.11

L8.12

ABAQUS ",nnut

mmnn------------------,

Crack Growth and Stability under J-Controlled Conditions


Since crack growth involves elastic unloading and nonproportional plastic deformation that are not modeled by deformation plasticity, J cannot be used in general to analyze crack growth under large-scale yielding conditions. However, for small amounts of crack growth we can generalize the R -curve analysis beyond SSY conditions.

10/02


ABAQUS """uu

munm -------------------,


Many materials have a J -resistance curve, J R (!l.a) , as shown below:

- - - - - - - - ..... 1

.....

..... "'" I " '-I

.I.: -.--growth

1 1 1 1 1 1

. blunting: !--D--"

ila

For many intermediate strength metals, relatively small amounts of crack growth increases J R to several times the initiation fracture toughness, JIe·

10/02


l8.13

LB.14

ABAQUS ,,,,,,,m

nmnm --------------------,


The increase in toughness with crack growth can be understood by considering a perfectly plastic material. For a stationary crack in a perfectly plastic material under small-scale yielding conditions,

p J

E ~ -F(8). (Jor

For the growing crack in a perfectly plastic material,

p 1 dJ (Jo (R(8))

£ij ~ (Joda Gij(8) + E Hij(8) In -r- .

Since the strain singularity is greatly reduced (from l/r in the stationary crack to In( l/r) in the steady growth case), it is reasonable to expect that crack growth will only occur at loads in excess of the load (as measured by J) for crack initiation.

10/02


ABAQUS ""'''IU

nnmm --------------------,


For crack growth to be J -controlled, the crack growth and the associated region of elastic unloading, as well as the region of nonproportional plastic flow caused by crack growth, must all remain well within the

J -dominated region (within the HRR field).

_----_

elastic / -- --- <,

unloading./ annular zone of <,

/ approximate validity "-

ofJ-field \

I \

_----_ \

/" - - _ _ ~ strongly non- \

\ proportional I .;;,. .._ • I plastic loading I

';, I

\ '-,j--.la--j _/"/ I

\ ----- /

\ I--- D-----j I

\ /

" /

<; .>

-----

I~·~------R------~~

10/02


LS.15

LS.16


ABAOUS """,m

nmnm------------------,

Let R be the size of the zone around the crack tip where the deformation is J -controlled; that is, where the HRR fields are a good approximation to the deformation. The condition for crack growth and elastic unloading to take place within this J -controlled region is t:.a « R.

As the crack advances, there will be a region around the growing crack where loading is nonproportional. Deformation plasticity, the basis of the HRR solutions, does not hold in this region.

The strains for the HRR field are

where kn is a dimensional constant.

10/02


ABAOUS """'In

mnum -------------------,


The change in strain for increasing J and the change in crack length is

_n n_[ n dJ - da J

dE·. = k In+ 1 r n+ 1 ---E .. + _R ..

IJ n n + 1 J IJ r PI) ,

where

def n _ . dEij

~ij = n + 1 COSeEij + sin O de

- df Ida = -(df Idx)da, since the coordinate system is centered at the crack tip.

10102


LB.17

L8.18

ABAQUS """'Ul

manm --------------------,


The first term represents increased strain due to increased loadmeasured by i-and, since it does not change the spatial form of the strain field, corresponds to proportional loading. The second term is due to crack growth and changes the_spatial form of the strain, which implies nonproportionalloading. Since l3ij and Eij are of comparable magnitude, for nearly proportional loading to exist we must have

da dl -<-

r ]'

which requires

]

r > d]/da.

Thus, a rough measure of the size of the region around the crack tip in which nonproportionalloading occurs is D, the amount of ~a for] R to increase to 2]IC using the initial slope of the] R curve:

]IC D=

(d] R/da)c

10/02


ABAQUS "'''''Ul

mmml -----'-------------------,


This region must be small compared to the] -controlled region:

D «R.

For fully yielded configurations with high crack-tip constraint, R will typically be some fraction of the uncracked ligament c-typically

R == 0.07 c in a deeply cracked bend specimen-so we need

D« R == 0.07c.

For valid] -controlled fracture in a bend-type configuration (where there is high crack-tip constraint) the load level is restricted by

] 25- <c. ao

10/02


LB.19

LB.20

ABAQUS ",,,,mI

nmmu--------------------,


If this is satisfied, for fully yielded conditions So « R => I!!a « 0.07 c

ensures that crack growth and the associated elastic unloading occur within the J -controlled region and

D « R => D « 0.07 c

ensures that the nonproportional deformation region also lies well within the J -controlled region. Experiments conducted in the early 1980s indicate this may be too restrictive: D < 0.2c is more realistic, and, in some cases, the J R-curve appears to be independent of geometry for So as large as O.lc.

10/02


ABAQUS ",,,nm

mnum -------------------,

Stability of J-Controlled Crack Growth


A necessary condition for continued crack growth (in situations when SSY does not hold) after the crack has grown by I!!a is

Japplied = J R(l!!a),

where J R(l!!a) is the experimentally determined J-R curve. Crack growth will be stable if

aJI dJR

aa < da .

constant load

10/02


LS.21

LS.22

ABAQUS "'fUmt

nmmn------------------,


Nondimensionalizing these quantities, we define

E (dJ)

T applied = 2 -

(JO da constant load

and the tearing modulus (a material property) as EdJR

TR = 2a·

(Jo a

Instability of crack growth occurs when

T>TR•

In many situations Tapplied < T R implies that small amounts of crack growth can be tolerated. For intermediate strength metals T R ~ 30 (see Hutchinson, 1979).

10102


ABAQUS "'''''Ul

nmnm-------------------,


The table below shows values for some typical materials:

Material Temp (Jo JIe T
ASTM-A469 38°e 655 MPa 221 N/mm 123
(100°F) (95 ksi) (1260Ib/in)
AISI4340 100e 1007 MPa 140 N/mm 30
(50°F) (146 ksi) (800Ib/in)
6061-T6 A1 24°e 296 MPa 17 N/mm 3
(75°F) (43 ksi) (98Ib/in) Consider a crack of length 2a in an infinite body under tensile stress c". UnderSSY

00 2

J = na~ E

and, therefore,

00 2

T = n(:J .

10/02


L8.23

LB.24

ABAQUS """uu

mmmr -------------------,


Thus, for SSY conditions T will never exceed 1 and crack growth for many materials will be stable under SSY.

For the same geometry under large-scale yielding conditions, approximating the material as one with power law hardening, the HRR field gives

n+!

J cro£oah(n)(!:)-n-,

so that

n+!

-

n

T = h(n)(::)

For a typical low hardening material (n reach values - 30 when £00 == 10£0'

10) h"" 3, and so T will only

10102


L8.25

ABAQUS ffffUfUr

nnmm----------------~

Lecture 9

High Temperature Crack Growth and Creep Fracture

Overview

• High Temperature Crack Growth: Creep Fracture

• Small-Scale Creep (SSC)

• Stationary Crack-Tip Fields in SSC with Secondary Creep

• Extensive Secondary Creep

• Transition Time from C(t) to C*

• Crack Growth in SSC

• Transient Crack Growth under SSC

• Conclusions

10/02


ABAQUS ""tUm

nnmm---------------------.

High Temperature Crack Growth: Creep Fracture

High Temperature Crack Growth:

Creep Fracture

For temperatures above O.38M (8M is the melting temperature on the absolute scale), metals will typically creep. In plastics creep can occur even at room temperature.

Service life for these materials is predicted by time-dependent crack growth. Although the micro-mechanics of failure in metals and plastics is quite different, the macroscopic crack growth behavior can be similar.

10102


L9.1

L9.2

ABAQUS m",un

mnmu------------------.


There are typically two mechanisms that are active:

• Blunting of the crack tip due to a relaxing stress field, tending to retard crack growth.

• Accumulation of creep damage (microcracks, void growth, and coalescence) enhances crack growth. In metals microcrack formation is typically a result of brittle fracture by intergranular failure (void formation or wedge crack formation along grain boundaries). Ductile fracture via void growth and coalescence is a result of mechanisms such as stress-induced diffusion of material from the void boundaries.

Steady-state creep crack growth occurs when the two effects balance one another.

The appropriate parameter to use to predict fracture depends on the details of the constitutive law and on the stage of deformation of the material around the crack tip.

10102


ABAQUS ",nnm

nmmu -------------------,


The viscoplastic constitutive law for a material that creeps normally can be divided into three regimes: primary, secondary, and tertiary creep. A typical creep law (Bailey-Norton) is

3 B n-l (-cr)-p s .. 2 o , E IJ'

. cr

Eij

where n, p, B are material constants; Sij is the deviatoric stress; and «. = (~ Sij SijYI2 is the effective stress. Primary creep is when p > 0, secondary creep is when p = 0, and tertiary creep is when p < 0.

(J

primary

time

time

10/02


L9.3

L9.4

ABAQUS "'''fUn

mmnll-------------------,


There may also be plastic deformation, and the resulting time-dependent crack growth will depend on whether the creep occurs in an initially elastic field or in an initially plastic field and what stage of creep dominates around the crack tip. The implication is that no one parameter will be suitable for predicting fracture under all circumstances.

10/02


ABAQUS ""'UUI

numm -------------------,

Small-Scale Creep (SSG)

Small-Scale Creep (SSC)

The creep zone is the region where the effective creep strains are bigger than the effective elastic strains,

-cr -iel E >E.

For sse the size of the creep zone is very much smaller than the region dominated by the elastic K field.

K field

o = J5_ cr (8) - -u >

The crack-tip region is characterized by stress

elevation resulting from

elastic effects and stress

relaxation due to constrained creep.

creep zone

10/02


L9.5

L9.6

ABAQUS ",,,,,m

nnmm------------------.

Stationary Crack-Tip Fields in SSC with Secondary Creep


Consider the case when the initial response of the material is linear elastic and secondary creep dominates the creep behavior.

In this regime we assume a power law creep material,

. . el . cr

£ = £ +£

= ~ +to(:oY·

where ao is a reference stress, to is the creep strain rate at this reference stress, and n is the creep exponent. n > 3 for most metals.

10/02


ABAQUS ""fum

nmnm------------------,


Near the crack (as r -70) the creep strains dominate the elastic strains,

and the elastic strains can be neglected. The stress and strain fields (Riedel and Rice, 1980) are analogous to the HRR fields in power law hardening plasticity. In creep they are referred to as the RR fields,

where In is a function of n and the magnitude of crij (B, n) is approximately unity.

10102


L9.7

L9.8

ABAOUS ffUUUtI

mmnu------------------,


C(t) is a time-dependent amplitude factor. By analogy with the HRR fields, in the limit as r -7 0,

where

fE ..

I] •

W = (j .. d i.:

. I] I]

r

!!

10/02


ABAOUS "'''''IU

tumnn -------------------,


Since the E~; can be neglected close to the crack tip, the material there behaves in pure power law creep, so

C(t)= f [n: 1 (Jij Eij - ». (jij ~~~]dS.

rr-tO

C(t) is path independent but is only valid as r -7 o.

Riedel and Rice show that in the region around the crack tip, the material deforms as if it were nonlinear elastic:

3 Eo n-J S

Eij = 2 -n- (n + l)t (je u :

(jo

This implies that the J -integral is path independent in the crack-tip region as r -7 o. Evaluating J gives

Jr-tO = (n + l)tC(t).

10/02


L9.9

L9.10

ABAQUS "",,,m

mmmr-------------------,


Riedel and Rice propose matching the J at the crack tip to the far-field J,

so

2 12K/

C(t) = (n + 1)/1- v )E'

(As t ~ 0, the region where these expressions are valid shrinks to zero.) Therefore, for small-scale creep when secondary creep dominates the creep zone and the plastic zone is small compared to the creep zone, KJ is the correct loading parameter to use as a fracture criterion.

