oncrete

Slab
Design -
Two Way
Slab
Direct
Design
Method
ACI 318
provides two
alternative
methods for
designing two-
way slabs for
concrete,Theequ
ivalent frame
method?(EFM)
and the
direct design
method (DDM).
This section
willexplain how
the direct
design method
is used.For the
Direct Design
Method
moments are
found using a
simplified
procedure
similar
toanalyzing a
One-Way Slab.
The
Conditions:
The following
conditions must
be met to use
the DDM:
y

P
anels must be
rectangular in
shape with a
ratio of the long
side to the
short side
of nomore than
2 (this ensures
that the slab
acts as a two-
way slab).
y

The loading
consists of
uniformly
distributed
gravity loads.
y

The live load

does not exceed
two times the
dead load
y
There are a
minimum of
three spans.
y

If there are
beams are
present,
the relative
stiffness in two
perpendicular
directions, 0.2<

1
l
22
/
2
l
12
< 5.0
y
Successive span
lengths do not
differ by 1/3 of
the longest
span.
y
And Columns are
not offset by
more than 10%
of the span in
the direction of
the offset.Whil
e designing two-
way slabs,
column offsets
will not be
considered, this
is why theoffset
must remain
small (L.T. 10%).
For large column
offsets neither
the DDM
or EFMcan be
used, instead a
finite element
model must be
used to
calculate the
moment inthe
slab.
Direct
Design
Method
Steps:
Step 1:
Divide the slab
into wide beams
(Similar to a
tributary area
method but how
the equations
areset up I
believe basically
voids this idea,
it is just good
for visualization
of the problem).
Step 2:
Calculate the
total moment in
each span using
ACI 13.6.2.2
[1]

MO=8wul2l
n2
where:
M
O
= The total
momentw
u
= The total
factored
distributed load
(See Concrete
LRFD to
understand the
required loading

factors)l
2
= the width of
the wide beaml
n
= face to face
of the columns
or other
supports (note
that l
n
0.65l
1
)l
1
= center to
center of
the columns or
supportsNote:
The idea is to
find a maximum
moment in a
beam spanning l
n
carrying a load
w
u
l
2
.
Step 3:
The Moment (M
O
) for each span
must be
distributed up
into positive and
negative
momentsaccordi
ng to the tables
below:
Table 1:
Distribution
of Moments in
Exterior
Spans
Slabs t
h
at contain nob
e
ams b/
w
int
er
io
r
suppo
r
ts

Type of
Moment
exterior
edgeunrestraine
d
slab w/
beamsb/w
allsupports

without
edgebeam
with edgebeam

exterior
edgefully
restrained
interior
negativemoment
(factored)0.75 0
.70 0.70 0.70 0.6
5positive
moment(factore
d)0.63 0.57 0.52
0.50 0.35exteri
or
negativemoment
(factored)0 0.16
0.26 0.30 0.65
Table 2:
Distribution
of Moments in
Interior
Spans

Type of
Moment

Factor
 negative momen
t (factored) 0.6
5positive momen
t (factored) 0.3
5The factor is
multiplied by
the total
moment to find
the positive and
negative
moments (e.g.
apositive
interior
factored
moment will be
0.35xM
O
)
Step 4:
The width of
the wide beam
will now be
divided into
column-strip and
middle-strip
regions.
where: