GRADO EN ESTUDIOS INGLESES

Curso 2015-2016

TV AND IDEOLOGY: A CORPUS STUDY OF THE

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AL JAZEERA AND MSNBC

TRABAJO DE FIN DE GRADO REALIZADO POR MARÍA

MARTÍNEZ SOLAECHE
DNI: 48733357 Z

TUTELADO POR
DR. JAVIER VALENZUELA MANZANARES

UNIVERSIDAD DE MURCIA
Facultad de Letras

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………… 4
2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ………………………………………….. 6
3. METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………... 7
3.1 Corpus ……………………………………………………………………... 7
3.2 Collocation analysis ………………………………………………………..8
3.2.1 Collocation analysis: programs………………………………….8
3.2.2 Collocation analysis: channels………………………………….13
3.3 Semantic prosody analysis ……………………………………………….18
3.3.1 Semantic prosody analysis: programs…………………………18
3.3.2 Semantic prosody analysis: channels………………………….
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ………………………………………………
5. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………….
6. REFERENCES………………………………………………………………….
APPENDIX
……………………………………………………………………………..

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ABSTRACT

This study compares Al Jazeera (an Arab channel) and MSNBC (an American channel) and the
ideological and political perspective reflected in each channel.
In this respect, we will carry out an analysis based on a group of selected words and their
associations. The study will focus on an analysis of the collocations, semantic prosody and semantic
preference of a given list of words, connected to potentially controversial issues, such as violence, political
issues, religion, and the role of women. To make this possible, we have used two distinct corpora: The
NewsScape Library of International Television News, located in the University of California at Los Angeles
(UCLA), and the CPQWeb Corpus.

En este trabajo de fin de grado realizaré una comparación entre Al Jazeera (una cadena televisiva
árabe) y MSNBC (una cadena televisiva americana) y las perspectivas ideológicas y políticas reflejadas en
cada canal.
En este sentido, llevaremos a cabo un análisis basado en un grupo de palabras seleccionadas y sus
asociaciones. El estudio se centrará en el análisis de las colocaciones, la prosodia semántica y la preferencia
semántica de una lista de palabras. Estas están relacionadas con temas controvertidos, como la violencia,
cuestiones políticas, la religión y el papel de la mujer. Para hacer esto posible, hemos usado dos corpora
distintos: The NewsScape Library of International Television News, ubicado en la Universidad de California,
los Angeles, (UCLA), y CPQWeb Corpus.

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 1. INTRODUCTION

Satellite television networks with websites have a significant impact in the way that
news are launched, especially in the selection and restriction of the information
broadcasted. Some channels are in favour of some political ideologies and its coverage can
influence the audience.
In this study, we are going to analyse whether these possible differences in ideology
are reflected in the use of a list of words and their associations in two distinct networks.
We have selected two channels which are opposite in ideology: one conservative and
politically dependent (Al Jazeera) and one liberal and influenced by political parties
(MSNBC). Both channels has emerged as main sources of global news. A second study
will focus on two specific programs of these channels, which will allow us to address these
issues in a more direct way. Furthermore, we will make a second study comparing the
different association of two programs of these networks.

However, before starting the analysis we should have some basic information about
Al Jazeera and MSNBC channels.
Al-Jazeera
Al-Jazeera is an Arab satellite television network. It provides a depth and detailed
analysis of political measures and society situations. The retransmission is 24 hours a day,
seven days a week and there are a wide range of sections that deal with many topics, such
as religion, politics, the role of women in society, sex, poverty, unemployment… In the
cable network, we can find a whole host of news, programs, documentaries or series.
Moreover, Al Jazeera has an interactive online service: its web channel.
It was launched in 1996 and it was funding by the house of Thani, the ruling family
of Qatar. According to Sabbagh (2012), “Qatar has taken steps to consolidate its control
over the channel”, that is to say, Al Jazeera is not a politically independent channel.
Additionally, in 2006, the Al Jazeera network launched Al Jazeera English to achieve
expansion outside the Middle East.

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 Focusing on availability, the original Al Jazeera Channel is available worldwide;
although some countries have banned Al Jazeera English because the news were
influenced by governmental laws and ideologies.
Having made this point, we are going to move on to the explication of the program
we selected for its special analysis. The program is known as “Everywoman” and its host
is Shiulie Ghosh. The program started in 2000 and it was launched in 14th June 2008.
Besides, the program is a weekly and its duration is twenty minutes. The show is focused
on women’s situations around the world: we can see the different lifestyles of women from
a female perspective. The original language is English and it is broadcasted in Al Jazeera
English Channel.

MSNBC

MSNBC is an American satellite television network. It provides a deep and detailed

analysis of political commentariesbroadcast is 24 hours a day, seven days a week and there
are different sections which deal with issues such as economy, health, equality, society,
education… In the cable network there is not only news and information coverage but also
documentary programming. Besides, MSNBC television has an interactive online service;
in other words, MSNBC channel is a model of television with Internet integration.

It was founded in 1996 by two entities: Microsoft and NBC (National Broadcasting
company). Each company offered the essential resources to its creation: NBC supplied the
space of a previous programme; whereas Microsoft invested a 50% share of the cable
network. In the views of Lesly and Revello (1996), Microsoft will earn the invested money
due to the consumers of MSNBC Interactive Web site; and in the case of NBC, the
MSNBC's creation is the redefinition of the business’ aims in which the most relevant
video’s service are involved.

The predictions were correct, and MSNBC has become one of the most important
American channels. However, after a while, the channel started to focus more on politics.
Nowadays, MSNBC is identified as a supporter of left-leaning politics and a supporter of
the Democratic Party.

Having made this point, we are going to move on to the explication of the program selected in this
channel. The program is known as “Andrea Mitchell Reports” and its host is Andrea
Mitchell, a veteran presenter of NBC. The program started in 2008 and it is launched until
the present and it is broadcasted each day at 12 p.m. Besides, the duration of the program

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is one hour and there is a wide range of topics that it deals with: education, health,
equality, green, national security, society and politics.

This paper will follow the next structure: first, we will include a general theoretical
introduction of the concepts needed for the analysis; second, the methodology carried out
in the analysis After this, there will be an explanation of the results; we will end with the
conclusion to be extracted from our results.

2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
To analyse the linguistic communicative differences between the two channels, we
should bear in mind the different relations among the meaning of the words. For this
reason, we should take into consideration two types of words meanings relations:
associative relations and thematic relations. The former are defined by Valenzuela (in
press) in the following way: “associate relations are those that connect word forms to each
other, that is, those based on co-occurrence”. In other words, the words’ association that
tends to coexist in speeches. The second type of relations (thematic) are defined as the
relation between a word and the action/state describes in the linguistic context. Although
both relations are quite important for our analysis, thematic relations will define the
conclusions for our study. These obtained results could be possible due to the
complementary roles that words acquired; then, we will state the differences in meaning
between both programs. Besides, we also should be aware of the importance in context,
that is to say, context influences the meaning of the words.
Other concepts used in the study will be "word list" and "corpus". The former are
lists of words that appear in a whole corpus; they are organized by the frequency of the
words. The latter is the collection of a text or a whole host or texts to analyse linguistically
data.
Having said this, we are going to focus on the different kinds of associations among
words, specially the association that emerges from the use: collocations, semantic prosody
and semantic preference.
Collocation
An accurate definition of collocation could be: a word or phrase that tends to be used with
another word or phrase. For instance, the words “bomber” and “suicide” could be
considered collocations.

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 For our analysis, we should also bear in mind the frequency of a word, its
association strength with another word and its collocational range. The frequency is
defined as the number of times that utterances occur with the same words; meanwhile, the
strength is known as the amount of co-occurrences of words that may appear always
together (strong strength) or appear also with other words in different degrees (weak
strength). Finally, the collocational range of a word is the list of words with which the
word normally occurs.
Semantic prosody and semantic preference
Regarding to semantic prosody, we should define as the connotations of the
different linguistic items associated with a selected word. In contrast, semantic preference
states that there is a predilection and compatible combinations that determine the meaning
of a word; the semantic preference of a word is related to the general meaning of the words
it tends to be associated with.

Last but not least, to achieve an accurate analysis in our studies we should bear in
mind the main aim of this study: how different frequencies or uses of word, how different
collocations or semantic prosodies or preference of a given word can give us an indication
of the ideology of a given TV channel or program. s to compare different programs: the
differences in expression, presentation and vocabulary of a topic and the importance that it
given to the same subject. Besides, we should take into consideration the next features:
timetable, duration, years of broadcasting, the main aim, the ideology and the audience.

3. METHODOLOGY
3.1. Corpus
As I have already said, a corpus is a collection of texts to analyse linguistic data. It
has become one of the most significant methods in linguistic investigation. We will carry
out our analysis of the association of words by focusing on distinct corpora: The Newscape
Library of International Television News, located in the University of California at Los
Angeles (UCLA), and the CPQWeb Corpus; additionally, we have created our own corpus
thanks to Google2SRT.
We have used different tools in the realization of our double study (channel and
program). In the study comparing the two programs, we have analysed the association of
words using AntConc, which as Laurence Anthony’s Website claims, is “a freeware corpus
analysis toolkit for concordancing and text analysis.” As this toolkit is not linked to any

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corpus, I had to create it. For the MSNBC program, I have used The Newscape Library of
International Television News due to the fact that it contains digitalized and transcribed
television news program from 2005 until nowadays. However, the Al Jazeera program has
not appeared in this archive. For this reason, I have used Google2SRT to build a corpus. It
website defines it like this: “Google2SRT is a tool that can download “not embedded”
subtitles from YouTube…and convert them to a standard format”.
In the study comparing the two channels, we have analysed the association of
words using CPQWeb Corpus: a processor program which has a wide range of corpora
from different channels.

3.2. Collocation Analysis

To analyse collocations of both programs and channels, we are going to

MSNBC AL JAZEERA focus on twenty words selected from

Women Victimized, Intimidated, the Word list previously explained.
health, rights, tortured, stress,
children, outperforming, Firstly, we will choose one word;
comfortable, educated, secondly, we will compare the kind of
freedom, violations,
family. terrorists, collocations that co-occur with
humiliating.
Health Pregnancy, Pregnancy, this word; thirdly, we will be
discrimination, difficulty, able to compare the differences
services, neglected,
contraceptive, reproductive, between the same words and its
freedom, crisis.
collocations; and finally we will be
women.
Right Unfavourable, Choose, able to build a conclusion of the
associations a word acquires and the
meaning that it has in the programs and in the channels.

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 privacy, vote, modification,
promotion, deny,
,nstability. obligation,
vote, gender.
Work Distribution, Prostitute,
initiate, proactive,
capacities, motherhood,
woman, dishwasher,
marriage, housekeeper,
opportunity. appropriate.
Rape Unwanted, Unrestricted,
allegations, unmarried,
mother, assault, risking,
misconduct. clothes.
Sexuality Surveys, Insurance,
personal, live. abstinence,
ignorance,
beating,
educating.
Drug Pill, alcohol, Unemployment,
problem, rights addiction,
smuggling,
convicted,
trafficking.
Soldier Killed, death, Restrictions,
American. mentality,
qualified,
husband.
Immigrant Evacuated, Grow, Britain,
airport. family, leave.
Peace International, Tortured,
proposal, fights, feminist,
integrated, fails. development,
democracy.
Muslim Refugees, Prohibit,
Christian. concentrated,
conservatism.
Religion Freedom, Violation,
undercut, stand. contradictions,
arresting,
isolation,
freedom,
immigrants.
Terrorism Terror, fight, Violence.
attack,
communication.
Violence Reducing, Terrorism,
prevent, women,
inspired, victims, daily,
international, justify,
against, victim. domestic.
Marriage Equality, sex, Trials,
contraception, parenthood,
catholic, vote, disaster,

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 support. primitive,
illegitimate,
teenagers. After having chose a word to
Equality Marriage, Justice,
Female Struggle,
fight, rights, Mutilation,
polygamy, analyse, we have to look for the more
beautiful, vote, bombers,
Catholics, freedom,
working.
crisis. firefighters,
divorce, relevant and representative
suicide,
dependent, collocations. Therefore, we have to
tolerant.
discrimination.
Ban
Freedom Contraceptive,
Religion, Fight,
Violence, bear in mind the frequency repetition
weapon,
conscience, feminism,
terrorist,
abortion, poorest, of the collocations and the strength
marry, religion,
decision,
understand, contraceptive.
conscience, that these collocations have. Having
assault
vote, equality.
Change Attitudes, Discriminatory, made this point, I turn to the analysis
represent, nationality, of the collocations.
intervention, behaviour,
mentality, attitude,
circumsntances. perception,
mentality. 4 Results (y pones aquí la
tabla anterior y empiezas a describirla; cambia toda la numeración de las secciones de
manera consistente; puedes poner una pequeña introducción como "en la tabla X tenemos
las principales colocaciones qeu encontramos en la lista de palabras seleccionadas para los
dos programas seleccionados" (o algo así).

3.2.1. Collocation Analysis: program

Figure 1: Collocations programs

-The Word ban:
·In Al Jazeera the collocations suggest a relation with feminism movements and female
sexuality; meanwhile, in MSNB the collocations propose a connection with female
sexuality and problems in society.
Besides, we have one collocation which is repeated in both corpora: contraception.
Bearing in mind the relation of the word ban and contraception as its collocation, we can
assume that the meaning of sexual health and reproduction is quite relevant.
-The word change:
·In Al Jazeera the collocations offer a link with political and military issues and the
culture; meantime, in MSNBC the collocations are correlated with the development of
society and politics.
Moreover, we have one collocation that is repeated in both corpora: mentality. It is obvious
the meaning that the word change and the collocations of mentality represents: a transition
of the ideas of the society to evolve and to develop.

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 -The word drug:
·In Al Jazeera the collocations are related to trafficking and to addiction; whereas in
MSNBC the collocations are associated with different kind of substances that you can
normally take in society (pills and alcohol are collocations). Therefore, we can assume that
the collocation in Al Jazeera shows the more negative aspect of the word’s meaning.
-The word equality:
·In Al Jazeera the collocations are connected to the fields of justice, discrimination and
dignity of the citizens, especially the women; however, in MSNBC the collocations are
interrelated to the fields of economy, religion and marriage. Hence, we can see that the
collocations of the word in MSNBC are more connected with social problems and in Al
Jazeera are more connected with female rights development.
-The word female:
·In Al Jazeera the collocations suggest a negative view of the consequences of being a
woman, such as: mutilation, suicide, and bombers… But in MSNBC the collocations are
correlated to the fields of politics and employability. As a result, we can see that the fields
covered by collocations are quite different, in which Al Jazeera corpus depicts a really
negative definition for a word that represent a whole gender.
-The word freedom:
·In Al Jazeera the collocations are linked to the fields of violence and religion; in MSNBC
the collocations are connected to the fields of religion and rights. Besides, there are two
collocations that co-occur in both corpora: religion and conscience. These repetitions let us
come to the conclusion that the importance of tolerance and respect to achieve freedom is
quite relevant in both programs (o era channels?).
-The word health:
·In Al Jazeera the collocations are related to the fields of economy and maternity;
meanwhile, in MSNBC the collocations are associated to the fields of maternity and
improvement of the services.
Moreover, there is a repetition of a collocation: pregnancy. Therefore, we can notice that is
quite relevant the importance of maternity in both corpora. Although, there are not more
repetitions in both corpora, the word health shares a connection of meaning in the
collocations of the two programs.
-The word immigrant:

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·In Al Jazeera the collocations are connected to the fields of movement and improvement;
whereas, in MSNBC the collocations are linked to the fields of tourism. Hence, we can
state that looking to the collocations there is not a close relationship between both corpora.
-The word marriage:
·In Al Jazeera the collocations are related to the fields of forced and planned weddings;
however, in MSNBC the collocations are associated to the fields of legalizations of same
sex matrimony. Although, the analysis of the collocations of both corpora shows us a
similarity for the rights of citizen equality, they are quite different because Al Jazeera’s
collocations are very primitive in comparison to Western culture.
-The word Muslim:
·In Al Jazeera and MSNBC the collocations are correlated with a religion ideology,
although we cannot find repeated collocations.
-The word Peace:
·In Al Jazeera the collocations are interrelated in the area of the feminism movements and
its consequences; whereas in MSNBC the collocations are associated to a field of
international movements to achieve the peace.
The collocations in both corpora depicts different ideas due to the fact that in Al Jazeera
what is reflected is that there is no necessity of any change and a change will stop the
peace, on the contrary, in MSNBC the international changes will achieve the peace.
-The word rape:
·In Al Jazeera the collocations are connected in the area of a risk that can happen in a
society; whereas in MSNBCD the collocations are related to a tragic fact that can occur in
the communities. Although, the collocations are connected, they are at different levels
because Al Jazeera’s collocations suggest that it is a fact that can happened and women
have to deal with it.
-The word religion:
·In Al Jazeera the collocations are correlated in the field of religion imposition and the
consequences of not following it; notwithstanding, in MSNBC the collocations are linked
to an area that depicts the liberty of religion.
For this reason, the differences between the collocations of the same words in both corpora
are evident; MSNBC linguistic expression shows the right to choose the faith that everyone
wants and Al Jazeera linguistic expression ban it and impose a religion.
-The word right:

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·In Al Jazeera the collocations are interrelated in the area of trials and denials of changing
a society laws and ideas; whereas, in MSNBC the collocations are connected in the field of
negative responses about a new legitimate opportunity to vote. Therefore, both corpora
show a wide range of collocations that depicts the continual trial to achieve equality and
justice.
-The word sexuality:
·In Al Jazeera the collocations are associated to the fields of education to face ignorance in
this topic; meanwhile, in MSNBC the collocations are related in the area of the information
the people already have.
-The word soldier:
·In Al Jazeera the collocations are connected to the fields of equality’s discrimination that
female suffer in this area; meantime, in MSNBC the collocations are related in the area of
consequences of being in a war.
-The word terrorism:
·We only have collocations in the corpus of MSNBC, which are associated in the field of
violence.

-The word violence:

·In Al Jazeera the collocations are linked to an area of justified attacks to women;
meanwhile, in MSNBC the collocations are associated to a field of a fight against the
violence that can happen in the society.
Besides, we can find a repeated collocation: victims. However, if we analyse the other
collocations we can see how in MSNBC there is a bigger supporter for the victims than in
Al Jazeera collocations.
-The word work:
·In Al Jazeera the collocations are interrelated to a small field of opportunities to the
women in the world of work; whereas, in MSNBC the collocations are connected to the
conditions of the women in the world of work. Although, the semantic field can be quite
related, there are differences in the way collocations depicts the meaning of the word. In
other words, the Al Jazeera’s collocations show a trial to have place in the employability
world for women, and the MSNBC’s collocations show different aspects to bear in mind to
achieve the gender equality.
-The word women:

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· In Al Jazeera the collocations are linked to the field of the oppressing condition that
women have; meanwhile, in MSNBC the collocations are correlated to the area of the

Rape Murder, Victim, torture, current stereotypes that can define

victims, untested, the female gender.
forcible, crime, violence,
assault, culture. Moreover, the collocations found
pregnancy, in both corpora are quite useful to
kidnapping.
notice the different cultural concept
Sexuality Gender, Homo, faith,
human, open, feminist. that defined the female gender and
own, control.
its world. That is to say, that in Al
Drug Reducing, War, past, stop.
prescription Jazeera’s collocations the female is
addicted, dependent of the male sex;
illegal,
Medicare. however in MSNBC’s collocations
Soldier Killed, gay, Killed, shot, the female is trying to achieve
Afghanistan, child, attack,
fellow, weapons. equality.
captured,
family.
Immigrant Undocumented, Undocumented, 3.2.3 Collocation Analysis:
illegal, family, children, family, Channel
rights, workers, illegal, rights,
Latino. arrested.

