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compressor-driven heat-driven
scroll
reciprocating
helical-rotary centrifugal
© American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC016-EN
Condenser Types
air-cooled
water-cooled
water-cooled
air-cooled
0 tons 500 tons 1,000 tons 1,500 tons 2,000 tons 2,500 tons 3,000 tons
[0 kW] [1,759 kW] [3,517 kW] [5,276 kW] [7,034 kW] [8,793 kW] [10,551 kW]
chiller capacity
air-cooled water-cooled
Lower maintenance Greater energy efficiency
Packaged system Longer equipment life
Better low-ambient
operation
© American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC016-EN
ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1–2013
Energy standard
Building design and
materials
Minimum equipment
efficiencies
HVAC system design
Purpose
Establish definitions, testing,
and rating requirements
Scope
Factory designed and
prefabricated water chillers
Vapor-compression
refrigeration
Air-cooled and water-cooled
condensing
cooling tower
cooling coil
chiller
pumps
© American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC016-EN
Chilled-Water System
air-cooled
chiller
coil
pump
control
valve
airflow
three-way bypass
modulating pipe
valve
airflow
two-way
modulating valve
bypass
damper
airflow
face
damper
© American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC016-EN
Load-Terminal Control Options
Three-way modulating valve
Constant water flow
Variable return-water temperature
Two-way modulating valve
Variable water flow (pump energy savings)
Constant return-water temperature
Face-and-bypass dampers
Constant water flow
Variable return-water temperature
Enhanced dehumidification capability with “wild” coils
© American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC016-EN
Chiller Evaporator Flow
Constant flow is most
common
Variable flow is
possible
Can reduce energy
consumption
Use only with evaporator
advanced chiller and
system controls
coil
pump
42°F 48°F
[5.6°C] [8.9°C]
on
54°F
[12.2°C]
off
42°F
[5.6°C]
on
54°F
[12.2°C] 60% to 70%
of system flow
2 pumps
1 pump
head pressure
system
curve
65% 100%
percent flow
© American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC016-EN
Chillers Piped in Series
electric
chiller
absorption
chiller
three-way valve
42°F
48°F [5.6°C]
[8.9°C]
54°F
[12.2°C]
42°F
48°F [5.6°C]
[8.9°C]
52°F
[11.1°C]
production
pumps
distribution
pump
production
loop
distribution
loop
production
pumps
supply
tee
return
tee
© American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC016-EN
Manifolded Production Pumps
production
pumps
isolation
valves
return
tee
two-way valve
© American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC016-EN
Primary-Secondary System Rules
The bypass pipe should be free of restrictions
Load terminals should use two-way
modulating control valves
B
pump
curve
head pressure
A
pressure 0 50 100
difference percent flow
variable-speed control riding the pump curve
© American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC016-EN
Multiple Distribution Pumps
distribution
pumps
return
from loads
supply
© American Standard Inc. 2001
to loads Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC016-EN
Multiple Distribution Pumps
distribution
pumps
return
from loads
A
B
supply
C to loads
B C
A
© American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC016-EN
Tertiary Pumping
distribution
pump
tertiary
pump
two-way
valve
bleed line
© American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC016-EN
Distribution Loop Characteristics
Reduced pump
energy use
Distribution loop
sized for system
diversity
Higher return-water
temperatures
supply
tee
production
loop
distribution
loop
return
tee
neither do nothing
© American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC016-EN
Types of Fluid Flow Meters
Pressure-based
Pitot tube
Venturi
Orifice plate
Differential pressure
Turbine and impeller
Vortex
Magnetic
Ultrasonic
© American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC016-EN
Temperature-Based Calculations
supply
tee
system-level
controller
return
tee
0.30
price of electricity, $/kWh
0.20
0.10
San Diego, CA
2000 May June July August September
© American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC016-EN
Fuel Choice Options
absorption
thermal storage
power
indirectly-coupled,
gas-engine
chillers
control interface
© American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC016-EN