The approximation that J is path dependent does introduce an error in the magnitude of C(t). When verified numerically, the error reduces with n.

10/02


ABAQUS "''''uu

mmull-------------------,

Extensive Secondary Creep


Extensive creep is occurring when the creep zone extends across the remaining ligament.

10/02


,J

L9.11

L9.12

ABAQUS ",mun

munm --------------------,


Again, within the creep zone the creep strain dominates, so in this case

. . (a)n

£ = £0 ao

across the whole remaining ligament.

This is entirely analogous to the fully plastic state for the HRR fields, and so

* (P )n+ 1

C(t ~ 00) ~ C = £aah(n;geometry) Po '

*

where C is the long time limit of C(t) and is path independent

throughout the extensive creep region.

*

Therefore, under extensive secondary creep conditions, C is the correct

loading parameter on which to base a fracture criterion.

10/02


ABAQUS "''''uu

mmml -------------------,

Transition Time from C(t) to C·

Transition Time from C{t) to C*

C(t)

-

-

t

tT is the transition time from sse to extensive creep.

10/02


L9.13

L9.14

ABAQUS "",nm

nmnm-----------------,

Transition Time from C(t) to C'

*

At the intersection C(t)ssc = C ,

*

C,

that gives a transition time tT,

2

1 1 (I-v) 2

tT=(n+l)C* E K/.

10/02


ABAQUS ",,,nul

nnmm------------------,

Transition Time from C(t) to C'

For early times (t « tT) sse conditions hold and the crack-tip field is characterized by C(t)ssc.

For long creep hold times (t » tT) the crack-tip field is characterized by

*

C ,extensive creep exists, and the creep zone is not small compared to

characteristic specimen dimensions.

Riedel (1981) proposed the following interpolation between short and long time behavior:

c(t) c*C; + 1)

for all time.

10/02


L9.15

L9.16

ABAQUS Transition Time from C(t) to C'

"""'tIt --,

nmnm

This is

C (t) C short time + C long time'

For tltT« 1 (early time),

C(t) = C(t)ssc For tltT» 1 (long time),

*

C(t) C,

and at the transition time (t tT),

*

C(t) 2C.

10/02


L9.17

ABAQUS Transition Time from C(t) to C'

"""uu --,

mmun

Finite Element

25

~ ~ -t+ - Riedel and Rice

-.-.-.- Sleady State Solution

20

-I- -~ - + - Estimate

short time

--+---------+----+

-.-~.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-

<, ......... __ ~IOng time

-_

---- --

tfir

10102


L9.18

ABACUS ",,,nUl

umum -------------------,

Crack Growth in SSC

Crack Growth in SSC

For a crack growing at a rate a Hui and Riedel (1981) show that for n > 3, in a region around the crack tip,

and

1 aij _ (~naoa)n-l

- - -- crij (8; n),

aD E EoTt

where ~n = 1.13 for n = 4, ~n = 2.90 for n = 6, and crij (8; n) is of order unity. These stress and strain fields are referred to as the Hui-Riedel (HR) stress-strain fields.

The magnitude of a is dependent on the remote loading via some time-dependent fracture mechanism (such as grain boundary cavitation), so the stress magnitude is indirectly set by the remote loading and depends on the fracture mechanism.

10102


ABACUS mUffIU

mmmr------------------,

Transient Crack Growth under SSC


At time t = 0, the crack-tip field is the elastic field.

For t > 0, the RR field exists around the crack tip in a region where

. cr . el tij » tij

Around the RR field there is a K field in which O(tr] ) » O(t~j).

10102


L9.19

L9.20

1


ABAQUS ,mmm

mmuu------------------,

At some time t, the crack starts to grow. Around the growing crack tip,

O(£ij) = 0(£7;),

which is, in tum, surrounded by the RR field. The RR field is still surrounded by the K field. The HR field grows faster than the RR field, and at time tR the HR field envelopes the RR field.

K

10/02


ABAQUS ",,,,,m

mmmr---------------------,


The asymptotic fields can be pieced together by equating stresses at e = 0 and solving for time:

RHR,RR RRR,K RHR,K

=RRR.K (t,.)=f R

log r

The HR fields dominate from the crack tip to RHR,RR. The RR field dominates out to RRR,K' and the K field dominates for r > RRR,K.

10/02


L9.21

L9.22

ABAQUS ",,,,,m

nmnm-----------------.


The zones of dominance increase with time. At some time tR the HR field becomes larger than the RR field, which, thus, disappears. This occurs at a reference stress, (JR' where

( (0"0).]I/(n_3)

21t~n E a O"R

- =

0"0 £(~~r

at a distance,

and occurs at a time

10102


L9.23

ABAQUS """,m

nmnm------------------,


t R represents the transition time from transient to approximate steady-state crack growth. The piecing together of the different stress fields has been shown to be reasonable with detailed finite element calculations.

We have only looked at crack growth when the outer field is elastic. It could be plastic or a primary creep-type region, or there could be extensive creep. Similar results can be derived for these cases (Riedel, 1981 ).

10/02


L9.24

l

v

ABAOUS ,mtum

tmiUUf -------------------,

Conclusions

Conclusions

The stress state around a crack tip in a material that can creep is more complicated than for the corresponding plasticity problem. Because of the time-dependent effects there is no one parameter that can characterize the stress state around the crack tip for all possibilities. This makes measuring the relevant parameters more difficult. Hence, creep fracture is not as well established as elastic-plastic fracture.

10/02


ABAOUS ",,,,ml

umum -------------------,

Conclusions

For the case of no crack growth the loading parameters that characterize the crack-tip fields are reasonably well understood. Under small-scale creep conditions with secondary creep, K is the loading parameter

*

characterizing the crack-tip field. For extensive secondary creep C is the

loading parameter characterizing the crack-tip field. Other cases that need to be considered are:

1. Primary creep zone surrounded by an elastic field.

2. Secondary creep zone surrounded by a primary creep zone.

3. A plastic zone surrounding the creep zone that may be undergoing primary or secondary creep.

4. The transition to extensive creep in all of the previous cases.

These cases have been considered by Riedel (1981).

10/02


L9.25

L9.26

ABAQUS """,m

mnum -------------------,

Conclusions

Suitable criteria for crack extension that will predict an initiation time for crack growth for general cases are not yet available. However, if we use a more fundamental fracture criterion, initiation times can be determined from finite element analyses. Such a criterion would have to be based on material properties such as attaining a critical strain at some fixed distance ahead of the crack tip. The difficulty is in determining the critical value of the parameter experimentally.

Criteria for relating a to loading parameters are active areas of research. Material laws that use void or cavity growth to predict crack growth have been used. These result in criteria that frequently can be phrased as attaining a critical creep strain or stress at a fixed distance ahead of the crack tip.

10/02


ABAQUS " .... fUr

mmmr -------------------,

Conclusions

Under conditions where large amounts of ductile creep occur, many materials are insensitive to the stress concentration at sharp notches. The crack tip blunts out so much that the singular fields at the notch tip are no longer valid. Failure in these cases is the result of creep rupture, with failure criteria typically expressed in terms of a maximum net section or reference stress.

10(02


L9.27

L9.28

ABAQUS !"'!fUU

mmnn------------------,

Lecture 10 Interfacial Fracture

Overview

• Introduction

• Interfacial Fracture in Linear Elastic Materials

• Mode Mix

• Near-Tip Contact

• K Dominance

• Interface Toughness

• Interaction Integral for Calculating K

10/02


Introduction

L10.1

ABAQUS ",,,,un

mnnm -------------------,

10/02


Introduction

Once a crack has started to grow in an isotropic, homogeneous material, it generally does so in an opening mode; that is, in Mode I. A crack lying on an interface can kink off the interface and grow under Mode I conditions, or it can grow along the interface under mixed mode conditions.

