Equation-Based Modeling

COMSOL Conference 2017 Singapore

Pratyush Sharma

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 2u
 2    S  Fv
t

T
C   C  u  T    (T )  Q
t
A Look Under the Hood
A Look Under the Hood
 Modeling Approaches
•• Insert
Insertpredefined
Insert predefinedphysics
predefined physics
physics
••• Coupling
Coupling physics
Couplingphysics (manual
(manualor
physics(manual orautomatic)
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ea 2  d a
•• Enter
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userdefined
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All
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   (cu  u   )
•• Add
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changeterms
termsof
ofthe
theequations
equations    u  au  f
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in the
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(andmultiphysics)
multiphysics)
nodes
nodes

• Insert your own equations with equation du

forms (and make it automatic with  F ( u, t )
Physics Builder) dt
The Mathematics Interface
 Equation-Based Modeling
• What?
– ODE & DAE interfaces, PDE interfaces, boundary conditions
• Why?
– Lumped parameter systems, continuous systems
• How?
– Demo: population dynamics, thermal curing
• Could I get myself in trouble?
– Verification & validation
• Hands on : Coupling PDE with global and distributed ODE
 What PDE, ODE, and DAE stand for?
u
   cu   f
• Partial differential equations (PDE)
– da
t
Three main interfaces (form)
– Need boundary conditions Mechanics, CFD,
EM…. .
• Ordinary differential equations (ODEs)
– Global (space indipendent)
du
– Distributed (space dependent)  F ( u, t )
– Distributed, but not continuous dt Electrical
circuits,
– (Always) time dependent
cinematism... ,
• Algebraic equations
–
–
As for ODE, global or distributed
Do not contain time (and often not even the space)
u2  1  0
Part I: Lumped Parameter Systems
• Global ODEs
• Global Algebraic Equation
Lumped Parameter Systems

Contaminant concentration Contaminant amount

𝑐(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) 𝐶(𝑡)

Population dynamics Population dynamics

 Lumped Parameter Systems
• Balance laws
Rate of change of some quantity = amount entering - leaving + production - consumption

Example 1 : Dynamics Example 2 : Prey-predator system

𝑑2𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑚 = −𝑘𝑢 − 𝑐 = 𝑎1 𝑢 1 − 𝑢ൗ𝑘 − 𝑏1 𝑢𝑣
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
= −𝑎2 𝑣 + 𝑏2 𝑢𝑣
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑚 2 + 𝑘𝑢 + 𝑐 =0 − 𝑎1 𝑢 1 − 𝑢ൗ𝑘 + 𝑏1 𝑢𝑣 = 0 + 𝑎2 𝑣 − 𝑏2 𝑢𝑣 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 Global ODEs
• Example: Lotka-Volterra equations

𝑑𝑢
= 𝑎1 𝑢(1 − 𝑢Τ𝑘) − 𝑏1 𝑢𝑣
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑣
= −𝑎2 𝑣 + 𝑏2 𝑢𝑣
𝑑𝑡

𝑢 0 = 𝑢𝑖𝑛𝑖 , 𝑣 0 = 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑖
 Global Algebraic Equations
• Same template as Global ODEs
• What are the initial values for?
– Stationary solvers

https://www.comsol.com/blogs/modeling-hydrostatic-pressure-fluid-deformable-container/
Physics + Global Algebraic Equations
• You can add extra degrees of freedom to a physics interface

https://www.comsol.com/blogs/modeling-hydrostatic-pressure-fluid-deformable-container/
 Part II: Continuous Systems
Without Spatial Interaction
• Domain ODEs and DAEs
• Boundary ODEs and DAEs
• Edge ODEs and DAEs
• Point ODEs and DAEs
Domain ODEs
 Domain ODEs
• Problem parameters are spatially variable
– Initial conditions 𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 𝑢𝑖𝑛𝑖 (𝑥),…
– Carrying capacity is spatially variable 𝑘 = 𝑘(𝑥)
– Prey-predator interactions have different outcomes based on location
• 𝑏1 = 𝑏1 𝑥 , 𝑏2 = 𝑏2 (𝑥)
– Climate effect? 𝑎1 = 𝑎1 (𝑥, 𝑇)
• Every point evolves independent of neighbors
– No spatial derivatives in the equation!
– No boundary conditions needed
 Domain ODEs in Physics
• Material evolution
𝜕𝛼 𝐸
(− 𝑎ൗ𝑅𝑇)
= 𝐴𝑒 (1 − 𝛼)𝑛
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝛼 𝐸
(− 𝑎ൗ𝑅𝑇(𝑥))
= 𝐴𝑒 (1 − 𝛼)𝑛
𝜕𝑡
• Reaction kinetics
– Built-in if you use the Chemical Reaction Engineering Module
 ODE or 1D PDE?
𝑑2 𝑢
2
− 𝑎𝑢 + 𝑔 𝑡 = 0 IVP = ODE
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2𝑢 BVP = PDE
− 𝑎𝑢 + 𝑔 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥2