Chiller Efficiency Improvements
0.9 8.0
COP
chiller efficiency (kW/ton)
0.7 6.0
0.6 5.0
kW/ton
0.5 4.0
750,000
annual energy consumption, kWh
600,000
chiller
450,000
300,000
150,000 pumps
cooling tower fans
0
base case low flow
© American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC016-EN
Variable-Primary-Flow Systems
variable-flow
pumps
check
valves
control
valve
two-way
valve
optional bypass
with three-way valve
© American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC016-EN
Critical VPF System Requirements
Chillers must handle variable evaporator flow
System must include a bypass
System-level controls must limit the rate-of-
flow change
Adequate time to design and commission
controls
Operator must understand the system
distribution
pump
equally
loaded
absorption
chiller
preferentially
loaded
distribution
pump
heat-recovery
chiller
standard
condenser
evaporator
100 A
B
unloading with
80
constant leaving hot-
C water temperature
unloading with
constant entering hot-
60 water temperature
0 50 100
© American Standard Inc. 2001
percent load Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC016-EN
Asymmetric Design
Different chiller
capacities 10,000
2,000 lead
chiller
0
50% / 50% 60% / 40%
chiller split
© American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC016-EN
Swing Chiller
equal-capacity
large chillers
small-capacity
“swing” chiller
swing chiller
60
chiller 2
40
20
swing chiller chiller 1
0
chiller sequence
© American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC016-EN
“Free” Cooling
Airside economizer
Waterside economizer
Strainer cycle
Plate-and-frame heat exchanger
Refrigerant migration
distribution
pump
plate-and-frame
© American Standard Inc. 2001
heat exchanger Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC016-EN
waterside economizer
Refrigerant Migration
from
compressor
condenser
shutoff
valve
vapor
to migration
compressor
shutoff
valve evaporator
liquid
flow
© American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC016-EN
Application Outside Range of Chiller
240 gpm at 45°F
air-cooled [15 L/s at 7.2°C]
chiller
process load
supply-water
temperature
return-water
temperature
chiller-plant
controller
flow
meter
chiller-plant
controller
supply-water
temperature
flow
meter
return-water
temperature
chiller-plant
controller
equal-capacity chillers
small electric
chiller large electric
chiller
absorption
chiller
standard
electric chillers
preferentially-loaded
heat-recovery
chiller
© American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC016-EN
Variable-Primary-Flow Systems
variable-flow
pumps
check
valves
control
valve
two-way
valve
optional bypass
with three-way valve
© American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC016-EN
System Failure Recovery
Maintain flow of chilled water
Keep it simple
Lock out failed equipment
Turn on the next chiller in the sequence
Notify the operator
Allow the operator to intervene
piping
stubouts
electrical
connections
© American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC016-EN
System Timers
Load-confirmation timer
Avoids transient conditions
Staging-interval timer
Allows time for the system to
respond to turning a chiller on
Minimum-cycle timer
Prevents excessive cycling
2 pumps
1 pump
head pressure
system
curve
(one chiller)
60°F
[15.6°C]
set point
40°F
[4.4°C] two chillers
0 30 60
© American Standard Inc. 2001 operating time, minutes Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC016-EN
constant-volume pumping system
Chilled-Water Set Point Control
54°F
off [12.2°C]
37°F 45.5°F
[2.8°C] [7.5°C]
on
54°F
[12.2°C]
lowering operating
chiller set point
helps regain control
© American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC016-EN
System Optimization
Chiller
Decrease condenser-water temperature
Increase chilled-water temperature
Chilled-water pump (variable-flow system)
Increase chilled-water T
Cooling tower
Increase condenser-water temperature
Condenser-water pump (variable-flow system)
Increase condenser-water T
© American Standard Inc. 2001 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC016-EN
Chilled Water Reset
Pros Cons
Reduces chiller energy Increases pump energy
Can work in constant- in variable-flow systems
flow systems Can cause loss of
space humidity control
Complicates chiller
sequencing control
cooling
tower
200,000
chiller
100,000
condenser
control
panel
evaporator