Whether the crack kinks off the interface or propagates along it is frequently determined through energy considerations.

If the crack kinks off the interface, the fact that there is an interface is important only in how it influences the stress and strain fields.

L10.2

ABAQUS ",umn

mmmr-------------------,

Introduction

If the crack grows along the interface, it grows under mixed mode conditions due to material asymmetry and possibly (though not necessarily) under mixed (",00 -:t:- 0° or 90°) remote loading conditions.

In such situations the conditions for crack growth depend on the interface properties, and it is not sufficient to define crack initiation and growth criterion based on the conventional fracture toughness, K c-

10/02


ABAQUS ",,,nUl

mmnn -------------------,

Interfacial Fracture in Linear Elastic Materials


The asymptotic stress field around the tip of a crack lying in the interface between two linear elastic materials is the combination of an oscillatory field scaled by a complex K and a non-oscillatory field scaled by a real KJII:

1 i£ I

o., = --[Re{Kr }cr (S'E)

I) '2= .. ,

'" zttr I)

j£ -II KIll -Ill(S)

+ Im{Kr }(cr .. (S;E»] + 1/2(Jij'

I) (21tr)

where

and lC = 3-4v in plane strain, lC = (3-v)/(l +v) for plane stress, v is Poisson's ratio, and !J. is the shear modulus.

10/02


L10.3

L10.4

ABAQUS "''''fm

mum" ------------------,


The quantity e is a measure of the elastic mismatch of the bimaterial pair. If the two materials have identical elastic properties, or if they are incompressible (Vi = v2 = 0.5), then £ = 0 and the stress fields reduce to those for a homogeneous material.

Typical values of e are:

Bimaterial £

Ti - Al203 0.039

Cu - Al203 0.028

Nb - Al203 0.019

Si - Cu 0.011

MgO - Ni 0.005

AI-MgO 0.004

10/02


ABAQUS "",um

mmuu--------------------.


The dimensionless functions crfi' crg are given in Rice et al. (1990) when the two materials are isotropic. cr~;l are the standard Mode III angular functions for this case. For anisotropic materials the functions are given by Choi et al. (1991).

The tractions ahead of the crack are given by

and

KllJ

( cry) e = 0 = 1/2·

(Zrtr )

The above stress fields are oscillatory, with the oscillations becoming infinitely rapid as r ~ o.

10102


L10.5

L10.6

ABAQUS """UU

mnmlf ----------------------,


For the in-plane fields the characterizing factor is the complex stress intensity factor, K, in which tensile and shear effects near the crack tip are intrinsically inseparable into analogues of classical Mode I and Mode II conditions (Rice, 1988).

The inseparability may be ignored under limited circumstances but must to be taken into account when sufficiently dissimilar materials are considered.

10/02


ABAQUS "''''flU

mumu-------------------,

Mode Mix

Mode mix is the measure of the ratio of normal to shear tractions (usually at a point along the interface ahead of the crack tip).

Experimentally, there is good evidence that interfacial fracture toughness depends on the mode mix. The interface tractions are

. 2 2 112 i'llr K/£

(<Jyy + l(Jxy)a = 0 = (<Jyy + <Jxy) e = 112·

a=o (2nr)

K = K I + iK 1/ is the complex stress intensity factor. Unlike their analogues in a homogeneous material, K I and K 1/ are functions of r.

10/02


110.7

Mode Mix

L10.8

ABAQUS "'UffIU

mnnm------------------,

'" r is a phase angle measuring the ratio of normal to shear tractions at a distance, r, ahead of the crack.

The phase angle for the interfacial crack-tip stress fields changes as r changes in the following manner:

'!' - III = Eln(rr21).

r2 'l'r1

As an example of the phase change with distance, consider a glass-alumina interface with r2/r1 = 10: E = .05 and '!'r - '!'r

2 I

o

6.6 .

