Differential diagnosis

Hallows around light

1. Incipient stage of cataract due to water vacuoles in lens

2. acute congestive glaucoma - Prodromal stage - due to water
vacoules in corneal epithelium
3. mucopurulent conjunctivitis
4. corneal oedema

Moving ulcer in cornea

1. Mooren's ulcer
2. fasicular ulcer
3. typical hypopyin ulcer

Blue sclera

1. Children
2. High myopia
3. Buphthalmos
4. Over staphyloma
5. Osteogenesis imperfecta

Red eye

1. Acute irido cyclitis

2. Acute conjunctivitis
3. Acute primary congestive glaucoma
4. acute keratitis
5. Dry eye

Unilateral irreactive pupil

1. Local Atropine
2. Third nerve paralysis
3. Absolute glaucoma
4. Acute congestive glaucoma
5. sedrosis bulbi

6. traumatic mydriasis

1 Dr/M.Salah
Glued lashes

1. Ulcerative blepharitis - with hot water wash there is uclerated

surface and normal conjucntiva
2. Mucopurulent cinjunctivitis - with hot water wash there is
conjunctival hyperemia and free from ulcer red margin

Pseudo membranes

1. Severe purulent conjunctivitis

2. Viral conjunctivitis
3. Fungal conjunctivitis
4. Chemical burn
5. Diphtheria until proved otherwise
6. Steven Johnson syndrome

Lacrimation in the child

1. Congenital glaucoma
2. Ophthalmia neonatorum
3. Nasolacrimal duct obstruction

Follicular conjunctivitis

1. Adenovirus
2. Chlamydia
3. Herpes simplex
4. hypersensitivity to topical medication

Sore throat in ophthalmology

1. Phylcten
2. Diphtheria
3. Adenovirus
4. Dendritic ulcer

2 Dr/M.Salah
Corneal Phylcten

1. Limbal area spring catarrah

2. Pinguecula
3. Episcleritis
4. Trachomatous pannus

Enlarged blindpsot

1. Bilateral Papilloedema
2. Optic neuritis
3. Annular crescent of high myopes

Tubular field

1. Advanced case of glaucoma

2. Advanced case of retinitis pigmentosa
3. CRAO with abnormal cilio-retinal branch
4. retinitis pigmentosa

Vitreous Hemorrhage

1. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy

2. Blunt trauma
3. CRVO
4. Retinal tear
5. Intra Ocular malignancies
6. Blood diseases

Melanoma

1. Naveus
2. Choroidal haemangioma
3. metastic from breast

Amourotic Cat's eye - Leucoria

1. Neonatal endophthalmitis
2. Retinoblastoma
3. Tuberous sclerosis
4. Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous - PHPV
5. Toxoplasma Chorioretinitis

6. Congenital Cataract

3 Dr/M.Salah
 7. Coat's Disease
8. Posterior Polar Cataract
9. cyclitic membrane
10.granulomas
11.coloboma of choroid
12.advanced retinopathy of prematurity

Painfull Proptosis

1. Panopthalmitis - Hazy cornea + Anterior chamber purulent

exudates
2. Cavernous sinus thrombosis - mastoid oedema
3. Acute dacroadenitis - swelling + pain over the lacrimal gland
4. Orbital Cellulitis

Papillary conjunctivitis

1. Trachoma
2. Spring catarrah
3. Giant papillary conj(contact lens, artificial tears)
4. Ophthalmia neonatorum

Pannus

1. degenerative pannus in absolute glaucoma

2. contact lens wearer
3. trachomatous pannus
4. phlyctenules pannus
5. leprotic pannus

Keratoconus

1. keratectasia :bulging of weak corneal scar (outer layer only)

2. anterior staphyloma
3. Acute dacrocystitis - swelling + pain over the lacrimal gland
4. keratoglobus

Ulcer with steroids

1. fasicular ulcer(phlectenular)
2. Disciform (herpetic)

3. Marginal (staph)

4 Dr/M.Salah
Effect of phlycten

1. Corneal phlycten
2. phlyctenular ulcer
3. Ring ulcer(if multiple)
4. Pannus
5. Fascicular ulcer(moving)

Pear Shaped Pupil

1. Rupture Globe Of Cornea Due To Local Trauma

2. Pupillary Margin Tearing Form Local Trauma
3. small peripheral corneal perforation due to ulcer
4. cataract surgery (uncommon, in the past) or any other corneal
wound of any cause

Cherry Red Spot

1. Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

2. Retinal Oedema (Commotio -Retina)or Berlin`s Oedema
3. Macular Hole With Central Retinal Detachment
4. Quinnine Poisoning
5. amaurotic Family Idiothy

Photopsia + musca

1. choroiditis
2. retinal tear

2ry buphthalmos

1. retinoblastoma
2. rubella

Large cornea at birth

1. buphthalmos
2. congenital myopia
3. megalocornea

sudden drop of vision

1. trauma

2. Vascular: CRAO, fuch's spot, vit. hge , ica thrombosis

5 Dr/M.Salah
 3. amoaurosis fugax: 3p = papielledema + prodroma of CRAO +
Postural hypotension

Unilateral Total loss of vision

1. CRAO
2. optic n. avulsion
3. rupture globe

S shaped deformity of eyelid

1. acute dacryoadenitis
2. sarcoidosis
3. leukemia
4. hodgkin lymhoma

Causes of Glucoma in blunt Trauma

1. hyphema
2. Sublaxated lens
3. anterior and posterior dislocation of lens
4. Traumatic iridocyclitis
5. Vitreous hge
6. Retrobulbar hematoma
7. Carotid cavernous fistula

Causes of Hyphema

1. Hemoragic iridocyclitis
2. trauma
3. blood disease
4. Hypertension
5. Rubiosis iridis

Causes of tremulous iris

1. hypermature senile cataract

2. Aphakia
3. Posterior dislocation of the lens
4. sublaxated lens
5. congential Glaucoma(Buopthalmous)

Contraindications of pilocarbine

6 Dr/M.Salah
 1. Irido cyclitis
2. Axial opacity
3. Pupillary block
4. neovascular Glucoma

Causes of custoid macular edema

1. Diapetic maculopathy
2. CRVO
3. Drug induced
4. hodgkin lymhoma

Causes of ring scotoma

1. Primary open angle Glucoma

2. Retinitis pigmentosa

ORAL contraceptives

1. CRVO
2. pseudo tumor cerebri
3. migraine

Pulsated proptosis

1. carotid cavernous fistula

2. meningeo encephalocoele
3. opthalmic artery anurism
4. highly vascular rhapdomyosarcoma

Uniocular diplopia

1. iridodialysis
2. sublaxated lens
3. big prepheral iridectomy
4. congenital polycoria ( multiple pupils )
5. incipient stage of senile cortical cataract

Binuclear diplopia

1. Anisometrpia corrected by glasses

2. Anisometrpia more than 4 diopter

Dr/M.Salah

7
 3. Paralytic squint
4. Restrictive myopathy:-symblepharon,blow owt fracture,dysthyroid
ohthalmopathy
5. incipient stage of senile cortical cataract

Nodule at limbus

1. CONGENITAL CYST
2. EPITHELIAL IMPLANTATION CYST
3. AQUEOUS CYST
4. DERMOID
5. LIPODERMOID
6. PAPILLOMA
7. SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
8. NAEVUSD
9. FOREIGN BODY GRANULOMA
10.PHYLCTEN
11.NODULAR EPISCLERITIS
12.SARCOIDOSIS
13.MALIGNANT MELANOMA OF UVEA
14.VASCULARISED LIMBAL KERATITIS
15.LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS

:Pneumococci causes

Typical hypopyon ulcer-1

Endophthalmitis-2
Chronic dacryocystitis-3
MPC-4

:Uses of Synaptophore
Evaluation of binocular vision-1
Train binocular vision-2
Measure angle of squint-3
Detect abnormal retinal correspondance-4

:Uses of retinoscopy
measure refraction of eye-1
Examine red reflex-2
detect punctum remotum-3
Detect and measure astigmatism-4

8
Dr/M.Salah
:Uses of fluorecine
corneal ulce:Green -1
Conjunctival ulcer:yellow-2
Xerosis:break up time test-3
Dacryocystitis:John's one test54-River signiffrentiate descmatocel from-4
perforation
Applination tonometry-5
River signiffrentiate descmatocele of corneal ulcer -6
Hard contact lens -7

:uses of Goldman
examination of the angle-1
examination to the fundus-2
laser to the angle-3
laser to the fundus-4

:Deep anterior chamber

Buphthalmous-1
high myopia-2
posterior lens dislocation-3
posterior rubture sclera-4
Megalocornea-5
Kerato conus-6
Aphakia-7

:Indications of keratoplasty
Acute hydrops in seeing eye -1
Cebtral leuckoma-2
Resistant corneal ulcer-3

:Double red reflex

Iridodialysis-1
malignant melanoma of ciliary body-2

:cyclitic membrane effect

repeated attack of pain-1
tractional retinal detachememnt-2
Atrophia bulbi-3
simulate retinoblastoma-4

9
Dr/M.Salah
:Delayed hypersenstevity
occular sarcoidosis-1
sympathetic ophthalmitis-2
phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis-3
Vogt_koyanagi_Harada syndrome-4
Dysthyroid ophthalmopathy-5

:Rubeosis iridis
long standing iridocyclitis -1
proliferative diabetic retinopathy-2
cebral retinal vein occlusion-3
Cgronic irido cyclitis-4
Intraoccular malignancy-5
Cerbrovascular insufficiency-6

:indications of enucleation
blind painful eye-1
sever traumatized eye-2
introccular malignancy-3

:Causes of transient errors of refraction

chalizion in upper lid-1
Uncontroled diabetes-2
Miosis-3
iridocyclitis-4
anterior lens dislocation-5

:Altitundinal field defect

Trunk retinal artery occlusion
trunk vein occlusion
early retinal detachment

:Electrophysiological studies
EOG:test retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors -1
ERG flash: check function of all retina except ganglion cell layer-2
ERG pattern: check function of ganglion cell layer-3
VEP:check function from ganglion cell layer to brain(occipital cortex -4
+visual pathway

10
Dr/M.Salah