Spatial derivative use PDE interfaces

 Domain Algebraic Equations
• Solve 𝑢3 = 𝑝(𝑥, 𝑡, . . ) for 𝑢
• Interface is the same as Domain ODE

https://www.comsol.com/blogs/solving-algebraic-field-equations/
 Example: Ideal/Non-ideal gas law
• Assume u=(u,v,w) and p given by Navier-Stokes
• Want to solve Convection-Conduction in gas:
   (kT )  C u T  0
• Ideal gas: 𝜌 given by • non-ideal gas law (needed for
pM high molecular weight at very

RT high pressures): 𝜌 solution of
• Easy - analytical A( p  B 2 )(1  C )  D  0
• Difficult – implicit equation
• How to proceed?
 Example: Non-ideal gas law
• How to solve: A( p  B 2 )(1  C )  D  0
• Third order equation in
• Pressure p is function of space
• So: this is an algebraic equation at each point in space. Solution

ea  d a  0, f  A( p  B 2 )(1  C )  D
http://www.comsol.com/blogs/solving-algebraic-field-equations/
 Distributed Algebraic Equation
• What about non-linear equations with multiple solutions?
• Which solution do you get?
• For simplicity, consider the equation (u-2)^2-p=0, where p is a constant
• The solution you get will depend on the Initial Guess given by the PDE
Physics Interface

• If we let p=x*y and let our modeling region be the unit square, then at
(x,y)=(0,0) we should get the unique solution u=2 but at (x,y)=(1,1) we get 1
or 3 depending on our starting guess. See next slide.
Distributed Algebraic Equation
u=3

u=2

u=2

u=1
 Distributed Algebraic Equation
u=3

u=2

u=2

u=1
Part III: Continuous Systems
with Spatial Interaction
Partial Differential Equations
 Prey-Predator System with Migration
• PDEs!
• What if the second species does not migrate?
– Domain ODE or PDE with 𝑐2 = 0?
• Can we have a convective term?
• What happens for negative 𝑐1 or 𝑐2 ?

u
   (c1u )  a1u (1  u k )  b1uv
t
v
   (c2v)  a2 v  b2uv
t
 Balance Laws: Integral Formulation
• Balance laws for a continuous system 𝑛
Γ
S

Rate of change of some quantity = amount entering or leaving through the boundary + production or
consumption inside
𝑑
Ԧ
න ϕ𝑑𝑉 = − න Γ·𝑛𝑑𝑆 + න 𝑓𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑡 𝑉 𝑆 𝑉
Balance Laws: Differential Equations
𝑛 𝑑
Γ 𝑑𝑡 𝑉 𝑆
Ԧ
න ϕ𝑑𝑉 = − න Γ·𝑛𝑑𝑆 + න 𝑓𝑑𝑉
𝑉
S
𝜕ϕ
න Ԧ
𝑑𝑉 = − න Γ·𝑛𝑑𝑆 + න 𝑓𝑑𝑉
𝑉 𝜕𝑡 𝑆 𝑉

V
Divergence theorem
𝜕ϕ
න Ԧ 𝑑𝑉 + න 𝑓𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑉 = − න 𝑑𝑖𝑣(Γ)
𝑉 𝜕𝑡 𝑉 𝑉
𝜕ϕ
න [ + 𝑑𝑖𝑣 ΓԦ − 𝑓]𝑑𝑉 = 0
𝑉 𝜕𝑡
 Balance Laws: Differential Equations
𝑛
Γ න [
𝜕ϕ
+ 𝑑𝑖𝑣 ΓԦ − 𝑓]𝑑𝑉 = 0
S 𝑉 𝜕𝑡

Localization argument 𝜕ϕ
+ 𝑑𝑖𝑣 ΓԦ = 𝑓
𝜕𝑡
 General Form PDE
𝜕ϕ
+ 𝑑𝑖𝑣 ΓԦ = 𝑓
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑢
Usually 𝜙 = 𝑒 + 𝑑𝑢
𝜕𝑡
2
𝜕 𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Template
𝑒 2 +𝑑 + 𝑑𝑖𝑣 ΓԦ = 𝑓
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑇
HT 𝜙 = 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑇 𝜌𝑐𝑝 + 𝑑𝑖𝑣 ΓԦ = 𝑓
𝜕𝑡
 Constitutive Assumptions
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑒 2 +𝑑 + 𝑑𝑖𝑣 ΓԦ = 𝑓
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡

• Take the usual form for the flux

ΓԦ = −𝑐𝛻𝑢 − 𝛼𝑢 + 𝛾
You specify 𝑐, 𝛼, 𝛾
 Coefficient Form PDE Template
• Specify units for independent variable and source

Mass Damping or Conservative flux Convection Source

mass convection

Diffusion Conservative Absorption

flux source

 2u u
ea 2  d a    (cu  u   )    u  au  f
t t
 Coefficient Form PDE
Acoustics Chemistry Black-Scholes Fischer’s Ecologic
Model
𝒖 Pressure Concentration Cost of option Population

𝐞𝐚 1/𝜌𝑐 2
𝒅𝐚 1 1 1

𝒄 1/𝜌 Diffusion coef. 1 Dispersal rate

− 𝜎 2𝑥 2
2
𝜸 𝑞𝑑 /𝜌

𝜷 Velocity 𝑟𝑥 − 𝜎 2 𝑥

𝒂 −𝑟 𝑟(𝑢ൗ𝐾 − 1)
𝒇 𝑄𝑚 Reaction rate
Helmholtz Equation, Coefficient Form PDE
   (cu )  k 2u  g

 2u u
ea 2  d a    (cu  u   )    u  au  f
t t

Coefficient matching
𝑎 = −𝜅 2 𝑎=0
𝑓=𝑔 𝑓 = 𝑔 + 𝜅2𝑢
Option 1 Option 2
Helmholtz Equation, General Form PDE
   (cu )  k 2u  g

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑒 2 +𝑑 + 𝑑𝑖𝑣 ΓԦ = 𝑓
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
Match terms
ΓԦ = −𝑐𝛻𝑢
𝑓 = 𝑔 + 𝑘2𝑢
 Black-Scholes Equation Coefficient Form PDE
u 1 2 2  2u u
  x  rx  ru  0
t 2 x 2 x
 2u u
ea 2  d a    (cu  u   )    u  au  f
t t
u  1 2 2 u u
 (  x )  [rx   2 x]  ru  0
t x 2 x x
Coefficient matching Alternative
1
1 d a  1, c    2 x 2
d a  1, c    2 x 2 2
2   0, a   r
  rx   2 x, a   r
u
f  (  rx   2 x)
x
https://www.comsol.com/model/the-black-scholes-equation-82
 Weak Form PDE
• NO TEMPLATE!
• Extreme flexibility!
𝜕𝑢
𝐶 + 𝛻 ∙ −𝜅𝛻𝑢 − 𝑄 = 0
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑢
න 𝐶 𝑤 + 𝜅𝛻𝑤 ∙ 𝛻𝑢 𝑑Ω = න 𝑄𝑤𝑑Ω + න 𝑤𝑞𝑛 𝑑𝑆 ∀𝑤
𝜕𝑡

https://www.comsol.com/blogs/implementing-the-weak-form-in-comsol-multiphysics/
 PDE in Weak formulation
• Weak = Integral ; based on variational formulation (conservation law)
• Most of COMSOL (and other tools’) physics use such a formulation since most
versatile
• It is the base of finite element (but also used within other schemes)
• Understanding how it works is the way to master what COMSOL does under the hood

Γ  F
   Γ dV   F dV
 
 Weak Form, Stationary
𝜕Ω
• General form: 𝛻∙Γ=𝐹
• Multiply by test function v 𝛻∙Γ=𝐹

and integrate: ‫׬‬Ω 𝑣𝛻 ∙ Γ𝑑𝐴 = ‫׬‬Ω 𝑣𝐹𝑑𝐴 Ω

• Perform integration by parts

on left-hand side: ‫𝜕׬‬Ω 𝑣Γ ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 − ‫׬‬Ω 𝛻𝑣 ∙ Γ 𝑑𝐴 = ‫׬‬Ω 𝑣𝐹 𝑑𝐴

• Rearrange: 0 = ‫׬‬Ω 𝛻𝑣 ∙ Γ + 𝑣𝐹 𝑑𝐴 + ‫𝜕׬‬Ω −𝑣Γ ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝑠

• Remember:
– For Poisson’s eq: Γ = [𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑦 ], F = 1, R = u - 0
(u constrained to 0 on boundaries)
– Subdomain integral above is entered in the “weak” field: -test(ux)*ux - test(uy)*uy + test(u)*F
– On the boundary, set constraint expression: u
 Weak Form, Time Dependent
• Same development as stationary but start from:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕Ω
𝑑𝑎 +𝛻∙Γ= 𝐹 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑡 𝑑𝑎
𝜕𝑡
+𝛻∙Γ= 𝐹

• And arrive at Ω

𝜕𝑢
0 = ‫׬‬Ω 𝛻𝑣 ∙ Γ + 𝑣𝐹 − 𝑑𝑎 𝑣 𝑑𝐴 + ‫𝜕׬‬Ω −𝑣Γ ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝑠
𝜕𝑡

• Subdomain integral in the weak field:

-test(ux)*ux - test(uy)*uy + test(u)*F – da*test(u)* ut
Using the Weak Form PDE Interface

https://www.comsol.com/blogs/implementing-
the-weak-form-in-comsol-multiphysics/ https://www.comsol.co.in/blogs/brief-
introduction-weak-form/

https://www.comsol.com/blogs/strength-weak-form/
https://www.comsol.co.in/blogs/discretizing-the-
weak-form-equations/
 Derivatives
Solution field: u
Spatial 1st derivatives: ux, uy, uz
Spatial 2nd derivatives: uxx, uxy, …, uyz, uzz
Time derivatives: ut, utt
Mixed derivatives: uxt, uytt
Derivatives tangent to surfaces: uTx, uTy, uTz
Derivatives of quantities other than the
d(q,t),d(q,x)
primary dependent variable:

More: “Differentiation Operators” in the COMSOL Multiphysics Reference Manual

Integrated Demo: Thermal Curing Physics
T, α

Thermoset in
the cavity
Image by Joe Haupt — Own work. Licensed
under CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
Heated
mold
 Thermal Curing: Mathematical Model
T 
C p    (T )   H r
t t

 Ae (  Ea / RT ) (1   ) n
t
• Initial conditions: room temperature, zero curing
• Boundary conditions: heat flux of 10 kWΤm2
• Step 1: Pick appropriate Mathematics interfaces
– PDE + Domain ODE
• Step 2: Fit the equations into the templates
Thermal Curing: Choosing the Interface
T 
C p    (T )   H r PDE
t t
 2u u
ea 2  d a    (cu  u   )    u  au  f
t t

d a  C p , c   , f   H r
t

 Ae (  Ea / RT ) (1   ) n Domain ODE
t 2
 
ea  d  f
t 2 t
a

d a 1, f  Ae (  Ea / RT ) (1   ) n
Thermal Curing: Heat Transfer Interface

https://www.comsol.com/blogs/modeling-the-thermal-curing-process/
Part IV: Boundaries and Interfaces
The World Versus Your World!

Image by Strebe — Own work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
Jump and Boundary Conditions
𝜕𝜙
න Ԧ
𝑑𝑉 = − න Γ·𝑛𝑑𝑆 + න 𝑓𝑑𝑉
𝑉 𝜕𝑡 𝑆 𝑉

Can’t do this!
𝜕ϕ
න Ԧ 𝑑𝑉 + න 𝑓𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑉 = − න 𝑑𝑖𝑣(Γ)
𝑉 𝜕𝑡 𝑉 𝑉

1. Stay with the integral equation

2. Focus
Jump and Boundary Conditions
𝜕𝜙
න Ԧ
𝑑𝑉 = − න Γ·𝑛𝑑𝑆 + න 𝑓𝑑𝑉
𝑉 𝜕𝑡 𝑆 𝑉

𝑉 → 0, 𝑆 ≠ 0
S Ԧ
න Γ·𝑛𝑑𝑆 =0
𝑆
𝑛 𝑛1
න (ΓԦ1 −ΓԦ2 )·𝑛𝑑𝑆 = 0
𝑆

𝑛2 S ΓԦ ∙ 𝑛=0
𝑛1 → 𝑛, 𝑛2 → −𝑛
 Jump and Boundary Conditions
𝑛 −ΓԦ𝑖 ∙ 𝑛=−ΓԦ𝑜 ∙ 𝑛
𝑖 𝑜 Inward flux
S

