Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 232 (2016) 459 – 470

,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ7HDFKLQJDQG/HDUQLQJ(QJOLVKDVDQ$GGLWLRQDO/DQJXDJH
*ORE(/7$SULO$QWDO\D7XUNH\


0HWDFRJQLWLYH$ZDUHQHVVDQG$WWLWXGHVWRZDUG)RUHLJQ/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJLQWKH()/&RQWH[W
RI7XUNH\

-DIDU3285)(,=D 
a
School of Foreign Languages, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey

$EVWUDFW

7KHSUHVHQWVWXG\VRXJKWWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHLPSDFWRIPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVRQSURVSHFWLYH(QJOLVKWHDFKHUV¶DWWLWXGHVWRZDUG
OHDUQLQJ (QJOLVK LQ D 7XUNLVK FRQWH[W 7KH SDUWLFLSDQWV ZHUH  SURVSHFWLYH (QJOLVK WHDFKHUV IURP D VWDWH XQLYHUVLW\ LQ
$QNDUD7XUNH\ 'DWD ZHUH FROOHFWHG XVLQJ WKH 0HWDFRJQLWLYH $ZDUHQHVV ,QYHQWRU\ 6FKUDZ  'HQQLVRQ  DQG $WWLWXGHV
WRZDUG )RUHLJQ /DQJXDJH /HDUQLQJ $)// GHYHORSHG E\ 9DQGHZDHWHUH DQG 'HVPHW  7KH ILQGLQJV LQGLFDWHG D
VWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQLILFDQWUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHSDUWLFLSDQWV¶SHUFHSWLRQVRIPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVDQGWKHLUDWWLWXGHVWRZDUG
IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ 7KH DQDO\VLV RI PRPHQW VWUXFWXUHV $026 GHPRQVWUDWHG WKDW PHWDFRJQLWLYH DZDUHQHVV ZDV WKH
VWURQJ SUHGLFWRU RI DWWLWXGHV WRZDUG OHDUQLQJ DQ / 0RUHRYHU WKH DQDO\VLV RI VTXDUHG PXOWLSOH FRUUHODWLRQV UHYHDOHG WKDW
.QRZOHGJH RI FRJQLWLRQ .2& DQG UHJXODWLRQ RI FRJQLWLRQ 52& DV WKH WZR PDMRU FRPSRQHQWV RI PHWDFRJQLWLYH DZDUHQHVV
DFFRXQWHGIRURIYDULDQFHLQWKHDWWLWXGHVRISURVSHFWLYH(QJOLVKWHDFKHUVWRZDUGOHDUQLQJDVHFRQGODQJXDJH7KHVHILQGLQJV
VXJJHVW WKDW PHWDFRJQLWLYH DZDUHQHVV DQG WDNLQJ FRQVFLRXV VWHSV WR XQGHUVWDQG ZKDW LV OHDUQHG FDQ LQIOXHQFH / OHDUQHUV¶
DWWLWXGHVDQGUHVXOWLQVXFFHVVIXOODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJ
 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
©
‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI*ORE(/7
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of GlobELT 2016 
Keywords:0HWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVV0HWDFRJQLWLRQ$WWLWXGHV)RUHLJQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJ7HDFKHUHGXFDWLRQ

,QWURGXFWLRQ

(YHU VLQFH PHWDFRJQLWLYH DZDUHQHVV FRQVWUXFW ZDV LQWURGXFHG LQWR FRJQLWLYH SV\FKRORJ\ E\ )ODYHOO LQ PLG
¶VWKHUHKDVEHHQDJURZLQJLQWHUHVWLQH[SORULQJWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVLQWHDFKLQJDQG



&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[
E-mail address:MSRXUIHL]#KDFHWWHSHHGXWU

1877-0428 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of GlobELT 2016
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.063
460 Jafar Pour Feiz / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 232 (2016) 459 – 470

OHDUQLQJ SURFHVV LQ PDQ\ GLVFLSOLQHV DV ZHOO DV VHFRQG RU IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH / OHDUQLQJ 3ULRU UHVHDUFK KDV
DFNQRZOHGJHG WKDW PHWDFRJQLWLRQ KDV DQ LQGLVSHQVLEOH UROH LQ HIIHFWLYH OHDUQLQJ $QGHUVRQ   )ODYHOO
+DUW 0HPQXQ2¶0DOOH\ &KDPRW2[IRUG2]6FKUDZ:HQGHQ
  0HWDFRJQLWLRQ FRQVLVWV RI NQRZOHGJH DQG UHJXODWRU\ VNLOOV ZKLFK HQDEOH OHDUQHUV WR KDYH FRQWURO RI WKHLU
RZQ FRJQLWLRQ 6FKUDZ  6FKUDZ  'HQQLVRQ  ,QGHHG PHWDFRJQLWLRQ ³HQDEOHV LQGLYLGXDOV WR EHWWHU
PDQDJH WKHLU FRJQLWLYH VNLOOV DQG WR GHWHUPLQH ZHDNQHVVHV WKDW FDQ EH FRUUHFWHG E\ FRQVWUXFWLQJ QHZ FRJQLWLYH
VNLOOV´6FKUDZS
$SDUWIURPFRJQLWLYHDQGPHWDFRJQLWLYHDELOLWLHVDIIHFWLYHYDULDEOHVVXFKDVDWWLWXGHVPRWLYDWLRQDQGHPRWLRQ
KDV JDLQ PRPHQWXP LQ ERWK SV\FKRORJ\ DQG VHFRQG ODQJXDJH DFTXLVLWLRQ 6/$ ILHOG '|UQ\HL  :DQLQJH
 *DUGQHU DQG /DPEHUW  PDLQWDLQHG WKDW DWWLWXGHV DQG PRWLYDWLRQ DUH FHQWUDO WR VXFFHVVIXO ODQJXDJH
OHDUQLQJ DQG WKDW PRWLYDWLRQ WR OHDUQ DQ / LV DIIHFWHG E\ WKH DWWLWXGH DQG UHDGLQHVV WR EH LGHQWLILHG ZLWK WKH /
FRPPXQLW\,WKDVEHHQORQJDFNQRZOHGJHGWKDWPRWLYDWLRQLVRQHRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWFKDUDFWHULVWLFVWKDWVWXGHQWV
EULQJWRDOHDUQLQJWDVN'|UQ\HL'|UQ\HL+HQU\ 0XLU'|UQ\HL0DF,QW\UH +HQU\
'|UQ\HL 5\DQ*DUGQHU2]7KHLPSRUWDQFHRIPRWLYDWLRQLQOHDUQLQJDQ/LV
ZHOODUWLFXODWHGE\'|UQ\HLSZKRDVVHUWVWKDWPRWLYDWLRQ³SURYLGHVWKHSULPDU\LPSHWXVWRLQLWLDWH/
OHDUQLQJ DQG ODWHU WKH GULYLQJ IRUFH WR VXVWDLQ WKH ORQJ DQG RIWHQ WHGLRXV OHDUQLQJ SURFHVV LQGHHG DOO WKH RWKHU
IDFWRUVLQYROYHGLQ6/$SUHVXSSRVHPRWLYDWLRQWRVRPHH[WHQW´,QGHHGPRWLYDWLRQSOD\VDVHOIUHJXODWRU\UROHLQ
OHDUQLQJ SURFHVV DQG FUHDWHV VHOIFRQILGHQFH LQ OHDUQHUV ZKLOH HQJDJLQJ LQ OHDUQLQJ DFWLYLWLHV DQG WDVNV ,W LV
FRPSHOOLQJWKXVWRDVVHUWWKDWERWKPHWDFRJQLWLRQDQGPRWLYDWLRQSOD\DVHOIUHJXODWRU\UROHLQOHDUQLQJSURFHVVDQG
PRWLYDWLRQ FDQ LQ IDFW ³EH FRQVLGHUHG D FRPSRQHQW RI PHWDFRJQLWLRQ LQVRIDU DV LW SOD\V D VHOIUHJXODWRU\ UROH LQ
OHDUQLQJ´2¶0DOOH\ &KDPRWS,WFDQEHDUJXHGWKXVWKDWVXFFHVVIXOVWXGHQWVDUHPRUHVHOIFRQILGHQW
DQG VHOIGHWHUPLQHG DQG DUH PRUH OLNHO\ WR HQJDJH LQ QHZ OHDUQLQJ WDVNV ZLWK KLJKHU GHJUHHV RI PRWLYDWLRQ WKDQ
WKRVH ZKR DUH XQPRWLYDWHG RU DPRWLYDWHG 'HFL 9DOOHUDQG 3HOOHWLHU  5\DQ  5\DQ  'HFL  
'HFL 5\DQ0RUHRYHUOHVVVXFFHVVIXOVWXGHQWVPLJKWGHYHORSQHJDWLYHDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGWKHLUDELOLW\
WR HQJDJH LQ QHZ OHDUQLQJ WDVNV *DUGQHU    0DVJRUHW  *DUGQHU  2¶0DOOH\  &KDPRW
7KHUHIRUHLWLVDVVXPHGWKDWWKHLQWHUSOD\RIPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVDQGDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGOHDUQLQJDQ/
PLJKW \LHOG GHHS LQVLJKWV WR HIIHFWLYH / WHDFKLQJ DQG OHDUQLQJ PRUH VSHFLILFDOO\ LQ WHDFKHU HGXFDWLRQ SURJUDPV
+RZHYHUWKHUHLVOLWWOHHPSLULFDOHYLGHQFHDVWRKRZWKHVHWZRFRQVWUXFWVDUHLQWHUUHODWHG*LYHQWKHLPSRUWDQFHRI
PHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVDWWLWXGHVDQGPRWLYDWLRQDODVVHOIUHJXODWRU\IDFWRUVLQHIIHFWLYHOHDUQLQJDQGWKHODFNRI
UHVHDUFKJDSLQWKLVDUHDHVSHFLDOO\LQWHDFKHUWUDLQLQJSURJUDPVWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\H[SORUHGWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ
RI SUHVHUYLFH (QJOLVK WHDFKHUV¶ PHWDFRJQLWLYH DZDUHQHVV DQG WKHLU DWWLWXGHV WRZDUGV IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ LQ
7XUNLVKFRQWH[W