MSNBC AL JAZEERA
Women Cancer, nursing, health, men, Men, children, young, against,
voters, female, right. pregnant.
Health Care, insurance, reform, bill, Insurance, mental, public,
mental, support, public. services, law problems,
organization.
Right Help, medical, civil, gay, Human, civil, tension, women,
movement, vote. activist, violation.
Work Right, pay, equal, governments, Hard, government, right, hours,
women, police. children, school, progress.

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Peace Process, East, Process,
security, agreement,
Justice, treaty, stability,
guarantee. negotiations,
justice, signed
Muslim Community, Brotherhood,
Arab, faith, community,
against, ban, outlawed,
leaders. helping, banned.
Religion Freedom, Race, politics,
politics, war, freedom,
practice, right, practice, culture,
president faith, ancient.
Terrorism Against, war, Fight, will,
domestic, fight, disease, threat,
threat, Islamic. domestic,
support.
Violence Domestic, Domestic,
against, sexual,
women, police, continue, killed,
victim, sexual, victims, threat.
reduce.
Marriage Same-sex, Equality, same-
equality, sex, child.
support, Against,
defence, ban, unconstitutional,
traditional, force, right,
right abortion. interrational.
Female Insurance, Suicide,
rights, vote, mutilation,
healthy, help, bombers, young,
beautiful, become,
suicide. victims.
Ban Weapons, Government,
marriage, abortion,
abortion, unconstitutional,
Muslims, gay, women, same-
contraception. sex, against.
Equality Marriage, Marriage,
support, racial, gender, justice,
justice, rights, women,
economics, freedom, fight,
opportunity. education.
Freedom Religion, Movement,
expression, rights,
democracy, expression,
right, religion, justice,
movement, attack, believe.
opportunity.

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Change Climate, mind, Climate, tax,
president, right, government,
culture, political,
behaviour. situation, help. Figure
2: Collocations channel
-The Word ban:
·In Al Jazeera the collocations suggest a relation with governmental measures and with
female sexuality; meanwhile, in MSNB the collocations propose a connection with female
sexuality, same sex matrimony and problems in society.
Besides, we have
one collocation which is repeated in both corpora: abortion. Bearing in mind the relation of
the word ban and abortion as its collocation, we can assume that sexuality, with the
meaning of reproduction is quite relevant in both corpora.
-The word change:
·In Al Jazeera the collocations offer a link with political and economical issues in the
society; meantime, in MSNBC the collocations are correlated with the attitudes of human
beings in society and in politics.
Moreover, we have one collocation that is repeated in both corpora: Climate.
It is obvious the meaning that the word change and its collocations of climate represents: a
worry of a current problem in the world: the global warming.
-The word drug:
·In Al Jazeera the collocations are related to addiction and with military issues; whereas in
MSNBC the collocations are associated with the effects that can be developed because of
consuming drugs and with the medical use that can have. Therefore, we can assume that
the collocation in Al Jazeera shows the more negative aspect of the word’s meaning and in
MSNBC the word has a positive association.
-The word equality:
·In Al Jazeera the collocations are connected to the fields of justice, discrimination and
dignity of the citizens, especially the women; however, in MSNBC the collocations are
interrelated to the fields of economy, race, rights and marriage. Hence, we can see that the
collocations of the word in MSNBC are more connected with social problems and in Al
Jazeera are more connected with female rights development. Moreover, we have some
collocations that are repeated in both corpora: marriage and justice; both collocations
show the search of equality for all individuals.
-The word female:

16
·In Al Jazeera the collocations suggest a really negative association due to the fact that
they suggest violence, injustices and death. But in MSNBC the collocations are correlated
to the fields of politics and health. As a result, we can see that the fields covered by
collocations are quite different, in which Al Jazeera corpus depicts a really negative
definition for a word that represent a whole gender. Besides, there is a collocation which is
repeated: suicide, this suggests a negative view because represents that a gender has a great
connection with the end of live.

-The word freedom:

·In Al Jazeera the collocations are linked to the fields of violence, rights and religion; in
MSNBC the collocations are connected to the fields of politics and rights. Besides, there
are three collocations that co-occur in both corpora: religion, rights and expression. These
repetitions let us to come to the conclusion that is quite relevant the importance of
tolerance and respect to achieve freedom.
-The word health:
·In Al Jazeera the collocations are related to the fields of the problems to improve the
services; meanwhile, in MSNBC the collocations are associated to the fields of the
improvements of the services.
Moreover, there is three repetitions of a collocations: insurance, mental and public.
Therefore, we can notice that is quite relevant the importance of social services for all the
social status. Besides, both corpora share a connections of meaning in the collocations.
-The word immigrant:
·In both corpora the collocations are related to the search of new opportunities in a foreign
country; in addition, this idea is shared by repeated collocations, such as: family,
undocumented, illegal and rights. Hence, the importance is in the different collocations
because in Al Jazeera they show a negative perspective and in MSNBC a more positive
one.
-The word marriage:
·In Al Jazeera the collocations are related to the fields of forced, illegal and planned
weddings; however, in MSNBC the collocations are associated to the fields of legalization
or the prohibition of same sex matrimony. Although, the analysis of the collocations, and
the repletion of the collocation same-sex, both corpora shows us a similarity for the rights

17
of citizen equality, they are quite different because Al Jazeera’s collocations are much
more primitive and less developed than USA culture.
-The word Muslim:
·In Al Jazeera and MSNBC the collocations are correlated with a religion ideology and we
can find repeated collocations, such as: community and ban. However, some collocations
of both corpora do not give positive connotations because they share the meaning of
restrictions.
-The word Peace:
·In both corpora the collocations are associated in a field of movements to achieve the
peace. We can find two repeated collocations: justice and process. Both are quite relevant
to obtain a fear and a positive objective. The collocations in both corpora depicts the same
idea.
-The word rape:
·In Al Jazeera the collocations are connected in the area of a violence, torture and
unproven; whereas in MSNBCD the collocations are related to violence, violation of rights
and human freedom. Although, the collocations are connected, they are at different levels
because Al Jazeera’s collocations suggest that it is a fact that can happened to women.
-The word religion:
·In Al Jazeera the collocations are correlated in the field of practice, liberty and politics;
notwithstanding, in MSNBC the collocations are linked to an area that depicts liberty,
politics and military measures.
Moreover, the meanings of the collocations are quite related and we can find some of them
repeated: freedom, politics and practice.
-The word right:
·In Al Jazeera the collocations are interrelated in the area of an active fight to achieve
changing in society; whereas, in MSNBC the collocations are connected in the different
social fields in which the citizens can express their opinion. Therefore, both corpora show
a wide range of different meanings in which one collocation is repeated (civil) giving us
the idea that what matters is the equality between human beings.
-The word sexuality:
·In Al Jazeera the collocations are associated to the fields of religion; meanwhile, in
MSNBC the collocations are related in the area of having the right to choose each one
path. The collocations of this word have nothing in common.
-The word soldier:

18
·In both corpora the collocations are related with the consequences of being a war.
However, we can find a interesting collocation in MSNBC because of the appearance of
the homosexuality in the military field.
-The word terrorism:
·Both corpora show a negative attitude to this word and to its consequences because its
meaning represent the banning of the right to live. Besides, we have repeated collocations,
such as: fight, domestic and threat.
-The word violence:
·In Al Jazeera the collocations are linked to an area that shows the continuation of attacks
to women; meanwhile, in MSNBC the collocations are associated to a field of a fight
against the gender violence that can happen in the society.
Besides, we can find repeated collocations: victims, domestic and sexual which make
reference to the inequality of gender freedom. However, if we analyse the other
collocations we can see how in MSNBC there is a bigger supporter for the victims than in
Al Jazeera collocations.
-The word work:
·In Al Jazeera the collocations are interrelated to the difficulties to achieve a job: whereas,
in MSNBC the collocations are connected to the politics laws that varies the rights of
workers. Although, the semantic field can be quite related, there are differences in the way
collocations depicts the meaning of the word. In other words, the Al Jazeera’s collocations
show an attempt to have place in the employability world, and the MSNBC’s collocations
show different aspects to improve the conditions of workers.
-The word women:
· In Al Jazeera the collocations are linked to the field of maternity; meanwhile, in MSNBC
the collocations are correlated to the healthcare field and to the gender equality.
Moreover, the collocations found in both corpora are quite useful to notice the different
cultural concept that defined the female gender and its world. That is to say, that in Al
Jazeera’s collocations the main objective of a female is giving heirs; however in MSNBC’s
collocations the female is trying to achieve equality.

To sum up, after the analysis of the collocations of both corpora we can point out
the following conclusion: there is a clear variation between the collocations because of the
different culture, religion and context.

19
 3.3. Semantic Prosody Analysis
To analyse the semantic prosody of both programs and channels, we are going to
focus on twenty words selected from the Word list previously explained. Firstly, we will
choose one word; secondly, we will compare the kind of information that it gives, bearing
in mind lexical variety and grammatical style; thirdly, we will be able to compare the
differences between the same words in both programs and channels; and finally we will
come to the conclusion of its negative and positive poles. Having made this point, I turn to
the analysis of semantic prosody:

3. 3. 1. Semantic Prosody Analysis: programs

POSITIVE NEGATIVE
POLE POLE
Women MSNBC Al Jazeera
Health Al Jazeera MSNBC
Right MSNBC -
and Al
Jazeera
Work MSNBC Al Jazeera
Rape MSNBC Al Jazeera
Sexuality MSNBC
and Al
Jazeera
Drug - MSNBC
and Al
Jazeera
Soldier MSNBC
and Al
Jazeera
Immigrant MSNBC
and Al
Jazeera
Peace MSNBC
and Al
Jazeera
Muslim MSNBC
and Al
Jazeera
Religion MSNBC Al Jazeera
Terrorism MSNBC
Violence MSNBC Al Jazeera
Marriage MSNBC
and Al
Jazeera

20
Female MSNBC Al Jazeera
Ban MSNBC Al Jazeera
Equality MSNBC -
and Al
Jazeera
Freedom MSNBC -
and Al
Jazeera
Change MSNBC -
and Al
Jazeera
Figure 3: Positive and Negative poles (programs)

-The word ban:

·In MSNBC program this word is related with the Federal Assault Weapon Ban (AWB) in
which the main aim is to see the consequences that can have the legalization or outlawing
of this law. Besides, this word is dealt in topics as birth control and abortion.
·In Al Jazeera program this word is connected with the stop of giving power to feminism
movements and the contraception laws.
We can notice some similarities about the use of the word ban in the rights of abortion and
contraception. However, the differences are obvious. In the MSNBC this word is used to
discuss social improvements; meanwhile, in Al Jazeera this word is used to the prohibition
of some rights. In brief, we can point out that the word ban has a positive pole in MSNBC
and a negative pole in Al Jazeera.
-The word change:
·In MSNBC program this word is related with the different attitudes in politics and in
military interventions; and with the modification of abortion laws.
·In Al Jazeera program this word is associated to some improvements in education and in
the development in women rights. Moreover, this word is also connected to see some
transition in the ideas and behaviours of citizens.
We can notice evidence differences about the use of the word because in MSNBC the
connotations are just focused on the decisions of the government; however, in Al Jazeera
the connotations are focused on developing a new way of thinking to improve the rights of
the citizens. To sum up, we can state that the word change has a positive pole in both
programs.
-The word drugs:
·In Al Jazeera program this word is associated with traffic as women smuggler and with
addiction.

21
·In MSNBC program this word is related with the kind of substances that can produce a
non-natural abortion.
It is clear the differences in the semantic prosody, in Al Jazeera program the word is used
in the more negative aspect of its meaning; however, in MSNBC the use of this word has
also a negative connotations but not at the same level. In brief, we can point out that the
word drug has a very negative pole in Al Jazeera program and a negative pole in MSNBC.
-The word equality:
·In MSNBC program this word is connected with religion and politic debates discussing
about the right of same-sex marriage.
·In Al Jazeera program this word is related with the fight for gender equality, justice and
freedom, in other words, with the fight for the rights of every citizen.
We can notice differences in the two programs because in Al Jazeera the word is
associated with same-sex equality rights and in MSNBC the word is associated with
equality, justice and freedom for all individuals in a society. Having said that, we can
notice that in both programs the word equality has positive poles.
-The word female:
·In MSNBC program the word is related with the equality gender in the role of
governance.
·In Al Jazeera program the word is connected with different fields: the first women
movement in politics, education and sport; the female genital mutilation and female
terrorism. We can notice some similarities about the use of the word female in the rights of
equality gender. However, the differences are obvious: in Al Jazeera the word has also
connotations, which are totally against of the rights of human beings.Thanks to this
analysis, we can say that the word female has a positive pole in MSNBC program and a
negative pole in Al Jazeera (in some cases it could be considered a positive pole, though).
-The word freedom:
·In Al Jazeera program the word is associated with the equality of the rights and believes
of the citizens.
·In MSNBC program the word is related to be able to chose the person that every
individual want to marry without having boundaries in the same sex marriage.
We can see obvious differences in the sematic prosody field due to the fact that in Al
Jazeera the word is used for the fight of rights of human beings and in MSNBC the word is
used to the acceptance of same sex marriage. To sum up, we can point out that the word
freedom has positive poles in both programs.