• Think about what is outside

• We have NOT considered surface production
here
 Boundary Conditions 1: Flux
𝜓 𝑛
−ΓԦ𝑖 ∙ 𝑛 = 𝜓
Inward flux

• Example: Heat Transfer in Solids

−(−𝜅𝛻𝑇) ∙ 𝑛 = 𝑞0
• Natural (Neumann) boundary conditions
 Boundary Conditions: Mixed
• A constitutive assumption about the outside

𝜓 𝑛
𝑢𝑒𝑥𝑡 −ΓԦ𝑖 ∙ 𝑛 = 𝜓

𝑢 𝜅𝑜
𝜓= (𝑢 − 𝑢)
𝐿𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑡

• Example: Heat Transfer in Solids

−(−𝜅𝛻𝑇) ∙ 𝑛 = ℎ(𝑇𝑒𝑥𝑡 − 𝑇)
• Mixed (Robin) boundary conditions
 Boundary Conditions: Extremes?
−ΓԦ𝑖 ∙ 𝑛 = 𝜓
𝜓 𝑛
𝑢𝑒𝑥𝑡
𝜅𝑜
−(−𝜅𝛻𝑢) ∙ 𝑛 = (𝑢 − 𝑢)
𝐿𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑡
𝑢 𝜅
( 𝐿𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝛻𝑢) ∙ 𝑛 = (𝑢𝑒𝑥𝑡 − 𝑢)
𝜅𝑜

𝜅𝑜 ≫ 𝜅 ⇒ 𝑢 = 𝑢𝑒𝑥𝑡
• Temperature, voltage, displacement
• Dirichlet boundary conditions
 More on Boundary Conditions

• Built-in spring foundation • DIY boundary condition

𝑓 = 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑢)ሶ

https://www.comsol.com/blogs/how-to-make-boundary-conditions-conditional-in-your-simulation/
https://www.comsol.com/blogs/modeling-natural-and-forced-convection-in-comsol-multiphysics/
Part V: Surface Phenomena
• Boundary PDEs
• Edge PDEs
Lower Dimension PDE Interfaces
 Built-In Interfaces for Lower Dimensional Physics
• Fluid Flow • AC/DC
– Pipe Flow (pfl) – Electric Currents, Shell (ecs)
– Water Hammer (whtd) • RF
– Thin-Film Flow, Shell (tffs) – Transmission Line (tl)
• Heat Transfer • Chemical and Reaction Engineering
– Heat Transfer in Pipes (htp) – Surface Reactions (sr)
– Heat Transfer in Thin Shell (htsh) • Electrochemistry
– Heat Transfer in Thin Films (htsh) – Electrode, Shell (els)
– Heat Transfer in Fractures (htsh)
• Structural Mechanics
– Shell (shell)
– Membrane (mbrn)
– Beam (beam)
– Truss (truss)
 Part VI: Miscellaneous
• PDEs in axisymmetric components
• Integrodifferential equations
• Nonlocal interactions
• Verification and validation
• Stabilization
 PDEs in Axisymmetric Components
• In the PDE interfaces, differential operators do not have tensorial meanings
𝛻∙Γ=𝑄 Axisymmetry
1 𝜕(𝑟Γ𝑟 ) 𝜕Γ𝜙 𝜕Γ𝑧
+ + =𝑄
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑧
𝜕Γ𝑟 𝜕Γ𝑧 Γ𝑟
+ + =𝑄 𝜕Γ𝑟 𝜕Γ𝑧
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 + =𝑓
• The source term is your friend! 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧
 COMSOL Blog Post
• Guidelines for Equation-Based Modeling in
Axisymmetric Components
– https://www.comsol.com/blogs/guidelines-for-
equation-based-modeling-in-axisymmetric-
components/
Integrodifferential Equations