/LWHUDWXUH5HYLHZ

2.1. Metacognitive Awareness

7KH FRQFHSW RI PHWDFRJQLWLRQ FRLQHG E\ )ODYHOO LQ  UHIHUV WR ³RQH¶V NQRZOHGJH FRQFHUQLQJ RQH¶V RZQ
FRJQLWLYHSURFHVVHVDQGRXWFRPHVRUDQ\WKLQJUHODWHGWRWKHP´)ODYHOOS,WDOVRUHIHUVWR³FRJQLWLRQ
DERXW FRJQLWLYH SKHQRPHQD´ RU VLPSO\ ³WKLQNLQJ DERXW WKLQNLQJ´ )ODYHOO  S  DQG ³$ZDUHQHVV DQG
PDQDJHPHQWRIRQH¶VRZQWKRXJKW´.XKQ 'HDQS0RWLYDWLRQLVDOVRGHILQHGDV³WKHDWWULEXWHWKDW
PRYHVXVWRGRRUQRWWRGRVRPHWKLQJ´%URXVVDUG *DUULVRQS,QVSLUHGE\3LDJHW¶VGHYHORSPHQWDO
SV\FKRORJ\)ODYHOODUJXHVWKDWLPSURYHPHQWRIPHWDFRJQLWLYHVNLOOVLHWKHDELOLW\WRDFWLYHO\PRQLWRUDQG
UHJXODWH RQH¶V RZQ FRJQLWLYH SURFHVVHV SOD\V DQ LPSRUWDQW UROH LQ D YDULHW\ RI OHDUQLQJ GRPDLQV LQFOXGLQJ RUDO
VNLOOV / OHDUQLQJ VNLOOV DWWHQWLRQ PHPRU\ DQG VRFLDO LQWHUDFWLRQV )ODYHOO  ,ZDL  )ODYHOO¶V 
 RULJLQDO PRGHO RI PHWDFRJQLWLRQ FRPSULVHV RI IRXU FODVVHV RI SKHQRPHQD PHWDFRJQLWLYH NQRZOHGJH
PHWDFRJQLWLYHH[SHULHQFHVJRDOVRUWDVNVDQGDFWLRQVRUVWUDWHJLHV6LQFHWKHQRYHUWKHODVWIHZGHFDGHVWKHUH
KDV EHHQ DQ H[SORVLRQ RI UHVHDUFK WR GHILQH DQG XQIROG WKH XQGHUO\LQJ PHFKDQLVPV DQG LQJUHGLHQWV RI WKH
PHWDFRJQLWLRQ FRQVWUXFW $QGHUVRQ  YLHZV PHWDFRJQLWLRQ DV ³WKH DELOLW\ WR PDNH RQH¶V WKLQNLQJ YLVLEOH´
S +H IXUWKHU DUJXHV WKDW ³PHWDFRJQLWLRQ UHVXOWV LQ FULWLFDO EXW KHDOWK\ UHIOHFWLRQ DQG HYDOXDWLRQ RI RQH¶V
WKLQNLQJZKLFKPD\UHVXOWLQPDNLQJVSHFLILFFKDQJHVLQKRZRQHOHDUQV0HWDFRJQLWLRQLVQRWVLPSO\WKLQNLQJEDFN
 Jafar Pour Feiz / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 232 (2016) 459 – 470 461

RQDQHYHQWGHVFULELQJZKDWKDSSHQHGDQGKRZRQHIHOWDERXWLW,WUHTXLUHVDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVDQGHQJDJHPHQW
ZLWKWKHDZDUHQHVVRIRQH¶VWKLQNLQJ´$QGHUVRQS
$VVHHQWKHUHLVQRDJUHHGXSRQGHILQLWLRQRIPHWDFRJQLWLRQ1HYHUWKHOHVVPRVWVFKRODUVZRUNLQJLQFRJQLWLYH
SV\FKRORJ\RIWHQDJUHHXSRQWZRLPSRUWDQWLVVXHVUHODWHGWRPHWDFRJQLWLRQDGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQFRJQLWLRQDQG
PHWDFRJQLWLRQ DQG  EDVLF FRPSRQHQWV RI PHWDFRJQLWLRQ QDPHO\ NQRZOHGJH RI FRJQLWLRQ DQG UHJXODWLRQ RI
FRJQLWLRQ $QGHUVRQ   0HQLDGR  2]  6FKUDZ   6FKUDZ &ULSSHQ  +DUWOH\
 6FKUDZ  'HQQLVRQ  :HQGHQ   .QRZOHGJH RI FRJQLWLRQ LV FRQFHUQHG ZLWK LQGLYLGXDOV¶
NQRZOHGJH RI WKHLU RZQ FRJQLWLRQ RU DERXW FRJQLWLRQ LQ JHQHUDO 6FKUDZ  6FKUDZ  0RVKPDQ 
.QRZOHGJH RI FRJQLWLRQ KDV WKUHH VXEFRPSRQHQWV QDPHO\ GHFODUDWLYH NQRZOHGJH SURFHGXUDO NQRZOHGJH DQG
FRQGLWLRQDO NQRZOHGJH ZKLFK UHIHU 'HFODUDWLYH NQRZOHGJH UHIHUV WR D SHUVRQ¶V H[SOLFLW RU DFTXLUHG NQRZOHGJH
DERXWKLVKHUFRJQLWLYHSURFHVVHV$QGHUVRQ-DIDU]DGHK3URFHGXUDONQRZOHGJHZKLFKFRQFHUQVZLWK
RXUNQRZOHGJHVWUDWHJ\XVHDQGFRQGLWLRQDONQRZOHGJHZKLFKUHIHUVWRWKHNQRZOHGJHRIFRQGLWLRQDQGDVWRZKHQ
DQGZK\WRXVHVWUDWHJLHV5HJXODWLRQRIFRJQLWLRQDOVRFRPSULVHVDVHWRIVXESURFHVVHVLHSODQQLQJLQIRUPDWLRQ
PDQDJHPHQW VNLOOV PRQLWRULQJ GHEXJJLQJ VWUDWHJLHV DQG HYDOXDWLRQ 6FKUDZ  'HQQLVRQ  WKDW SOD\ D
IDFLOLWDWLYH UROH LQ UHJXODWLQJ DQG FRQWURO RI OHDUQLQJ SURFHVV +DVKHPSRXU HW DO  2]  6FKUDZ
6FKUDZ 'HQQLVRQ7KHVHSURFHVVHVHPSRZHUOHDUQHUVWRSODQDQGVHWJRDOVDQGVWUDWHJLHVPRQLWRUOHDUQLQJ
SURFHVVWDVNSHUIRUPDQFHDQGVWUDWHJ\XVHZKLOHXQGHUWDNLQJWDVNVDQGHYDOXDWHDQGDVVHVVOHDUQLQJRXWFRPHVDQG
VWUDWHJLHV HPSOR\HG IRU DFKLHYLQJ JRDOV 6FKUDZ  &RJQLWLYH VNLOOV HPSRZHU RQH WR DFFRPSOLVK D OHDUQLQJ
WDVNZKLOHPHWDFRJQLWLYHVNLOOVKHOSRQHWRXQGHUVWDQGKRZWRXQGHUWDNHDQGWDFNOHDOHDUQLQJWDVN6FKUDZ
$VLJQLILFDQWERG\RIUHVHDUFKKDVQRZDFNQRZOHGJHGWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVLQFRJQLWLYH
DFWLYLWLHV LQ / OHDUQLQJ UHVHDUFK $QGHUVRQ   %DWDQJ  ,ZDL  -DIDU]DGHK  0DIWRRQ 
0HQLDGR0RNKWDUL 5HLFKDUG1HJUHWWL .XWHHYD2]<DQJDV
ZHOO DV RWKHU GLVFLSOLQHV  +DUW  0HPQXQ  0HPQXQ  $NND\D  0HQLDGR  IRU LQVWDQFH
LQYHVWLJDWHG WKH UHODWLRQVKLS DPRQJ PHWDFRJQLWLYH UHDGLQJ VWUDWHJLHV UHDGLQJ PRWLYDWLRQ DQG UHDGLQJ
FRPSUHKHQVLRQSHUIRUPDQFHRIUDQGRPO\VHOHFWHGFROOHJHOHYHO()/VWXGHQWV7KHILQGLQJVUHYHDOHGWKDWWKHUHLV
D SRVLWLYH FRUUHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ PHWDFRJQLWLYH UHDGLQJ VWUDWHJLHV DQG UHDGLQJ PRWLYDWLRQ 6LPLODU UHVXOWV ZHUH
REWDLQHGE\,ZDLZKRH[SORUHGSUHVHUYLFHWHDFKHUV¶PHWDFRJQLWLYHUHDGLQJVWUDWHJLHVLQWHDFKHUHGXFDWLRQ
SURJUDP 0HWDOOLGRX  H[DPLQHG  SULPDU\ VFKRRO WHDFKHUV¶ PHWDFRJQLWLYH NQRZOHGJH DERXW SUREOHP
VROYLQJVWUDWHJLHV7KHILQGLQJVLQGLFDWHGKLJKOLJKWHGWKHH[LVWHQFHRIDJHQHUDOPHWDFRJQLWLYHNQRZOHGJHEDVHIRU
VSHFLILFSUREOHPVROYLQJVWUDWHJ\XVHDFURVVSUREOHPVROYLQJVLWXDWLRQV
([DPLQLQJ WKH SURFHVV RI EXLOGLQJ PHWDFRJQLWLYH DZDUHQHVV ZLWKLQ (63 JHQUHEDVHG DFDGHPLF UHDGLQJ DQG
ZULWLQJ LQVWUXFWLRQ DPRQJ SUHVHUYLFH 6ZHGLVK (QJOLVK WHDFKHUV 1HJUHWWL  .XWHHYD  IRXQG WKDW WKH
SDUWLFLSDQWVGHYHORSHGGHFODUDWLYHDQGSURFHGXUDOPHWDFRJQLWLYHNQRZOHGJHRIJHQUHUHOHYDQWDVSHFWVRIDFDGHPLF
WH[WV +RZHYHU RQO\ D IHZSDUWLFLSDQWV VKRZHG FRQGLWLRQDO NQRZOHGJH RI WKHJHQUH LQ WKHLU UHDGLQJ DQDO\VHV DQG
ZULWLQJDVVLJQPHQWV7KH\FRQFOXGHGWKDWDSSOLFDWLRQRIPHWDFRJQLWLRQIUDPHZRUNWRVWXG\/DFDGHPLFZULWLQJFDQ
SURYLGHQHZLQVLJKWVDQGSUDFWLFDODSSOLFDWLRQVIRUVXFFHVVIXO/LQVWUXFWLRQ2]UHFHQWO\H[SORUHGSUH
VHUYLFH(QJOLVKWHDFKHUV¶PHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVV+LVILQGLQJVVKRZHGWKDWDJUHDWPDMRULW\RIWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVKDG
YHU\ KLJK OHYHOV RI PHWDFRJQLWLYH DZDUHQHVV $GGLWLRQDOO\ NQRZOHGJH RI FRJQLWLRQ VLJQLILFDQWO\ FRUUHODWHG ZLWK
UHJXODWLRQ RI FRJQLWLRQ VXSSRUWLQJ WKH FRQWHQWLRQ WKDW FRJQLWLYH NQRZOHGJH SOD\V D IDFLOLWDWLYH UROH LQ FRJQLWLYH
UHJXODWLRQ 2] 6FKUDZ  6XQ  DOVR IRXQG D VLJQLILFDQW FRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQ IUHTXHQF\RI PHWD
FRJQLWLYHVWUDWHJLHVXVHDQG(QJOLVKSURILFLHQF\DPRQJQRQ(QJOLVKPDMRUFROOHJHVWXGHQWVLQ&KLQD

2.2. Attitudes toward foreign language learning

2YHU WKH SDVW ILYH GHFDGHV UHVHDUFK LQWR PRWLYDWLRQ DQG DWWLWXGHV WRZDUG / OHDUQLQJ KDV EHHQ LQIOXHQFHG E\
*DUGQHU DQG /DPEHUW¶V  ZRUN RQ WKH DWWLWXGLQDO PRWLYDWLRQDO DVSHFWV RI VHFRQG ODQJXDJH DFTXLVLWLRQ LQ
&DQDGLDQ FRQWH[W $FFRUGLQJ WR *DUGQHU DQG /DPEHUW  DWWLWXGHV DQG PRWLYDWLRQ DUH FHQWUDO WR VXFFHVVIXO
ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ 7KDW LV / OHDUQLQJ LV JUHDWO\ DIIHFWHG E\ OHDUQHUV¶ DWWLWXGHV WRZDUG OHDUQLQJ DQ / DQG WDUJHW
ODQJXDJH JURXS  *DUGQHU¶V  VRFLRHGXFDWLRQDO PRGHO SRVWXODWHV WKDW DWWLWXGHV WRZDUG OHDUQLQJ VLWXDWLRQ DQG
LQWHJUDWLYHQHVVRULQWHJUDWLYHPRWLYDWLRQDUHNH\IDFWRUVLQPRWLYDWHG/OHDUQLQJ,QGHHGWKHPRGHOYLHZVSRVLWLYH
462 Jafar Pour Feiz / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 232 (2016) 459 – 470

DIIHFWLYH GLVSRVLWLRQ WRZDUG OHDUQLQJ DQ / DQG WKH GHVLUH WR LQWHUDFW DQG LGHQWLILFDWLRQ ZLWK PHPEHUV RI /
FRPPXQLW\DVWKHPDLQIDFWRUVLQ/DFKLHYHPHQW6WDWHGRWKHUZLVHWKHFRUHFRQWHQWRIVRFLRHGXFDWLRQDOPRGHORI
VHFRQGODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJLVWKDWLQGLYLGXDOVOHDUQDQRWKHUODQJXDJHLQRUGHUWRLQWHJUDWHDQGLGHQWLI\ZLWKDQRWKHU
ODQJXDJHFRPPXQLW\DQGFXOWXUH2]2]'HPLUH]HQ 3RXUIHL]
)ROORZLQJVRFLRHGXFDWLRQDOPRGHORI/DFTXLVLWLRQLWLVDUJXHGWKDWKLJKO\PRWLYDWHGOHDUQHUVZLWKDSRVLWLYH
DWWLWXGH FRXSOHG ZLWK VWURQJ VHW RI LQGLYLGXDO GLIIHUHQFH YDULDEOHV VXFK DV YHUEDO DSWLWXGH DQG LQWHOOLJHQFH ZLOO
VXFFHVVIXOO\GHYHORSSURILFLHQF\LQWKHODQJXDJH<DQJ'|UQ\HLSDVVHUWVWKDW³ZLWKRXWVXIILFLHQW
PRWLYDWLRQ HYHQ LQGLYLGXDOV ZLWK WKH PRVW UHPDUNDEOH DELOLWLHV FDQQRW DFFRPSOLVK ORQJ WHUP JRDOV´ 6LPLODUO\
0DVJRUHW DQG *DUGQHU  DUJXH WKDW DWWLWXGHV DUH LPSRUWDQW IRU VXFFHVVIXO / OHDUQLQJ DQG ODQJXDJH
DFKLHYHPHQW7KH\DVVHUWKRZHYHUWKDWDWWLWXGHVLQGLUHFWO\DIIHFWODQJXDJHDFKLHYHPHQWWKURXJKWKHPHGLDWLRQRI
PRWLYDWLRQ $V D UHDFWLRQ WR WKH LQDGHTXDF\ RI VRFLRHGXFDWLRQDO PRGHO RI OHDUQLQJ DQ / HVSHFLDOO\ WKH
LQWHJUDWLYHQHVV GLPHQVLRQ VHYHUDO SURFHVVRULHQWHG DSSURDFKHV HPHUJHG GXULQJ WKH SDVW GHFDGH <DVKLPD 
IRULQVWDQFHLQWURGXFHG³,QWHUFXOWXUDO3RVWXUH´FRQVWUXFWDVDJHQHUDODWWLWXGHWRZDUGLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPPXQLW\ZKLFK
JUHDWO\ DIIHFWV PRWLYDWLRQ WR OHDUQ / ,QGHHG LQWHUQDWLRQDO SRVWXUH DOVR HQWDLOV LQWHJUDWLYHQHVV RU LQWHJUDWLYH
PRWLYDWLRQ DQG WKH\ DUH QRW PXWXDOO\ H[SORVLYH $V <DVKLPD  S DVVHUWV ³:KLOH LQIOXHQFHG E\
LQWHJUDWLYHQHVV international posture, RQ WKH RWKHU KDQG WULHV WR FDSWXUH D WHQGHQF\ WR UHODWH RQHVHOI WR WKH
LQWHUQDWLRQDO FRPPXQLW\ UDWKHU WKDQ DQ\ VSHFLILF / JURXS DV D FRQVWUXFW PRUH SHUWLQHQW WR ()/ FRQWH[WV´
/LNHZLVH '|UQ\HL   '|UQ\HL  &KDQ  DQG &VL]pU DQG '|UQ\HL  PDLQWDLQHG WKDW
PRWLYDWLRQWROHDUQDQ/FDQQRWEHDGHTXDWHO\DFFRXQWHGIRUE\LQWHJUDWLYHQHVVFRQVWUXFW5DWKHUDQLQGLYLGXDO¶V
VHOIJXLGHVDQGKLVKHUIXWXUHVHOILPDJHVPRUHVSHFLILFDOO\DSHUVRQ¶VLGHDO/VHOIDV³WKH/VSHFLILFGLPHQVLRQ
RIWKHOHDUQHU¶VLGHDOVHOI´&VL]pU '|UQ\HLSDUHUHVSRQVLEOHIRUODQJXDJHDFKLHYHPHQW
5HVHDUFKHUVKDYHDOUHDG\HVWDEOLVKHGDOLQNEHWZHHQPHWDFRJQLWLRQDQGPRWLYDWLRQ%URXVVDUG *DUULVRQ
(LVHQEHUJ  0DUWLQH]  /DL  6FKUDZ HW DO  6FKUDZ HW DO  S  ZKLOH UHODWLQJ
PHWDFRJQLWLRQWROHDUQHUEHOLHIVDQGDWWLWXGHVPDLQWDLQWKDWWKHWZRSULPDU\VXEFRPSRQHQWVRIPRWLYDWLRQLHVHOI
HIILFDF\ DQG VHOI FRQILGHQFH WR KDQGOH OHDUQLQJ WDVNV DQG HSLVWHPRORJLFDO EHOLHIV DERXW WKH RULJLQ DQG QDWXUH RI
NQRZOHGJH/DLDUHFHQWUDOWRPHWDFRJQLWLYHNQRZOHGJHDQGFDQ³DIIHFWWKHXVHDQGGHYHORSPHQWRIFRJQLWLYH
DQGPHWDFRJQLWLYHVNLOOV´0RWLYDWLRQLVDOVRGHILQHGDV³WKHDWWULEXWHWKDWPRYHVXVWRGRRUQRWWRGRVRPHWKLQJ´
%URXVVDUG *DUULVRQS(YHQWKRXJKPHWDFRJQLWLRQLVPDLQO\FRQFHUQHGE\GHILQLWLRQZLWKFRJQLWLYH
SURFHVVHVLWDOVRHQWDLOVDIIHFWLYHDQGPRWLYDWLRQDOVWDWHVDQGFRQFHUQVZLWKWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIDIIHFWLYHVWDWHV/DL
 0DUWLQH]  (LVHQEHUJ  UHODWHV PHWDFRJQLWLRQ WR ³HPRWLRQUHODWHG VHOIUHJXODWLRQ´ ZKLFK LV
FRQFHUQHG ZLWK ³PRQLWRULQJ DQG UHJXODWLQJ WKH LPSDFW RI HPRWLRQV DQG PRWLYDWLRQDO VWDWHV RQ RQH¶V SHUIRUPDQFH
DQG SDUDOOHOV WKH UHJXODWLRQ RI FRJQLWLRQ LQYROYHG LQ WKH H[HFXWLYH IXQFWLRQLQJ GLPHQVLRQ RI PHWDFRJQLWLRQ´ /DL
S
*LYHQ WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI PHWDFRJQLWLYH DZDUHQHVV LQ LQIOXHQFLQJ OHDUQLQJ EHKDYLRU DQG LWV FORVH OLQN ZLWK
DWWLWXGHVEHOLHIVDQGPRWLYDWLRQHPSLULFDOVWXGLHVWRYDOLGDWHWKLVOLQNDQGGHWHUPLQHWRZKDWH[WHQWPHWDFRJQLWLYH
DZDUHQHVVLVFDSDEOHRIDIIHFWLQJDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGOHDUQLQJDPRQJSUHVHUYLFH(QJOLVKWHDFKHUVLQWHDFKHUHGXFDWLRQ
SURJUDPV 7KH SUHVHQW VWXG\ WKHUHIRUH LQYHVWLJDWHG WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI PHWDFRJQLWLYH DZDUHQHVV RI SUHVHUYLFH
(QJOLVK WHDFKHUV LQ VKDSLQJ WKHLU DWWLWXGHV WRZDUG OHDUQLQJ (QJOLVK 7KH SXUSRVH ZDV WR SURYLGH UHVSRQVH WR WKH
IROORZLQJUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQV
 :KDWDUHSUHVHUYLFH(QJOLVKWHDFKHUVSHUFHLYHGOHYHOVRIPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVV"
 +RZZHOOGRPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVSUHGLFWWKHYDULDELOLW\LQSUHVHUYLFH(QJOLVKWHDFKHUV¶SHUFHSWLRQVRI
DWWLWXGHVWRZDUGIRUHLJQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJ"