22
 -The word health:
·In Al Jazeera program is connected with the necessity of more investment in economy to
improve health care.
·In MSNBC program the word is associated with the problems in economy due to giving
health care to immigrants; and with the contraception as a health care and as women’s own
decision.
We can notice some differences in both programs because in Al Jazeera the word is
concerned with the improvement in the society and in MSNBC is concerned with
regulations in the health economy. In brief, we can deduce that the word health has a
positive pole in Al Jazeera program and a negative pole in MSNBC program.
-The word immigrant:
·In Al Jazeera program the word is associated with an opportunity for looking for a better
life; specially in Western countries.
·In MSNBC program the word is related with the tourism at the airports.
We can see some differences between the used of the word in both programs; in Al Jazeera
the word is used to explain as a means of improving life conditions, meanwhile in MSNBC
is used to explain travelling demands. In conclusion, we can state that the word immigrant
has a positive pole in both programs.
-The word marriage:
·In Al Jazeera program is linked with a means o giving heirs or with trading women.
Besides, the marriage is quite expensive which entails illegal and dishonoured weddings.
·In MSNBC program is correlated with different opinions about giving license to
homosexual marriage.
It is undeniable the differences between the programs. In Al Jazeera there is no equality,
rights and freedom in matrimonies, and in MSNBC there is a discussion about the same
sex marriage. Therefore, we can claim that the word marriage has a negative pole in both
programs; although, in Al Jazeera is much more negative.
-The word Muslim:
·In Al Jazeera program the word is connected with a religion ideology, as a definition to
separate USA and Arab world and bomber as a way of suicide.
·In MSNBC program the word is interrelated with a religion ideology.
We can notice some similarities about the use of the word Muslim as a religion ideology.
However, the differences are obvious: in Al Jazeera the word has also connotations of
suicide and strong ideology against USA’s religion ideologies.

23
Consequently, we can say that the word Muslim has a positive pole in both programs, and a
negative pole in some cases of Al Jazeera program.
-The word peace:
·In Al Jazeera program the word is associated with war issues and revolutionary feminism
acts.
·In MSNBC program the word is related with international movements of reconciliation.
In this case, we can notice a clear difference between the word uses in both programs; in
Al Jazeera there is the search for peace in the Islam communities and in the insurgent acts;
meanwhile in MSNBC program the word is used as an international movement. Hence, we
can point out that the word peace has positive pole in both programs.
-The word rape:
·In Al Jazeera program the word is linked with the reasons and consequences of a woman
who has suffered rape. However, we can notice that there is no support for these victims;
they are responsible because of their dressings and no men want a raped woman for
marriage.
·In MSNBC program the word is correlated with the feelings, believes and health of the
victim.
Once again, we can compare the differences of the use of the word between the two
programs; in MSNBC the word represents a worry for the victim health and in Al Jazeera
the word depicts the inequality of women freedom. As a result, we can state that the word
rape has a positive pole in MSNBC program and a negative pole in Al Jazeera.

-The word religion:

·In Al Jazeera program the word is associated with the differences between the roles of
gender in the ideology and with the consequences of not following the ideology.
·In MSNBC program the word is related with the right to choose the faith wanted.
We can see the differences of the use of the word between the two programs due to the fact
that in Al Jazeera it is seen, as a power to control believes and lifestyles; meanwhile in
MSNBC it is looked for the equality. In brief, we can claim that the word religion has a
positive pole in MSNBC program and a negative pole in Al Jazeera program.
-The word right:
·In Al Jazeera program the word is linked to the changes to provide fair opportunities to
women and to religions.

24
·In MSNBC program the word is a linguistic connector.
In is clear the differences that are presented in both programs, in Al Jazeera is used to
show the fight for equality, while in MSNBC is just a linguistic connector.
However, the word right has a positive pole in both programs.
-The word sexuality:
·In Al Jazeera program the word is interrelated with the education information.
·In MSNBC program the word is associated with the information obtains in surveys.
Although we can find some similarities between the uses of the word, the differences are
higher because of the implications of its use. In Al Jazeera, the importance is given to the
education that the future generation would receive about a concept in a society, and in
MSNBC the importance is the information that citizens already have in society.
Hence, we can say that the word sexuality has positive poles in both programs.
-The word soldier:
·In Al Jazeera program the word is related to the recognitions of female gender in this field
and the inequalities that they suffer.
·In MSNBC program the word is linked with military and politics methods that are carried
out.
We can notice obvious differences in the use of the word between both programs. In Al
Jazeera the word is used to fight for female gender rights and in MSNBC the word is used
to discuss political and military decisions. Therefore, we can claim that the word soldier
has a positive pole in both programs.
-The word terrorism:
·In Al Jazeera word list we do not find any results.
·In MSNBC program the word is connected to the future attacks and to the responses that
can put into practice. Analysing this word we can point out that it has a negative pole.
-The word violence:
·In Al Jazeera the word is associated with the violence against women, although the
ideologies of some programs do not share it as violence against women. We can look some
examples that are quite linked with non-freedom of women rights: domestic and sexual
violence, justification for it and to be against a change in the law.
·In MSNBC the word is correlated with the effects that causes a war as weapons violence.
We can notice the differences between the uses of the word in both programs. In MSNBC
the word is used in military fields and in Al Jazeera is used to show the inequalities of

25
women rights. As a result, we can say that the word violence has a negative pole in Al
Jazeera program and a positive pole in MSNBC.
-The word work:
·In Al Jazeera the word is related with the situation of women in the employment field in
which they do not have so many opportunities. Besides, the word is quite related to two
chances: job in a house or as a prostitute.
·In MSNBC the word is connected with the fight for equalities in the job fields to improve
social conditions. Moreover, the position of immigrants taking jobs has a relevant
connotation as a current problem.
The differences established between these two programs are quite highlighted. In Al
Jazeera the word is use to show the situation that women can find in employment fields
and in MSNBC the word is concerned about current situations that embodies all the
citizens. Consequently, the word work has a negative pole in Al Jazeera program and a
positive pole in MSNBC program.
-The word women:
Before starting the analysis, we should take into consideration that this word is the more
representative instance to compare both semantic prosodies.
·In Al Jazeera program the word is associated with the treatments, the beauty, the
education, the styles of dressing, the dependency of women and the concept of gibing heirs
as a main duty. Moreover, we can see that the development of women rights is quite borne
in mind and these developments have to face different critiques about if these changes are
necessary, such as women making decisions, allowing women go into some areas or sexual
harassments among others.
·In MSNBC program the word is linked with the equality and the rights of women, and the
discriminations against them in all social fields.
We can notice evident differences between the uses of the word in both programs. It is
clear that in MSNBC the use is related with facing the inequalities of gender; meanwhile in
Al Jazeera the use is based on archaic stereotypes of the concept of being a women.
In brief, we can state that the word women has a positive pole in MSNBC program and a
negative pole in Al Jazeera program due to the fact that there is not an equality gender
represented.
3.3.2 Semantic Prosody Analysis: channels

POSITIVE NEGATIVE

26
 POLE POLE
Women MSNBC
and Al
Jazeera
Health Al Jazeera MSNBC
Right MSNBC -
and Al
Jazeera
Work MSNBC Al Jazeera
Rape MSNBC Al Jazeera
Sexuality MSNBC
and Al
Jazeera
Drug - MSNBC
and Al
Jazeera
Soldier MSNBC Al Jazeera
Immigrant MSNBC
and Al
Jazeera
Peace MSNBC
and Al
Jazeera
Muslim MSNBC
and Al
Jazeera
Religion MSNBC Al Jazeera
Terrorism MSNBC
and Al
Jazeera
Violence MSNBC Al Jazeera
Marriage MSNBC
and Al
Jazeera
Female MSNBC Al Jazeera
Ban MSNBC Al Jazeera
Equality MSNBC -
and Al
Jazeera
Freedom MSNBC -
and Al
Jazeera
Change Al Jazeera MSNBC
Figure 4: positive and negative poles (channels)

-The word ban:

27
·In MSNBC channel this word is related with the Federal Assault Weapon Ban (AWB)
in which the main aim is to see the consequences that can have the legalization or
outlawing of this law. Besides, this word is dealt in Donald Trump’s politics, especially
the measures against Muslim immigrants.
·In Al Jazeera channel this word is connected with economic exportation, Trump’s
ideology and Gay marriage prohibition.
We can notice some similarities about the use of the word ban in the way that Trump’s
ideologies are represented. However, the differences are obvious. In Al Jazeera this word
is used to the prohibition of some rights. In brief, we can point out that the word ban has a
negative pole in both channels.
-The word change:
·In MSNBC channel this word is related with the ideologies of young people in politics
(looking for the development of new politics). Moreover, we can see a worry for health
care, especially diabetes, and for the global warming.
·In Al Jazeera channel this word is associated to economy and the process of
transformation different amendments. Moreover, this word is also connected to citizen
movements to achieve politic change.
We can notice differences about the use of the word because in MSNBC the connotations
are focused on the process and the consequences of changing; however, in Al Jazeera the
connotations are focused on developing a change in different fields. To sum up, we can
state that the word change has a negative pole in MSNBC and a positive pole in Al
Jazeera.
-The word drugs:
·In Al Jazeera channel this word is associated with traffic and with the use of different
substances in society.
·In MSNBC channel this word is related with the money invested in drugs and with the
legalization for medical care.
It is clear the differences in the semantic prosody, in Al Jazeera channel the word is used in
the more negative aspect of its meaning; however, in MSNBC the use of this word has a
more positive view. In brief, we can point out that the word drug has a negative pole in
both channels.
-The word equality:
·In MSNBC channel this word is connected with gender inequality in all the fields and
with the rights of same-sex marriage.

28
·In Al Jazeera channel this word is related with the fight for the rights of every citizen,
included gender equality, and the wealth inequalities.
We can notice differences in the two channels because in Al Jazeera the word is associated
with the fights of the rights and in MSNBC the word is associated with the strength of the
women support. Having said that, we can notice that in both channel s the word equality
has positive poles.
-The word female:
·In MSNBC channel the word is related with the equality gender in the society.
·In Al Jazeera channel the word is connected with different types of jobs that the role of
the women has and with female gender mutilation.
We can notice some similarities about the use of the word female in the rights of equality
gender. However, the differences are obvious: in Al Jazeera the word has also
connotations, which are totally against of the rights of human beings. Thanks to this
analysis, we can say that the word female has a positive pole in MSNBC program and a
negative pole in Al Jazeera (in some cases it could be considered a positive pole, though).
-The word freedom:
·In Al Jazeera channel the word is associated with the right to freedom of expression and
political beliefs.
·In MSNBC channel the word is related to the equalities of the rights and believes of every
citizen. We can see similarities in the sematic prosody field due to the fact that in both
programs the word is used for the fight of rights of human beings. To sum up, we can point
out that the word freedom has positive poles in both programs.
-The word health:
·In Al Jazeera channel is connected with the necessity of more investment in economy to
improve health care.
·In MSNBC channel the word is associated with the problems of giving free health
insurances; and with the contraception as a health care.
We can notice some differences in both channels because in Al Jazeera the word is
concerned with the improvement in the society and in MSNBC is concerned with
regulations in the health economy. In brief, we can deduce that the word health has a
positive pole in Al Jazeera channel and a negative pole in MSNBC channel.
-The word immigrant:
·In Al Jazeera program the word is associated with the citizens that have to leave their own
country to search a better life.

29
·In MSNBC program the word is related with the politics policies towards immigration.
We can see some differences between the used of the word in both programs; in Al Jazeera
the word is used to explain as a means of improving life conditions. In conclusion, we can
state that the word immigrant has a positive pole in both Al Jazeera and a negative pole in
MSNBC.

-The word marriage:

·In Al Jazeera channel is linked with a negative view of same sex marriage in USA.
·In MSNBC channel is correlated with different opinions about giving license to same-sex
marriage.
We can see that in both channels the question about the right of same sex marriage is
presented. Therefore, we can claim that the word marriage has a negative pole in both
programs; although, in Al Jazeera is much more negative.
-The word Muslim:
·In Al Jazeera channel the word is connected with the restrictions and discriminations of
following Muslim religion in different countries.
·In MSNBC channel the word is interrelated with Muslim ideologies and communities that
can be dangerous for the society because of its big support, moreover, we can find a
relation with the ban of Muslim immigration.
We can notice some similarities about the use of the word Muslim as a religion ideology.
However, the differences are obvious: in Al Jazeera there is a negative exposure towards
the attitudes against Muslim freedom. Consequently, we can say that the word Muslim has
a negative pole in both channels.
-The word peace:
·In both channels the word is associated with negotiations with other countries to achieve
national unity and security. However, In Al Jazeera channel there is also connotation about
military attacks; whereas, in MSNBC channel is concerned about political agreements.
Hence, we can point out that the word peace has positive pole in both programs.
-The word rape:
·In Al Jazeera and in MSNBC channel the word is linked with sexual violence against
women. However, in Al Jazeera is also correlated with the consequences of being rape,
such as; bringing shame to the family and the inexistence of a protection law.
As a result, we can state that the word rape has a positive pole in MSNBC channel and a
negative pole in Al Jazeera.

30
 -The word religion:
·In Al Jazeera channel the word is associated with the ban of the Muslim religion in USA;
the judgements against Muslim religion and the search for a free ideology.
·In MSNBC channel the word is related with the freedom and the right to choose the faith
wanted.
We can see the similarities of the word between the two channels because the aim is
achieve equality and freedom. In brief, we can claim that the word religion has a positive
pole in both channels.
-The word right:
·In Al Jazeera channel the word is linked to the changes to provide fair opportunities to
women, to religions and to citizens, in other words, equality.
·In MSNBC program the word is connected with the fight for citizens’ equalities. The
word right has a positive pole in both programs.
-The word sexuality:
·In Al Jazeera channel the word is interrelated with the education information and with the
appearance of homosexual showing their real orientation..
·In MSNBC channel the word is associated with the involvement in sexual matters. Hence,
we can say that the word sexuality has positive poles in both programs.
-The word soldier:
·In Al Jazeera channel the word is related to the attacks that soldiers received by civilians.
·In MSNBC channel the word is linked with military and politics consequences, such as
American deaths.
We can notice obvious differences in the use of the word between both channels. In Al
Jazeera the word shows that the society is under the power of the army, so there are
revolutions; and in MSNBC the word is used to discuss political and military decisions.
Therefore, we can claim that the word soldier has a positive pole in MSNBC and a
negative pole in Al Jazeera.
-The word terrorism:
·In Al Jazeera channel the word is associated with the fight against terrorism and with
making a stand against radicalization.
·In MSNBC channel the word is connected to the consequences of the attacks, the fight
against terrorism and the fight against ISIS.

31
We can see some differences due to the fact that in Al Jazeera channel show the gravity of
radicalization to encourage terrorism; whereas MSNBC channel shows the power of ISIS.
Analysing this word we can point out that it has a positive pole in both channels.
-The word violence:
·In Al Jazeera the word is associated with the violence against humanity, in other words,
the civilians of a whole community. They are deprived of their own rights. We can look
some examples that are linked with non-freedom of women rights: domestic and sexual
violence.
·In MSNBC the word is correlated with the violence against women, especially domestic.
Besides, the domestic situation gets worst when there is the presence of guns.
We can notice the differences between the uses of the word in both channels. In MSNBC
the word is used in terms of gender inequalities and in Al Jazeera is used to show the
inequalities of citizens, not only women. As a result, we can say that the word violence has
a negative pole in Al Jazeera channel and a positive pole in MSNBC.
-The word work:
·In both channels the word is not connected with a concrete area, but it is defined as a
whole host of the occupations that individuals can have in the society. However, in Al
Jazeera channel the word is also related with the actions that are taken in the war.
Consequently, the word work has a negative pole in Al Jazeera program and a positive pole
in MSNBC program.
-The word women:
·In Al Jazeera channel the word is associated with the treatments and occupations of
women in current societies. Moreover, we can see a trial of the development of women
rights.
·In MSNBC channel the word is linked with the rights and the equality of the women,
especially in military fields.
In both channels the representation of the female gender is quite important, Al Jazeera
chooses to depict women in their actual occupations and MSNBC choose to show the
continual fight of gender inequality. In brief, we can state that the word women has a
positive pole in both channels.
To sum up, after the analysis of the semantic prosody of both programs and
channels we can point out a conclusion: there is an evident variation between the two
sematic prosodies due to the influence of the culture, religion and context.

32
4. DISCUSSION
After the analysis of all corpora, we can conclude that the collocation differences
are not only between the two channels but also within the same networks. Although, the
collocations are connected, they are at different levels: there is a clear variation because of
the different culture, religion and context. In addition, we can see that the collocations of
the words in MSNBC are more connected with social problems and in Al Jazeera are more
connected with female rights development.
For instance, the most outstanding differences are in the word health and its
collocations. In the programs is quite relevant the importance of maternity; whereas, the
channels is significant the medical care social services.
Moreover, regarding to the semantic prosody, we can see also the clear influence of
the culture religion and context. However, we can notice that in the channel MSNBC the
topics are usually presented as processes, consequences and regulations; however, in Al
Jazeera channel the topics are depicted as attempts of development, transformations, fights
or improvements. Besides, analysing the results we can see that Al Jazeera channel shows
that there is prohibition of some human rights.

5. CONCLUSION

The main purpose of this research was to check the differences of association
among the meaning of words in two distinct networks. This study helps us to understand
the influence that television networks and websites have, and the power that they have
showing a concept shared by a whole society.
We have been able to make this investigation thanks to the different tools that have
facilitated us the analysis of the corpora. These tools are the The Newscape Library of
International Television News, located in the University of California at Los Angeles
(UCLA) created by Red Hen Lab, CPQWeb Corpus and our own corpora created by
Google2SRT.
To sum up, thank to this research, my study can expose that a word can have totally
different meanings and associations due to culture, politics, religion and leaders.

33
6. REFERENCES:

-About Everywoman. (2008, February 11). Retrieved from

http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/everywoman/2007/05/2008525184542894453.html

-About the Show. Retrieved from http://www.msnbc.com/andrea-mitchell/about

-Baroni, M., & Bernandini, S. (n.d.). A preliminary analysis of collocational differences in

monolingual comparable corpora. Retrieved from
http://sslmit.unibo.it/~baroni/publications/bb_cl03.pdf

-Hernández Mendo, A., & Mena Rodríguez, E. (2000). Análisis de las diferencias
comunicativas en los telediarios de las cadenas de televisión. Psichotema, 12 (2), 389-392.

-Laurance Anthony’s Website. Retrieved from

http://www.laurenceanthony.net/software/antconc/

-Lesly, E., & Rebello, k. (1996, July 15). How big an audience is there for Microsoft and
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