10/02


ABAQUS fUUffln

numm -------------------,

For a homogeneous material (materials on both sides of the interface are actually the same) or if both the materials are incompressible, E = 0 and

tan '!' = (cr xy) as r ---7 0

cryy 9-0

defines the in-plane mode mix. The out-of-plane mix is given by

cryZ

cos <I> = 2 2 2 112 as r ---7 o.

(cryy + crxy + cryz) 9 _ 0

Alternatively, in terms of the Mode I, II, and III stress intensity factors, KlJ

tan,!, = -

K1

and

KJll

cos <I>

10/02


Mode Mix

L10.9

Mode Mix

L10.10

ABAQUS "",um

mmmt-------------------,

For an interfacial crack, if E is small, K /E is weakly dependent on r. To compare different cracks, we choose a distance, r = L and define imaginary and real parts of KLiE to be KII and iI' respectively (these quantities are analogous to the conventional Mode II and Mode I stress intensity factors).

The same value of r = L can be used to define the mode mix unambiguously.

10102


ABAQUS umfUli

ummn--------------------,

The mode mix is defined as

tan \jJ = (0" xy) and cos <p = 0" yz

0" L 2 2 2 112

yy 9-0,r- (0" +0" +0" )

yy xy yz r~O

or in terms of the complex stress intensity factor, K,

" it:

A Im{KL.} d th

tan'!' = Re{KL's} an coso

2 2 1/2·

(IIKII + KIll)

The length L (required to define the mode mix unambiguously) must be independent of specimen size and geometry. Under SSY, L should lie between the inelastic zone size and the specimen size. For brittle bimaterial specimens typically L = lOOj.lm is suitable.

10102


Mode Mix

L10.11

Mode Mix

L10.12

l

ABACUS ",nnm

mmmr------------------,

Near-Tip Contact

Near-Tip Contact

The oscillatory fields cause overlapping of the crack faces in the in-plane modes. The overlapping does not involve the Mode III field, so the

Mode III effect is neglected in the discussion of contact near the crack tip.

The displacement jumps across the crack faces (9 = 7t and 9 = -7t, respectively, with r ---7 0) are given by

. _ 8I1K11ei('I'-tan-'(2E)+Eln(rIL»jfn

Oy + lOx - 2 '

E* cosh(7t£)~h + 4£2 7t

where", is the mode mix defined at r = Land E* is a material parameter (defined on page LIO.I8).

10/02


ABACUS !f'!f"rn

mnnm -------------------,

Near-Tip Contact

This solution predicts Oy < 0 for all values of", when e "* o. Provided the contact zone is much smaller than other physically relevant size scales, K can still be used to characterize the crack-tip field. A crack is defined to be open if

Oy ~ 0 for r c s r ~ L,

where L is some characteristic geometric length of the specimen, such as crack length. redefines the length of the contact zone:

r, (1t/2+",-tan-12£)

L = exp £ .

For the K field to be valid, r c « L.

10/02


L10.13

L10.14

ABAQUS "''''fm

uumm-------------------,

Near-Tip Contact

Rice (1988) proposes that r / L < 0.01. Then, the range of mode mix for which K characterizes the crack-tip field is

-1t/2 + 6.6£ < '" < 1t/2 + 2£ when £ > 0

and

-1t/2 + 2£ < '" < 1t/2 + 6.6£ when e < o.

These restrictions are generally met in most practical cases.

Since, in practice, crack faces are not smooth as assumed here, the contact zone may actually be bigger than predicted by the above formula, which should be taken into account.

10102


ABAQUS ",uum

mmull------------------,

K Dominance

K Dominance

There will be an annular zone (rK) in which the K field exists if

1. the contact zone size, r c;

2. the size of the nonlinear deformation zone around the crack tip,

3. and microstructural sizes, ri (like grain size, void spacing, microcracks, and interdiffusion zones),

are small compared to any characteristic length in the problem.