0HWKRGRORJ\

3.1. Research design

$TXDQWLWDWLYHUHVHDUFKGHVLJQZDVXVHGLQWKHVWXG\DQGVXUYH\PHWKRGRORJ\HPSOR\HGWRFROOHFWGDWD7KHPDLQ
REMHFWLYHZDVWRREWDLQWKHSDUWLFLSDQWV¶SHUFHSWLRQVRIWKHLUPHWDFRJQLWLRQDWWLWXGHVWKURXJKDQRQOLQHVXUYH\$V
TXDQWLWDWLYH UHVHDUFK GHVLJQ ZLWK VXUYH\ PHWKRGRORJ\ HQDEOHV WR JHW LQIRUPDWLRQ LQ D TXLFN DQG HFRQRPLFDO ZD\
ZLWKLQDVKRUWSHULRGRIWLPHWKLVW\SHRIUHVHDUFKGHVLJQLVFRQVLGHUHGDFRQYHQLHQWWRRO&UHVZHOO
 Jafar Pour Feiz / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 232 (2016) 459 – 470 463

3.2. Setting and participants

7KHSDUWLFLSDQWVZHUHSUHVHUYLFH(QJOLVKWHDFKHUVHQUROOHGLQDSUHVHUYLFH()/WHDFKHUHGXFDWLRQSURJUDP
DWDPDMRUVWDWHXQLYHUVLW\LQ7XUNH\$OOSDUWLFLSDQWVYROXQWDULO\SDUWLFLSDWHGLQWKHVWXG\DQGJDYHFRQVHQWIRUGDWD
FROOHFWLRQ7KHSDUWLFLSDQWVN= IHPDOHPDOHZHUHDVNHGWRFRPSOHWHDQRQOLQHVXUYH\7KH\
UDQJHGLQDJHIURPWR\HDUVM SD 

3.3. Measures

3.3.1. Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI)


7KH SDUWLFLSDQWV¶ PHWDFRJQLWLYH DZDUHQHVV OHYHOV ZHUH PHDVXUHG XVLQJ 0HWDFRJQLWLYH $ZDUHQHVV ,QYHQWRU\
0$,6FKUDZ 'HQQLVRQ7KH0$,LVDLWHPEDVHGRQSRLQW/LNHUWVFDOHUDQJLQJIURP strongly
disagree WR   strongly agree ,QGHHG IROORZLQJ YDULRXV FRQFHSWXDOL]DWLRQV RI WKH PHWDFRJQLWLRQ FRQVWUXFW WKH
0$,ZDVGHYHORSHGWRPHDVXUHPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVEDVHGRQWKHWZRDJUHHGXSRQFRPSRQHQWVRIknowledge
of cognition  LWHPV DQG regulation of cognition  LWHPV DQG WKH XQGHUO\LQJ VXEVFDOHV RI declarative
proceduralDQGconditional knowledgeIRUPHWDFRJQLWLYHNQRZOHGJHDQGplanninginformation management skills
monitoring debugging strategies DQG evaluation for PHWDFRJQLWLYHUHJXODWLRQ. 7KHLQWHUQDOFRQVLVWHQF\RIWKHVFDOH
IRURYHUDOOPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVZDVĮ $VIRUWKHPDLQFRPSRQHQWVWKHLQWHUQDOFRQVLVWHQF\UHOLDELOLW\IRU
PHWDFRJQLWLYH NQRZOHGJH ZDV Į  DQG PHWDFRJQLWLYH UHJXODWLRQ ZDV Į  )XUWKHUPRUH WKH LQWHUQDO
FRQVLVWHQF\UHOLDELOLW\IRUWKUHHVXEVFDOHVRIPHWDFRJQLWLYHNQRZOHGJHZDVĮ IRUGHFODUDWLYHNQRZOHGJHĮ 
SURFHGXUDONQRZOHGJHĮ DQGĮ IRUFRQGLWLRQDONQRZOHGJH6LPLODUO\WKHLQWHUQDOFRQVLVWHQF\IRUVXEVFDOHV
RIPHWDFRJQLWLYHUHJXODWLRQZHUHIRXQGWREHDFFHSWDEOHUDQJLQJIURPĮ WRĮ SODQQLQJLQIRUPDWLRQ
PDQDJHPHQWVNLOOVPRQLWRULQJGHEXJJLQJVWUDWHJLHVDQGHYDOXDWLRQ

3.3.2. Attitudes
,Q RUGHU WR PHDVXUH WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV¶ DWWLWXGHV WRZDUG IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ WKH DWWLWXGHV WRZDUG IRUHLJQ
ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ $)// 6FDOH 9DQGHZDHWHUH  'HVPHW  ZDV HPSOR\HG 7KH $)// LV D  LWHP
TXHVWLRQQDLUHZKLFKPHDVXUHVWKHSDUWLFLSDQWV¶DWWLWXGHVEDVHGRQSRLQWUDQJLQJIURP³WRWDOO\GLVDJUHH´WR³WRWDOO\
DJUHH´ /LNHUWVFDOH ,W PHDVXUHV DWWLWXGHV WRZDUGIRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ LQ WKUHH PDMRU FRPSRQHQWV FRJQLWLYH
FRPSRQHQW DIIHFWLYHHYDOXDWLYH FRPSRQHQW ZLWK WKUHH VXEVFDOHV DQG EHKDYLRUDO FRPSRQHQW ZLWK IRXU VXEVFDOHV
7KHLQWHUQDOFRQVLVWHQF\RIRYHUDOO$)//LQWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\ZDVĮ 

3.4. Procedures for data collection and analysis

7KH SUHVHQW VWXG\ ZDV FRQGXFWHG LQ D SUHVHUYLFH (QJOLVK WHDFKHU HGXFDWLRQ SURJUDP DW D VWDWH XQLYHUVLW\ LQ
$QNDUD7XUNH\7KHGDWDZHUHDQDO\]HGXVLQJ,%063666WDWLVWLFVDFRPSUHKHQVLYHFRPSXWHUSURJUDPXVHGWR
KHOS UHVHDUFKHUV SHUIRUP VWDWLVWLFDO DQDO\VLV TXLFNO\ DQG DFFXUDWHO\ 'HVFULSWLYH VWDWLVWLFV ZHUH XVHG WR REWDLQ WKH
SDUWLFLSDQWV¶SHUFHLYHGOHYHOVRIPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVV7REHJLQZLWKWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVVFRUHVRQWKHZKROHVFDOH
ZHUHFRPSXWHGWRREWDLQWKHLUSHUIHFWVFRUHIRUDOOFRPSRQHQWVDQGVXEFRPSRQHQWV1H[WWKHIUHTXHQWO\XVHGFXW
RIISRLQWVLQWKHOLWHUDWXUH2]0HPQXQ $NND\D+DUW 0HPQXQZHUHXWLOL]HGWRFDWHJRUL]H
WKHSHUIHFWVFRUHVRISDUWLFLSDQWV¶SHUFHSWLRQVRIPHWDFRJQLWLYHNQRZOHGJHDQGUHJXODWLRQLQWRIRXUPHDQUDQJHVRI
Very High  High  Low  DQG Very Low   /DWHU XVLQJ VWUXFWXUDO HTXDWLRQ
PRGHOOLQJ 6(0 DQG DQDO\VLV RI PRPHQW VWUXFWXUHV $026 WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ YDULDEOHV ZDV PHDVXUHG
$026 ZDV XVHG WR HQVXUH WKH DFFXUDF\ RI UHVXOWV REWDLQHG LQ D VLQJOH PRGHO .OLQH  7DEDFKQLFN  )LGHO
DQGSURYLGHPRUHUHOLDEOHUHVXOWV
464 Jafar Pour Feiz / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 232 (2016) 459 – 470

5HVXOWV

7KH ILQGLQJV UHYHDOHG WKDW QHDUO\ VHYHQ RXW RI WHQ  RI WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV UHSRUWHG D very high OHYHO RI
PHWDFRJQLWLYH NQRZOHGJH QHDUO\  RXW RI WHQ RI WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV  KDG D KLJK OHYHO RI PHWDFRJQLWLYH
NQRZOHGJHDQGRQO\RIWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVZHUHIRXQGWRKDYHORZOHYHORIPHWDFRJQLWLYHNQRZOHGJH1RQHRIWKH
SDUWLFLSDQWVKDGvery levelRIPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVIRUNQRZOHGJHRIFRJQLWLRQ6LPLODUO\DVVKRZQLQ7DEOH
RIWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVVKRZHGDvery highOHYHORIPHWDFRJQLWLYHUHJXODWLRQDQGRIWKHPKDGDhigh OHYHORI
PHWDFRJQLWLYHUHJXODWLRQ6XUSULVLQJO\QRERG\KDGQHLWKHUlowQRUvery lowOHYHOVRIPHWDFRJQLWLRQIRUUHJXODWLRQ
RIFRJQLWLRQFRPSRQHQWRIPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVV

7DEOH'LVWULEXWLRQRIPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVRISUHVHUYLFH(QJOLVKWHDFKHUV

Metacognitive Knowledge of Cognition Regulation of Cognition

awareness )UHTXHQF\  )UHTXHQF\ 
   
Very High    
High    
Low    
Very Low    
7RWDO    

7KH DQDO\VLV RI PRPHQW VWUXFWXUHV UHYHDOHG D VLJQLILFDQW SRVLWLYH SDWK IURP WKH WZR PDMRU FRPSRQHQWV RI
PHWDFRJQLWLYH DZDUHQHVV WR DWWLWXGHV WRZDUG IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ $Q LQVSHFWLRQ RI VTXDUHG PXOWLSOH
FRUUHODWLRQVHVWLPDWHUHYHDOHGWKDWERWKNQRZOHGJHRIFRJQLWLRQDQGUHJXODWLRQRIFRJQLWLRQVLJQLILFDQWO\SUHGLFWHG
YDULDQFH LQ WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV¶ DWWLWXGHV WRZDUG IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ WRJHWKHU H[SODLQLQJ  RI YDULDQFH LQ
RYHUDOO SHUFHSWLRQV RI DWWLWXGHV WRZDUG IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ $V VHHQ LQ )LJXUH  NQRZOHGJH RI FRJQLWLRQ
VLJQLILFDQWO\ FRUUHODWHG ZLWK 52& r  )XUWKHU DQDO\VLV LQGLFDWHG WKDW NQRZOHGJH RI FRJQLWLRQ KDG VWURQJHU
SUHGLFWLYHSRZHUE=pWKDQUHJXODWLRQRIFRJQLWLRQE=p*RRGQHVVRIILWLQGLFHVZHUHIRXQG
WREHFdf *), &), DQG506($ VKRZLQJDQDFFHSWDEOHPRGHOILWLQGLFHVIRUWKHGDWD