𝐼 = න 𝑐𝐴 𝑑𝑥 Integration Coupling Operator

0
𝑠

𝐼(𝑠) = න 𝑐𝐴 𝑑𝑥 ?
0
Variable Limits of Integration

𝑠 𝐿
𝐼(𝑠) = ‫׬‬0 𝑐𝐴 𝑑𝑥=‫׬‬0 𝑘(𝑠, 𝑥)𝑐𝐴 𝑑𝑥
Integration Coupling operator!
𝑠 𝐿
𝐼(𝑠) = ‫׬‬0 𝑐𝐴 𝑑𝑥=‫׬‬0 𝑘(𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑡(𝑥), 𝑥)𝑐𝐴 𝑑𝑥
 Solving Integrodifferential Equations
𝐿
𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
𝜌𝐶𝑝 + −𝜅 = 𝑎𝑇 4 − 𝑏 න 𝐾 𝑥, 𝑠 𝑇(𝑠)4 𝑑𝑠
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 0
Source 1: a*T^4

Source 2: -b*intop1(K(dest(x),x)*T^4)

https://www.comsol.com/blogs/integrals-with-moving-limits-and-solving-integro-differential-equations/
Nonlocal Interactions: Component Coupling Operators
Purpose:
• Pass data from one part of a component to
another
• Pass data between different components
𝑞𝑑 𝑥𝑑 = 𝑓 𝑞𝑠 𝑥𝑠
𝑇: 𝑥𝑑 → 𝑥𝑠
Usage:
• Define operator in the source
component/entity
• Use in the destination component/entity

https://www.comsol.com/blogs/part-2-mapping-variables-with-general-extrusion-operators/
 Verification & Validation
• Exact solutions
• Benchmarks
• Analogous modules in COMSOL Multiphysics®
 Verification
Method of manufactured solutions:
1. Assume a solution
2. Plug in PDE to get source term
  (cu  u   )  au  f
3. Find initial & boundary conditions
4. Compute with IC, BC, and source term
5. Compare assumed and computed solution
https://www.comsol.com/blogs/verify-simulations-with-the-method-of-manufactured-solutions/
 Stabilization
u t  b  u  f
• Convection dominated
transport problems are ut  b  u    ( cu )  f
numerically unstable
• A simple stabilization
• Sophisticated techniques technique for convective
implemented in physics transport problems
interfaces

https://www.comsol.com/blogs/understanding-stabilization-methods/
Hands-on #1
 3D, time dependent
Use General form PDE

Computing integrals over time and space

(Adding ODE, global or distributed)
 General Form – A more compact formulation

• Inside domain
 2u u
ea 2  d a    F
t t

• On domain boundary
 R  
T

n  G   
 u  
0R 

 “Cooling” (0 at ends)
coefficient from u=0
general form R  u.

“Heat Source”

Coefficient form:
c=1
General form:
   ux uy uz  Transient 0->100 s
 Transient Diffusion Equation + ODE
 2u u
ea 2  d a   (cu   u   )   u  au  f
u t
What if we wish to measure the global accumulation of “heat” over time?

U   u dV volume integral of solution

V

w   U dt time integral of volume integral

t
 Adding a ODE
Transient Diffusion Equation + ODE
 2u u
ea 2  d a   (cu   u   )   u  au  f
u t
What if we wish to measure the global accumulation of “heat” over time?

U   u dV
V

dw
w  U dt 
t [ t 0 ,t1 ]
dt
U

wt  U  0 => This is a Global ODE in the

global state variable w
Global Equation ODE:
Same time-dependent problem as earlier
Time-dependent 0-100
Volume integration of u
ODE: wt-U
 PDEs + Distributed ODEs

(what if the ODE is depending on space)

(comment on continuity of the solution)
 Transient Diffusion Equation +
Distributed ODE
What if we get “damage” from local accumulation of “heat”.
Example of real application: bioheating

P ( x, y, z )   u ( x, y, z )dt local time

integral of solution t

We want to visualize the P-field to assess local damage.

Let’s assume damage happens where P>20.
dP
  u at each point in space
dt
 Transient Diffusion Equation +
Distributed ODE
dP
 u local time integral of solution
dt
But this can be seen as a PDE with no spatial derivatives =
= Distributed ODE
Use coefficient form with unknown field P, c = 0, f = u, da=1
Let all other coefficients be zero
Or use new Domain ODEs and DAEs interface
Use of logical operators

Volume where P>20 and we

get damage
Questions?
Let’s compare
• derived values
• with the value obtained using the operator “timeint”
What’s timeint?