10/02


L10.15

L10.16

ABAOUS "",nUl

nnmm------------------,

Numerical calculations show that typically

L

rK::::: 10'

where L is the smallest of crack length, uncracked ligament, layer thickness, or distance of load point application to crack tip. A conservative condition for the K field to exist is

K Dominance

10102


110.17

ABAOUS """'111

mumn -------------------,

Interface Toughness

Interface Toughness

For a state of mode mix given by <I> and 'V, the interface toughness rC\j1(i), <1» is defined as the energy release rate at the onset of crack growth-it is a function of the bimaterial interface. Failure will occur when the applied energy release rate, G, equals the fracture toughness:

G(\jf«i), <1») = r(\jf(i)).

For planar deformation

2

G = 1 -!3 IIKI12 and _!_ = !~ +.l)

* E* 2 ' E"

E 1 2

, 2 '

E = E 1 (1 - v ) for plane strain, E = E for plane stress, and

!3 = J.l1/112(K2 - 1) - (K1 -1).

111/112(K2 + 1) + (K1 + 1)

10/02


L10.18

ABAQUS ""mm

mmlln-------------------,

Typical data for interface toughness:

40 ,----,-----.-----.-,---,

o

o

Epoxy/Glass L-12.7mm

Interface Toughness

o

o

o

-

90

12.7 mm (from

Cb A
0
10 ~o A
-
(a) CIa 4>
~ 8 00 Ao
~ O'-------'--------'-------l'-------'

-90

-45

o

45

L10.19

ABAQUS ""mm

mmifU-------------------,

10J02


Mode Mixity 'i'

Data for an epoxy-glass interface, with ~ taken at t. Liechti and Chai, 1991).

Interface Toughness

10/02


0.1 mm

140 Epoxy/Plexiglass
,-..
'1' L=O.lmm
6- 120
~
'" 100
'"
Cl.l
..§
bI) 80
~
~
o 60 (b)
u
~
~ 40
c:
-
20
0° 20° 40° 60° 80°
Mode Mixity q, Data for an epoxy-Plexiglass interface, with ~ taken at i (from Wang and Suo, 1990).

L1020

l

ABAQUS ""'fUU

mmuu-------------------

Interface Toughness

The preceding plots show that interface toughness depends strongly on mode mix, with the near Mode II toughness being a few times higher than the near Mode I toughness.

When at least one of the materials is ductile, interfacial toughness is also strongly dependent on mode mix. Plasticity is believed to be the contributor.

10/02


ABAQUS ""'''Ul

nnmm --------------------,

Interface Toughness

Typical test specimen geometries are (O'Dowd et al., 1992):

Cal

(b)

(e)

Cd)

..

10/02


L1021

L1022

ABAQUS "''''uu

unmm--------------------.

Interaction Integral for Calculating K


We can calculate the complex stress intensity factor by using the interaction integral (Shih and Asaro, 1989).

The energy release rate for a crack lying on the interface between two linear elastic materials is

f (1 dUj )

G = r "2(JjkEjknl - (JijdX1 nj dr.

Consider an auxiliary stress-strain field, denoted by (J~ux, E~uX ; that is, a stress intensity factor field with k = kl + ik2•

10/02


ABAQUS "'''''UI

mmmr--------------------,


We can use superposition and calculate a Gtot:

Since Gtot' G aux' and G are all path independent, Gint must also be path independent. Gint can be transformed into a domain integral as discussed forl.

10/02


I ~

L10.23

L10.24

ABAOUS "''''fm

nnmm------------------,


If we now choose k = k, only and write the energy release rates in terms of stress intensity factors K = K, + iK 2'

2

, (1- ~ )

G int = 2 * K, k, .

E

Similarly, choosing k = ik2 only

2 (1_~2)

Gint = 2 * K2k2•

E

Therefore, by evaluating GInt and G~nt and using k, = 1, k2 = 0 and

k, = 0, k2 = 1, the real and imaginary parts of K are determined.

With minor modifications in the derivation, the interaction integral can be used to determine the Mode I and IT stress intensity factors for a homogeneous body.

10/02


L1025

FM Abaqus

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