)LJXUH7KHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVDQGDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGIRUHLJQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJ

Note: KOC= Knowledge of Cognition; ROC= Regulation of Cognition; A_FLL= Attitudes toward Foreign
Language Learning

0HWDFRJQLWLYH DZDUHQHVV DOVR HPHUJHG DV VWURQJ SUHGLFWRU RI VXEVFDOHV RI DWWLWXGHV WRZDUG IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH
OHDUQLQJ .QRZOHGJH RI FRJQLWLRQ DQG UHJXODWLRQ RI FRJQLWLRQ SUHGLFWHG  RI YDULDQFH LQ FRJQLWLYH GLPHQVLRQ
LQDIIHFWLYHHYDOXDWLYHDQGLQEHKDYLRUDOGLPHQVLRQVRIDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGIRUHLJQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJZLWK
PHWDFRJQLWLYH NQRZOHGJH DV EHLQJ VWURQJ SUHGLFWRU RI FRJQLWLYH DQG EHKDYLRUDO GLPHQVLRQ E  S  DQG
E SUHVSHFWLYHO\DQGUHJXODWLRQRIFRJQLWLRQDVWKHVWURQJSUHGLFWRURIDIIHFWLYHHYDOXDWLYHGLPHQVLRQ
E S*RRGQHVVRIILWLQGLFHVZHUHFdf *), &), DQG506($ 
 Jafar Pour Feiz / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 232 (2016) 459 – 470 465


)LJXUH7KHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVDQGVXEFRPSRQHQWVRIDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGIRUHLJQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJ

)XUWKHU DQDO\VHV ZHUH UXQ WR ILQG RXW ZKHWKHU WKHUH LV D SDWK IURP VXEVFDOHV RI WKH PDLQ FRPSRQHQWV RI
PHWDFRJQLWLYH DZDUHQHVV WR DWWLWXGHV WRZDUG IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ $V LOOXVWUDWHG LQ )LJXUH  WKHUH ZHUH
VLJQLILFDQWSRVLWLYHSDWKVIURPGHFODUDWLYHDQGFRQGLWLRQDONQRZOHGJHWRDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGIRUHLJQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJ
ZKLOH QHJDWLYH SDWK ZDV REVHUYHG IURP SURFHGXUDO NQRZOHGJH WR DWWLWXGHV WRZDUG IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ 7KH
WKUHH XQGHUO\LQJ VXEFRPSRQHQWV RI PHWDFRJQLWLYH NQRZOHGJH DOVR VLJQLILFDQWO\ SUHGLFWHG RYHUDOO DWWLWXGHV WRZDUG
IRUHLJQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJ7KHDQDO\VLVRIVTXDUHGPXOWLSOHFRUUHODWLRQVUHYHDOHGWKDWWRJHWKHUWKH\DFFRXQWHGIRU
RIYDULDQFHLQWKHSDUWLFLSDQWV¶RYHUDOOSHUFHSWLRQVRIDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGIRUHLJQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJ&RQGLWLRQDO
NQRZOHGJHZDVWKHVWURQJHVWVXEVFDOHE SIROORZHGE\GHFODUDWLYHNQRZOHGJHDVWKHVHFRQGVWURQJHVW
SUHGLFWRU YDULDEOH E  S  )XUWKHUPRUH WKHUH ZHUH VLJQLILFDQWO\ VWURQJ FRUUHODWLRQV DPRQJ DOO WKUHH
VXEVFDOHVRIPHWDFRJQLWLYHNQRZOHGJH


466 Jafar Pour Feiz / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 232 (2016) 459 – 470

)LJXUH7KHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQVXEFRPSRQHQWVRIPHWDFRJQLWLYHNQRZOHGJHDQGDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGIRUHLJQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJ

Note: DK= Declarative Knowledge; PK= Procedural Knowledge; CK=Conditional knowledge; A_FLL= Attitudes
toward Foreign Language Learning

)LQDOO\ WKH UHVXOWV RI VWUXFWXUDO HTXDWLRQ PRGHOLQJ DV LOOXVWUDWHG LQ )LJXUH  VKRZHG WKDW FRPSRQHQWV RI
PHWDFRJQLWLYHUHJXODWLRQDSSHDUHGDVVLJQLILFDQWSUHGLFWRURIDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGIRUHLJQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJ7KHUHZHUH
VLJQLILFDQWSRVLWLYHSDWKVIURPSODQQLQJGHEXJJLQJVWUDWHJLHVDQGHYDOXDWLRQWRDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGIRUHLJQODQJXDJH
OHDUQLQJ ZKLOH WKH SDWK IURP LQIRUPDWLRQ PDQDJHPHQW VNLOOV WR DWWLWXGHV WRZDUG IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ ZDV
IRXQGWREHQHJDWLYH$OOLQDOOWKH\H[SODLQHGRIYDULDQFHLQDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGIRUHLJQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJZLWK
SODQQLQJ DV WKH VWURQJHVW SUHGLFWRU E  S  DQG GHEXJJLQJ VWUDWHJLHV DV WKH VHFRQG VWURQJHVW SUHGLFWRU
YDULDEOH/LNHPHWDFRJQLWLYHFRPSRQHQWWKHUHZHUHVWURQJFRUUHODWLRQVDPRQJWKHILYHVXEVFDOHVRIPHWDFRJQLWLYH
NQRZOHGJH7KH*RRGQHVVRIILWLQGLFHVZHUHFdf *), &), DQG506($ 


)LJXUH7KHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQVXEFRPSRQHQWVRIPHWDFRJQLWLYHNQRZOHGJHDQGDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGIRUHLJQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJ
Note: P = Planning; IMS = Information Management Skills; M = Monitoring; DS = Debugging Strategies; E =
Evaluation; A_FLL= Attitudes toward Foreign Language Learning

'LVFXVVLRQ

7KH ILQGLQJV RI WKH SUHVHQW VWXG\ LQGLFDWHG WKDW D JUHDW PDMRULW\ RI WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV KDG YHU\ KLJK OHYHOV RI
PHWDFRJQLWLYH DZDUHQHVV IRU ERWK NQRZOHGJH DG UHJXODWLRQ RI FRJQLWLRQ 6LPLODU UHVXOWV ZHUH IRXQG E\ RWKHU
UHVHDUFKHUV LQ WHDFKHU HGXFDWLRQ SURJUDPV $EGHOODK  0HPPQXQ  $NND\D  2]   6XQ
7KHVHILQGLQJVLQGLFDWHWKDWPRVWSUHVHUYLFHWHDFKHUVDUHPHWDFRJQLWLYHO\DZDUHVXJJHVWLQJWKDWKLJKOHYHOV
 Jafar Pour Feiz / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 232 (2016) 459 – 470 467

RI PHWDFRJQLWLYH DZDUHQHVV DUH FHQWUDO WR SUDFWLFDO DQG SURIHVVLRQDO GHYHORSPHQW RI SUHVHUYLFH WHDFKHUV +DUW 
0HPQXQ  =HQWR]   7KHUHIRUH FXUULFXOXP GHYHORSHUV DQG WHDFKHU HGXFDWLRQ SURJUDPV VKRXOG DLP DW
GHYHORSLQJ PHWDFRJQLWLYHO\ DZDUH WHDFKHUV VLQFH SUHSDULQJ PHWDFRJQLWLYHO\ DZDUH WHDFKHUV LV SUHUHTXLVLWH IRU
KDYLQJ PHWDFRJQLWLYHO\ DZDUH VWXGHQWV $QGHUVRQ  2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG WHDFKHU WUDLQHUV VKRXOG EH DZDUH RI
WKHLUVWXGHQWV
PHWDFRJQLWLRQDQGDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGOHDUQLQJDQ/7KLVDZDUHQHVVFDQEHWDXJKWDQGLQFUHDVHGXVLQJ
YDULRXVNLQGVRIVWUDWHJ\XVH2[IRUG2¶0DOOH\ &KDPRW
7KH ILQGLQJV RI WKH VWXG\ DOVR UHYHDOHG WKDW PHWDFRJQLWLYH DZDUHQHVV VLJQLILFDQWO\ SUHGLFWHG WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV¶
DWWLWXGHVWRZDUGIRUHLJQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJ.QRZOHGJHRIFRJQLWLRQDQGUHJXODWLRQRIFRJQLWLRQH[SODLQHGRI
YDULDQFHLQWKHLUDWWLWXGHVZLWKPDMRUFRQWULEXWLRQIURPNQRZOHGJHRIFRJQLWLRQ$QRWKHULPSRUWDQWILQGLQJRIWKH
VWXG\ZDVWKHKLJKHVWOHYHORIVWURQJFRUUHODWLRQr RUEHWZHHQNQRZOHGJHRIFRJQLWLRQDQGUHJXODWLRQRI
FRJQLWLRQ 7KLV FRUURERUDWHV DQG YDOLGDWHV WKH FRQWHQWLRQ WKDW FRPSRQHQWV RI PHWDFRJQLWLRQ DUH LQWHUFRUUHODWHG $
 LQWHUFRUUHODWLRQ r  EHWZHHQ WKH PDLQ FRPSRQHQWV RI PHWDFRJQLWLYH DZDUHQHVV KDV EHHQ HVWDEOLVKHG E\
SULRU UHVHDUFK 6FKUDZ  6FKUDZ  'HQQLVRQ  $V VHHQ NQRZOHGJH RI FRJQLWLRQ KDV PRUH SUHGLFWLYH
SRZHUWKDQUHJXODWLRQRIFRJQLWLRQVXJJHVWLQJWKDWPHWDFRJQLWLYHNQRZOHGJHVXSSRUWVDQGIDFLOLWDWHVPHWDFRJQLWLYH
UHJXODWLRQ7KHKLJKHUUDQJHRILQWHUFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQWKHWZREDVLFFRPSRQHQWVVXJJHVWVWKDWERWKFRPSRQHQWV
ZRUN LQ WDQGHP DIIHFWLQJ OHDUQLQJ EHKDYLRU DQG LQ WKLV FDVH / OHDUQHUV¶ DWWLWXGHV WRZDUG IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH
OHDUQLQJ .QRZOHGJH RI FRJQLWLRQ JUHDWO\ DIIHFWV FRJQLWLYH DQG EHKDYLRUDO DVSHFWV RI DWWLWXGHV ZKHUHDV UHJXODWRU\
VLOOV LQIOXHQFH DIIHFWLYH GLPHQVLRQ RI DWWLWXGHV 7KLV XQGHUVFRUHV LPSRUWDQFH RI PHWDFRJQLWLYH NQRZOHGJH LQ
GHWHUPLQLQJEHKDYLRUDODQGUHJXODWRU\VNLOOV
7KHVH ILQGLQJV SURYLGH IXUWKHU VXSSRUW IRU WKH ILQGLQJV RI SUHYLRXV UHVHDUFK WKDW LQGLFDWH WKDW PHWDFRJQLWLYH
NQRZOHGJH DIIHFWV DQG GHWHUPLQHV OHDUQLQJ EHKDYLRU $EGHOODK  IRU LQVWDQFH IRXQG WKDW PHWDFRJQLWLYH
DZDUHQHVV SRVLWLYHO\ DIIHFWV SUHVHUYLFH WHDFKHUV¶ DFDGHPLF SHUIRUPDQFH +LV ILQGLQJV DOVR UHYHDOHG WKDW VWXGHQWV
ZLWKKLJKHUOHYHOVRIPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVKDGKLJKHUOHYHOVRIWHDFKLQJSHUIRUPDQFHZHUHVNLOOIXOSODQQHUVDQG
PDWHULDORUJDQL]HUVDQGZHUHJRRGDWXVLQJGLIIHUHQWNLQGVRIVWUDWHJLHVZKLOHFRQWUROOLQJWKHLUWHDFKLQJWLPH7KH
ILQGLQJVRIWKLVVWXG\KLJKOLJKWWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVDPRQJSUHVHUYLFHWHDFKHUVVXJJHVWLQJ
WKDWLQWHDFKHUHGXFDWLRQSURJUDPVWHDFKHUVVKRXOGEHHQFRXUDJHGWRXVHVWUDWHJLHVWKDWHQKDQFHWKHLUSURIHVVLRQDO
WHDFKLQJVNLOOV7KLVLVQHFHVVDU\VLQFHQHJOHFWLQJWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIXVLQJPHWDFRJQLWLYHDQGUHJXODWRU\VNLOOVLQ
WHDFKHU WUDLQLQJ SURJUDPV PD\ HQG XS ZLWK XQVDWLVIDFWRU\ HGXFDWLRQDO RXWSXW 5HFHQW UHVHDUFK -DIDU]DGHK 
3U\WXODKDVDSSURYHGWKDWLQPRVWRIWHDFKHUWUDLQLQJFHQWHUVWHDFKLQJPHWDFRJQLWLYHVWUDWHJLHVRIWHQLVWDNHQ
LQWRJUDQWHGDQGHYHQWRWDOO\QHJOHFWHG
,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH ILQGLQJV UHYHDOHG WKDW UHODWHG VXEFRPSRQHQWV RI PHWDFRJQLWLYH NQRZOHGJH DQG UHJXODWLRQ
VWURQJO\SUHGLFWHGDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGIRUHLJQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJHVSHFLDOO\GHFODUDWLYHDQGFRQGLWLRQDONQRZOHGJHLQ
NQRZOHGJHRIFRJQLWLRQ DQGSODQQLQJ DQGGHEXJJLQJ VWUDWHJLHV LQ UHJXODWLRQRI FRJQLWLRQ &RQGLWLRQDO NQRZOHGJH
DSSHDUHG WR KDYH JUHDWHU SUHGLFWLYH SRZHU WKDQ RWKHU VXEVFDOHV XQGHUVFRULQJ WKH VXSHULRULW\ RI FRQGLWLRQDO
NQRZOHGJH RYHU GHFODUDWLYH DQG SURFHGXUDO NQRZOHGJH ,QGHHG FRQGLWLRQDO NQRZOHGJH KHOSV VWXGHQWV WR XVH WKHLU
VNLOOV DQG VWUDWHJLHV PRUH HIIHFWLYHO\ DQG WR ³DGMXVW WR WKH FKDQJLQJ VLWXDWLRQDO GHPDQGV RI HDFK OHDUQLQJ WDVN´
6FKUDZ  S 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG SODQQLQJ DQG GHEXJJLQJ VWUDWHJLHV VHHPHG WR JUHDWO\ DIIHFW WKH
SDUWLFLSDQW¶V DWWLWXGHV WRZDUG IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ 7KLV KLJKOLJKWV WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI SODQQLQJ JRDO VHWWLQJ
DQG FKDQJLQJ VWUDWHJLHV SURSHUO\ LQ PRWLYDWLQJ VWXGHQWV WRZDUG HIIHFWLYH OHDUQLQJ 3XW GLIIHUHQWO\ WKH WHDFKHUV¶
DZDUHQHVVRIWKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRULQHIIHFWLYHQHVVRIJRDOVDQGVWUDWHJLHVLQWHDFKLQJSURFHVVDQGWKHLUIOH[LELOLW\LQ
JRDOVHWWLQJDQGVWUDWHJ\XVHHPSRZHUWKHPWRVHWJRDOVDQGSODQVWUDWHJLHVRUWHFKQLTXHVWKDWZLOOKHOSWKHPFRSH
ZLWKGLIILFXOWWDVNVLQWKHLUSUDFWLFDOWHDFKLQJ

&RQFOXVLRQ

7KH SUHVHQW VWXG\ H[SORUHG WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ PHWDFRJQLWLYH DZDUHQHVV DQG DWWLWXGHV WRZDUG IRUHLJQ
ODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJ7KHILQGLQJVGHPRQVWUDWHGKLJKHUOHYHOVRIPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVDPRQJSUHVHUYLFH(QJOLVK
WHDFKHUV $GGLWLRQDOO\ WKH PDLQ FRPSRQHQWV RI PHWDFRJQLWLYH DZDUHQHVV VLJQLILFDQWO\ SUHGLFWHG RYHUDOO DWWLWXGHV
DQG WKH UHODWHG FRPSRQHQWV 6XEFRPSRQHQWV RI PHWDFRJQLWLYH NQRZOHGJH DQG PHWDFRJQLWLYH UHJXODWLRQ ZHUH DOVR
IRXQGWREHUHODWHGWRDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGIRUHLJQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJSUHGLFWLQJDVXEVWDQWLDOSURSRUWLRQRIYDULDQFHLQ
468 Jafar Pour Feiz / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 232 (2016) 459 – 470

WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV¶ RYHUDOO DWWLWXGHV 7KHVH ILQGLQJV FRUURERUDWH SUHYLRXV UHVHDUFK RYHU WKH ODVW GHFDGHV ZKLFK
XQGHUVFRUHWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRIPHWDJRQLWLRQFRQVWUXFWLQ6/$UHVHDUFKDVZHOODVRWKHUGLVFLSOLQHV7KH\KLJKOLJKW
WKH QHFHVVLW\ RI HQKDQFLQJ PHWDFRJQLWLYH NQRZOHGJH DQG PHWDFRJQLWLYH UHJXODWLRQ DPRQJ SUHVHUYLFH (QJOLVK
WHDFKHUVWKURXJKPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVUDLVLQJDQGLQVWUXFWLRQVLQFHHQKDQFHGPHWDFRJQLWLYHVNLOOVDUHSRWHQWLDOO\
FDSDEOH RI HPSRZHULQJ SUHVHUYLFH WHDFKHUV  7KHUHIRUH DV $QGHUVRQ  S  SXWV LW ³,I ZH ZDQW
PHWDFRJQLWLYHO\DZDUHOHDUQHUVZHPXVWKDYHPHWDFRJQLWLYHO\DZDUHWHDFKHUV$QGHUVRQS
7KH ILQGLQJV LQGLFDWHG WKDW PHWDFRJQLWLYH DZDUHQHVV KDG JUHDW LPSDFW RQ WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV¶ DWWLWXGHV )URP
SHGDJRJLFDOSHUVSHFWLYHWKLVLPSOLHVWKDWPHWDFRJQLWLYHO\DZDUHOHDUQHUVPD\KROGPRUHSRVLWLYHDWWLWXGHVWRZDUG
OHDUQLQJ DQ / WKDQ PHWDFRJQLWLYHO\ XQDZDUH OHDUQHUV +LJK OHYHOV RI PHWDFRJQLWLYH DZDUHQHVV LQGLFDWH WKDW WKH
SDUWLFLSDQWVDUHDEOHWRHPSOR\WKHLUPHWDFRQLWLYHNQRZOHGJHDQGUHJXODWRU\VNLOOVLQWKHZKROHWHDFKLQJSURFHVVDQG
FDQ SODQ PRQLWRU DQG HYDOXDWH WKHLU RZQ WHDFKLQJ SHUIRUPDQFH %HVLGHV WKLV DZDUHQHVV SRVLWLYHO\ DIIHFWV WKHLU
DWWLWXGHV WRZDUG OHDUQLQJ DQ / 7KH LPSOLFDWLRQV DUH WKDW WHDFKHU HGXFDWLRQ SURJUDPV QHHG WR LQFRUSRUDWH
PHWDFRJQLWLYH DZDUHQHVV FRXUVHV WR WHDFKHU HGXFDWLRQ SURJUDPV DQG WKH\ VKRXOG PDNH DQ\ HIIRUW WR LQWHJUDWH
H[SOLFLWLQVWUXFWLRQRIPHWDFRJQLWLYHVWUDWHJ\XVHLQWKHFXUULFXOD0HQLDGR0RUHRYHUDQDZDUHQHVVRIWKH
VWXGHQWV¶DWWLWXGHVHQFRXUDJHVWHDFKHUVWRWHDFKYLDYDULHW\VWUDWHJLHVVRDVWRHQDEOHDOOVWXGHQWVWREHQHILWIURPWKHLU
LQVWUXFWLRQ,QGHHGLQFUHDVHGPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVFRXSOHGZLWKSRVLWLYHDWWLWXGHVDQGJUHDWHUPRWLYDWLRQZRXOG
UHVXOW LQ VXFFHVVIXO ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ DQG FUHDWH VHOIFRQILGHQFH DQG SHUVLVWHQFH DPRQJ / OHDUQHUV 7KHUHIRUH
LQWHJUDWLQJ FRXUVHV WKDW KHOS WKHP SURPRWH WKHLU PHWDFRJQLWLYH DZDUHQHVV ERWK NQRZOHGJH DQG UHJXODWLRQ LV DQ
LPSHUDWLYH QHHG LQ (QJOLVK WHDFKHU HGXFDWLRQ SURJUDPV VLQFH ³ODQJXDJH WHDFKHUV QHHG QRW RQO\ WR NQRZ about
>LWDOLFVLQRULJLQ@DQLQIRUPDWLRQJDSDQGhow to useLWEXWDOVRZKHQDQGwhy to use it´2]SDORQJZLWK
WKHLUHQKDQFHGVNLOOVLQSODQQLQJPRQLWRULQJDQGHYDOXDWLQJWKHLUSURIHVVLRQDOVNLOOVLQWKHZKROHWHDFKLQJSURFHVV
)URP PHWDFRJQLWLYH DQG PRWLYDWLRQDO SHUVSHFWLYHV WHDFKHUV DOVR QHHG WR EH DZDUHRI WKHLU UROH DV PRWLYDWRUVDQG
HQFRXUDJHWKHLUOHDUQHUVWRDFWLYHO\HQJDJHLQPHWDFRJQLWLYHUHIOHFWLRQZKLFKZLOOLQWXUQHQDEOHWKHPWREHFRPH
VHOIUHJXODWHGOHDUQHUVDQGVHOIDVVHVVRUVGXULQJODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJSURFHVV'|UQ\HL
7KHSUHVHQWVWXG\H[WHQGHGRXUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGOHDUQLQJDQ/DQG
WKH SURIHVVLRQDO GHYHORSPHQW RI SUHVHUYLFH (QJOLVK WHDFKHUV +RZHYHU WKH VWXG\ LV QRW ZLWKRXW OLPLWDWLRQV $V
VWDWHGHDUOLHUWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVRIWKHVWXG\ZHUHSUHVHUYLFH(QJOLVKWHDFKHUVZKRDUHE\GHILQLWLRQH[SHFWHGWRKDYH
KLJKHUOHYHOVRIPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVDQGHTXDOO\WKHVDPHOHYHOVRISRVLWLYHDWWLWXGHV7KHUHIRUHWKHILQGLQJVRI
WKH VWXG\ PD\ QRW EH UHDGLO\ DSSOLFDEOH WR WHDFKLQJ SUDFWLFHV LQ RWKHU GLVFLSOLQHV DQG HYHQ LQ ()/ FRQWH[WV RWKHU
WKDQWHDFKHUHGXFDWLRQDQG(QJOLVKODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJ(/7GHSDUWPHQWV7KXVLQYLHZRIWKLVDQGGXHWRWKHODFN
RIHPSLULFDOHYLGHQFHWKHUHVXOWVVKRXOGEHLQWHUSUHWHGDQGJHQHUDOL]HGZLWKPXFKFDXWLRQ2WKHUZLVHWKHILQGLQJV
PLJKW EHELDVHG ZLWK PLVOHDGLQJ FRQVHTXHQFHV:KDW LVPRUH DVZDVVWDWHG SUHYLRXVO\ LQ OLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZSULRU
UHVHDUFK KDV DSSURYHG WKH H[LVWHQFH RI D OLQN EHWZHHQ PHWDFRJQLWLRQ DQG DIIHFWLYH IDFWRUV VXFK DV DWWLWXGHV
PRWLYDWLRQDQGHPRWLRQ2¶0DOOH\ &KDPRW/DL6FKUDZHWDO:DQLQJH7KLVLPSOLHV
WKDWWKHUHPLJKWEHDUHFLSURFDOUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVDQGDWWLWXGHV7KHFXUUHQWVWXG\RQO\
IRFXVHG RQ WKH YLDEOH LPSDFW RI PHWDFRJQLWLYH DZDUHQHVV RQ DWWLWXGHV )XUWKHU UHVHDUFK WKHUHIRUH LV QHHGHG WR
HQTXLUHLIDIIHFWLYHIDFWRUVVXFKDVDWWLWXGHVDQGPRWLYDWLRQDOVRDWWDFNPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVV

5HIHUHQFHV


$EGHOODK50HWDFRJQLWLYH$ZDUHQHVVDQGLWV5HODWLRQWR$FDGHPLF$FKLHYHPHQWDQG7HDFKLQJ3HUIRUPDQFHRI3UHVHUYLFH)HPDOH
7HDFKHUVLQ$MPDQ8QLYHUVLW\LQ8$(Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 174GRL
KWWSG[GRLRUJMVEVSUR
$QGHUVRQ1-7KHUROHRIPHWDFRJQLWLRQLQVHFRQGIRUHLJQODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJDQGOHDUQLQJERIC Digest5HWULHYHG-DQXDU\
IURPKWWSZZZFDORUJUHVRXUFHVGLJHVWDQGHUVRQ+WPO
$QGHUVRQ1-0HWDFRJQLWLRQ$ZDUHQHVVRI/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJ,Q60HUFHU65\DQ 0:LOOLDPV(GVPsychology for
Language Learning: Insights from Research, Theory and PracticeSS/RQGRQ3DOJUDYH0DFPLOODQ8.
%DWDQJ%/0HWDFRJQLWLYH6WUDWHJ\$ZDUHQHVVDQG5HDGLQJ&RPSUHKHQVLRQRI3URVSHFWLYH3UH6HUYLFH6HFRQGDU\7HDFKHUV$VLD
3DFLILF-RXUQDORI0XOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\5HVHDUFK
%URXVVDDUG6& *DUULVRQ0(%7KHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQFODVVURRPPRWLYDWLRQDQGDFDGHPLFDFKLHYHPHQWLQHOHPHQWDU\VFKRRO
DJHGFKLOGUHQ)DPLO\DQG&RQVXPHU6FLHQFHV5HVHDUFK-RXUQDO
 Jafar Pour Feiz / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 232 (2016) 459 – 470 469

&VL]pU. '|UQ\HL=7KHLQWHUQDOVWUXFWXUHRIODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJPRWLYDWLRQDQGLWVUHODWLRQVKLSZLWKODQJXDJHFKRLFHDQGOHDUQLQJ

HIIRUW0RGHUQ/DQJXDJH-RXUQDOKWWSGRLRUJFKZ]
'HFL(/ 5\DQ50,QWULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQDQGVHOIGHWHUPLQDWLRQLQKXPDQEHKDYLRU1HZ<RUN3OHQXP
'HFL(/ 5\DQ50(GVHandbook of self-determination5RFKHVWHU8QLYHUVLW\RI5RFKHVWHU3UHVV
'HFL(/9DOOHUDQG5-3HOOHWLHU/* 5\DQ500RWLYDWLRQDQGHGXFDWLRQ7KHVHOIGHWHUPLQDWLRQSHUVSHFWLYHThe
Educational Psychologist26
'|UQ\HL=1HZWKHPHVDQGDSSURDFKHVLQVHFRQGODQJXDJHPRWLYDWLRQUHVHDUFKAnnual review of applied linguistics21
'|UQ\HL=The Psychology of the Language Learner: Individual Differences in Second Language Acquisition0DKZDK1-/DZUHQFH
(UOEDXP
'|UQ\HL=7KH/0RWLYDWLRQDO6HOI6\VWHP,Q='|UQ\HL (8VKLRGD(GVMotivation, language identity and the L2 selfSS
%ULVWRO0XOWLOLQJXDO0DWWHUV
'|UQ\HL=5HVHDUFKLQJPRWLYDWLRQ)URPLQWHJUDWLYHQHVVWRWKHLGHDO/VHOI,Q6+XQVWRQ '2DNH\(GVIntroducing applied
linguistics: Concepts and skillsSS/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH
'|UQ\HL=0RWLYDWLRQLQVHFRQGODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJ,Q0&HOFH0XUFLD'0%ULQWRQ 0$6QRZ(GVTeaching English as a
second or foreign languageWKHGSS%RVWRQ0$1DWLRQDO*HRJUDSKLF/HDUQLQJ&HQJDJH/HDUQLQJ
'|UQ\HL= &KDQ/0RWLYDWLRQDQGYLVLRQ$QDQDO\VLVRIIXWXUH/VHOILPDJHVVHQVRU\VW\OHVDQGLPDJHU\FDSDFLW\DFURVVWZR
WDUJHWODQJXDJHVLanguage Learning, 63
'|UQ\HL=+HQU\$ 0XLU&Motivational currents in language learning: Frameworks for focused interventions1HZ<RUN
5RXWOHGJH
'|UQ\HL= 5\DQ6The psychology of the language learner revisited1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH
(LVHQEHUJ16HOI5HJXODWLRQDQG6FKRRO5HDGLQHVVEarly Education and Development, 21
)ODYHOO-+0HWDFRJQLWLYHDVSHFWVRISUREOHPVROYLQJ,Q/%5HVQLFN(GThe nature of intelligenceSS+LOOVGDOH1-
(UOEDXP
)ODYHOO-+0HWDFRJQLWLRQDQGFRJQLWLYHPRQLWRULQJ$QHZDUHDRIFRJQLWLYHGHYHORSPHQWDOLQTXLU\American psychologist, 34
KWWSG[GRLRUJ;
*DUGQHU5& /DPEHUW:(Attitudes and motivation : Second language learning1HZEXU\+RXVH
*DUGQHU5&Social psychology and second language learning: The role of attitudes and motivation/RQGRQ(GZDUG$UQROG
*DUGQHU5&,QWHJUDWLYHPRWLYDWLRQDQGVHFRQGODQJXDJHDFTXLVLWLRQ,Q='|UQ\HL 56FKPLGW(GVMotivation and second
language acquisitionSS+RQROXOX+,8QLYHUVLW\RI+DZDLL3UHVV
*DUGQHU5&0RWLYDWLRQDQG6HFRQG/DQJXDJH$FTXLVLWLRQ7KH6RFLR(GXFDWLRQDO0RGHO%HUQ3HWHU/DQJ3XEOLVKHUV
+DUW/& 0HPQXQ'67KH5HODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ3UHVHUYLFH(OHPHQWDU\0DWKHPDWLFV7HDFKHUV
%HOLHIVDQG0HWDFRJQLWLYH
$ZDUHQHVVJournal of Education and Training Studies, 3
+DVKHPSRXU0*KRQVRRO\% *KDQL]DGHK$$6WXG\RI7UDQVODWLRQ6WXGHQWV
6HOI5HJXODWLRQDQG0HWDFRJQLWLYH$ZDUHQHVVLQ
$VVRFLDWLRQZLWKWKHLU*HQGHUDQG(GXFDWLRQDO/HYHOInternational Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies, 3
0DVJRUHW$0 *DUGQHU5&$WWLWXGHVPRWLYDWLRQDQGVHFRQGODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJ$PHWD±DQDO\VLVRIVWXGLHVFRQGXFWHGE\
*DUGQHUDQGDVVRFLDWHVLanguage learning, 53KWWSGRLRUJIFNJ[
,ZDL<3URPRWLQJVWUDWHJLFUHDGHUV,QVLJKWVRISUHVHUYLFHWHDFKHUV¶XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIPHWDFRJQLWLYHUHDGLQJVWUDWHJLHVInternational
Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and LearningKWWSG[GRLRUJLMVRWO
-DIDU]DGHK/7HDFKHU0HWDFRJQLWLRQ$Q,QYHVWLJDWLRQLQWR,UDQLDQ()/7HDFKHUVAnglisticum3
.OLQH5%Principles and practice of structural equation modelingUGHG1<7KH*XLOOIRUG3UHVV
/DL(50HWDFRJQLWLRQ$OLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZ5HWULHYHGIURPLPDJHVSHDUVRQDVVHVVPHQWVFRPLPDJHVWPUV
0HWDFRJQLWLRQB/LWHUDWXUHB5HYLHZB)LQDOSGIRQ$SULO
0DUWLQH]0(:KDWLVPHWDFRJQLWLRQ"3KL'HOWD.DSSDQ
0DIWRRQ3%LUMDQGL3 )DUDKLDQ0,QYHVWLJDWLQJ,UDQLDQ()/OHDUQHUV¶ZULWLQJPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVInternational Journal of
Research Studies in Education3KWWSG[GRLRUJLMUVH
0HQLDGR-&0HWDFRJQLWLYH5HDGLQJ6WUDWHJLHV0RWLYDWLRQDQG5HDGLQJ&RPSUHKHQVLRQ3HUIRUPDQFHRI6DXGL()/6WXGHQWVEnglish
Language Teaching9
0HPQXQ'6 $NND\D5$Q,QYHVWLJDWLRQRI3UHVHUYLFH3ULPDU\6FKRRO0DWKHPDWLFV6FLHQFHDQG&ODVVURRP7HDFKHUV¶
0HWDFRJQLWLYH$ZDUHQHVVLQWHUPVRI.QRZOHGJHRIDQG5HJXODWLRQRI&RJQLWLRQJournal of Theoretical Educational Science, 5

0HWDOOLGRX33UHVHUYLFHDQGLQVHUYLFHWHDFKHUV
PHWDFRJQLWLYHNQRZOHGJHDERXWSUREOHPVROYLQJVWUDWHJLHVTeaching and Teacher
Education, 25KWWSG[GRLRUJMWDWH
0RNKWDUL. 5HLFKDUG&,QYHVWLJDWLQJWKHVWUDWHJLFUHDGLQJSURFHVVHVRIILUVWDQGVHFRQGODQJXDJHUHDGHUVLQWZRGLIIHUHQWFXOWXUDO
FRQWH[WVSystem, 32KWWSG[GRLRUJMV\VWHP
1HJUHWWL5 .XWHHYD0)RVWHULQJPHWDFRJQLWLYHJHQUHDZDUHQHVVLQ/DFDGHPLFUHDGLQJDQGZULWLQJ$FDVHVWXG\RISUHVHUYLFH
(QJOLVKWHDFKHUVJournal of Second Language Writing, 20KWWSG[GRLRUJMMVOZ
2[IRUG5/7HDFKLQJDQGUHVHDUFKLQJODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJVWUDWHJLHV+DUORZ8./RQJPDQ
2]+0HWDFRJQLWLRQLQIRUHLJQVHFRQGODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJDQGWHDFKLQJ+DFHWWHSH8QLYHUVLW\-RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQí
2]+8QGHUVWDQGLQJ0HWDFRJQLWLYH.QRZOHGJHRI7XUNLVK()/6WXGHQWVLQ6HFRQGDU\(GXFDWLRQ2QOLQH6XEPLVVLRQ
470 Jafar Pour Feiz / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 232 (2016) 459 – 470

g]+7KHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVDQGDFDGHPLFDFKLHYHPHQWDPRQJSUHVHUYLFH(QJOLVKWHDFKHUV,Q-+XDQJ 

$&)HUQDQGHV(GVNon-native language teaching and learning: Putting the puzzle togetherSS1HZ<RUN1<8QWHVWHG
,GHDV5HVHDUFK&HQWHU
2]+,QYHVWLJDWLQJSUHVHUYLFH(QJOLVKWHDFKHUV¶PHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVV,Q+2](G/DQJXDJHDQG&RPPXQLFDWLRQ5HVHDUFK
DURXQGWKH*OREH([SORULQJ8QWHVWHG,GHDVSS1HZ<RUN8QWHVWHG,GHDV5HVHDUFK&HQWHU
2]+5ROHRIWKHLGHDO/VHOILQSUHGLFWLQJZLOOLQJQHVVWRFRPPXQLFDWHRI()/VWXGHQWV,Qø+DNNÕ0LULFLø+DNNÕ(UWHQ+g]
,9RGRSLMD.UVWDQRYLü(GV5HVHDUFKSDSHUVRQWHDFKLQJ(QJOLVKDVDQDGGLWLRQDOODQJXDJHSS5LMHND)DFXOW\RI+XPDQLWLHV
DQG6RFLDO6FLHQFHV8QLYHUVLW\RI5LMHND
2]+'HPLUH]HQ0 3RXUIHL]-(PRWLRQDO,QWHOOLJHQFHDQG$WWLWXGHV7RZDUGV)RUHLJQ/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJ3XUVXLWRI5HOHYDQFH
DQG,PSOLFDWLRQV3URFHGLD6RFLDODQG%HKDYLRUDO6FLHQFHVGRLKWWSG[GRLRUJMVEVSUR
2¶0DOOH\-0 &KDPRW$8/HDUQLQJVWUDWHJLHVLQVHFRQGODQJXDJHDFTXLVLWLRQ&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
3DULV6* :LQRJUDG33URPRWLQJPHWDFRJQLWLRQDQGPRWLYDWLRQRIH[FHSWLRQDOFKLOGUHQ5HPHGLDODQG6SHFLDO(GXFDWLRQ

3U\WXOD037HDFKHU0HWDFRJQLWLRQZLWKLQWKH3URIHVVLRQDO/HDUQLQJ&RPPXQLW\,QWHUQDWLRQDO(GXFDWLRQ6WXGLHVSS

5\DQ50 'HFL(/,QWULQVLFDQGH[WULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQV&ODVVLFGHILQLWLRQVDQGQHZGLUHFWLRQV&RQWHPSRUDU\HGXFDWLRQDO
SV\FKRORJ\
5\DQ50 'HFL(/$QRYHUYLHZRIVHOIGHWHUPLQDWLRQWKHRU\,Q(/'HFL 505\DQ(GV+DQGERRNRIVHOI
GHWHUPLQDWLRQUHVHDUFKSS5RFKHVWHU1<8QLYHUVLW\RI5RFKHVWHU3UHVV
5\DQ50 'HFL(/7RZDUGDVRFLDOSV\FKRORJ\RIDVVLPLODWLRQ6HOIGHWHUPLQDWLRQWKHRU\LQFRJQLWLYHGHYHORSPHQWDQG
HGXFDWLRQ,Q%:6RNRO)0(*URX]HW80XOOHU(GVSelf-regulation and autonomy: Social and developmental dimensions of
human conductSS&DPEULGJH(QJODQG&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
6FKUDZ*7KHHIIHFWRIPHWDFRJQLWLYHNQRZOHGJHRQORFDODQGJOREDOPRQLWRULQJContemporary educational psychology, 19
KWWSG[GRLRUJFHSV
6FKUDZ* 'HQQLVRQ56$VVHVVLQJPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVContemporary Educational Psychology, 19
6FKUDZ*3URPRWLQJJHQHUDOPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVInstructional Science, 26
6FKUDZ*&ULSSHQ.- +DUWOH\.3URPRWLQJVHOIUHJXODWLRQLQVFLHQFHHGXFDWLRQ0HWDFRJQLWLRQDVSDUWRIDEURDGHUSHUVSHFWLYH
RQOHDUQLQJResearch in Science Education, 36KWWSG[GRLRUJV
6FKUDZ* 0RVKPDQ'0HWDFRJQLWLYHWKHRULHVEducational Psychology Review, 7
KWWSG[GRLRUJ%)
6XQ/7KH(IIHFWRI0HWDFRJQLWLYH/HDUQLQJ6WUDWHJLHVRQ(QJOLVK/HDUQLQJTheory and Practice in Language Studies, 3

7DEDFKQLFN%* )LGHOO/6WKHG8VLQJPXOWLYDULDWHVWDWLVWLFV%RVWRQ3HDUVRQ
9DQGHZDHWHUH0 'HVPHW3,QWURGXFLQJSV\FKRPHWULFDOYDOLGDWLRQRITXHVWLRQQDLUHVLQ&$//UHVHDUFK7KHFDVHRIPHDVXULQJ
DWWLWXGHWRZDUGV&$//Computer Assisted Language Learning, 22,±KWWSGRLRUJFSIQMY
:DQLQJH)0RWLYDWLRQ(PRWLRQDQG&RJQLWLRQ$WWUDFWRU6WDWHVLQWKH&ODVVURRP,Q='|UQ\HL30DF,QW\UH $+HQU\HGV
Motivational Dynamics in Language LearningSS%ULVWRO0XOWLOLQJXDO0DWWHUV
:HQGHQ$/0HWDFRJQLWLYH.QRZOHGJHDQG/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJApplied linguistics, 19
KWWSG[GRLRUJDSSOLQ
:HQGHQ$$QLQWURGXFWLRQWRPHWDFRJQLWLYHNQRZOHGJHDQGEHOLHIVLQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJ%H\RQGWKHEDVLFV>6SHFLDO,VVXH@System, 27
KWWSG[GRLRUJ6;
<DVKLPD7:LOOLQJQHVVWRFRPPXQLFDWHLQDVHFRQGODQJXDJH7KH-DSDQHVH()/FRQWH[WThe Modern Language Journal, 86
<DVKLPD7,QWHUQDWLRQDOSRVWXUHDQGWKHLGHDO/VHOILQWKH-DSDQHVH()/&RQWH[W,Q='|UQ\HLDQG(8VKLRGD(GVMotivation,
language identity and the L2 self.㸦SS&OHYHGRQ8.0XOWLOLQJXDO0DWWHUV
<DQJ;$WWLWXGHDQG0RWLYDWLRQLQ//HDUQLQJDPRQJ8PPDVWHU6WXGHQWVInternational Journal of Management and sustainability
1
=HQRW]9$ZDUHQHVVGHYHORSPHQWIRURQOLQHUHDGLQJ/DQJXDJH$ZDUHQHVV
KWWSG[GRLRUJ