HVAC

ELEVATORS
SEM 6TH

PRESENTED BY :
Abhivaykti Kushwaha Rahul Saini
Aishwarya Mathur Rahul Kumar
Bhavya Walia Rishabh Jain
Megha Jain Sagar Arora
Mohit Chaubey Shubham
Sharma
Prachi Sahu Vanya Jain

3RD Year, GGSIPU

ELEVATOR CONTENTS

 Introduction
 History
 Types of Elevators
 Norms
 National Examples
 International Examples
 Safety Systems in Elevators


INTRODUCTION

ELEVATOR
 An elevator lift is a type of vertical
transportation that moves people or
goods between floors (levels, decks) of
a building, vessel or other structure.
 Elevators are generally powered by electric
motors that either drive traction cables
and counterweight systems like a hoist,
or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a
cylindrical piston like a jack.
 In agriculture and manufacturing, an
elevator is any type of conveyor device
used to lift materials in a continuous
stream into bins or silos.
 Several types exist, such as the chain
and bucket elevator, grain auger screw
conveyor using the principle
of Archimedes' screw, or the chain and
paddles or forks of hay elevators.
 Because of wheelchair access laws,
elevators are often a legal requirement
in new multistory buildings, especially
where wheelchair ramps would be
impractical.
HISTORY

ELEVATOR  The earliest known reference to an elevator is

in the works of the Roman
architect Vitruvius, who reported
that Archimedes (c. 287 BC – c. 212 BC)
built his first elevator probably in 236
BC. Some sources from later historical
periods mention elevators as cabs on
a hemp rope powered by hand or by
animals.
 The Equitable Life Building completed in 1870
in New York City was thought to be the
first office building to have passenger
elevators.
 The first electric elevator was built by Werner
von Siemens in 1880 in Germany.
 In 1887, American Inventor Alexander Miles of
Duluth, Minnesota patented an elevator
with automatic doors that would close off
the elevator shaft.
 The first elevator in India was installed at
the Raj Bhavan in Calcutta (now Kolkata) by
Otis in 1892.
 TYPES OF ELEVATORS

ELEVATOR  Elevators are of four type :

v HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR
• Hydraulic elevators are used extensively in buildings up to five or six stories high.
• These elevators—which can operate at speeds
 up to 46 meters (150 ft) per minute.
• Hydraulic elevators are elevators which are
 powered by a piston that travels inside a cylinder
• An electric motor pumps hydraulic oil into the
 cylinder to move the piston.
 There are three types of hydraulic elevators
v Holed hydraulic elevators -With holed
 hydraulic systems, the elevator car is
 mounted on a piston that travels inside a cylinder.
 The cylinder extends into the ground to a depth
 equal to the height the elevator will rise.
 As hydraulic fluid is pumped into the cylinder through
 a valve, the car rises
  As the fluid returns to the reservoir, the car descends. It is also known as Conventional hydraulic elevators
ELEVATOR v Holeless hydraulic - Holeless hydraulic consists of pistons mounted inside the hoistway to raise and lower the car
• Holeless hydraulic systems use a direct-acting piston to raise the car.
• They have a piston on either side of the cab.
• It can be divided to 3 different types
 as follows:
a) Telescopic Hydraulic Elevators: Telescoping
 pistons allow up to 50 feet of travel
 distance.
 b) Non-telescoping (single stage) Hydraulic
 Elevators: It has one piston and only
 allows about 20 feet of travel distance
 c) Roped Hydraulic Elevators : They use a
 combination of ropes and a piston to move
 the elevator. Maximum travel distance
 is about 60 feet
ELEVATOR
Hydraulic Elevators components:

ELEVATOR
HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR

ELEVATOR

 Benefits
 • Lower ownership costs;
 • Quick installation;
 • Doesn’t need a penthouse or overhead support to house the machinery;
 • Flexibility in the location of the motor room;
 • Upon power failure the lift lowers to the ground floor and releases the door

 Drawbacks
 • Noisy, slow and poor ride quality;
 • High on energy consumption;
 • May cause potential environmental damage from leaking hydraulic fluid
 v Traction elevators - are lifted by ropes, which pass over a wheel attached to an electric motor above the elevator
shaft.
ELEVATOR v They are used for mid and high-rise applications and have much higher travel speeds than hydraulic elevators.
v A counter weight makes the elevators more efficient by offsetting the weight of the car and occupants so that the
motor doesn't have to move as much weight.
 Types of traction elevators
 a) Geared Traction Elevators - have a
 gearbox that is attached to the motor,
 which drives the wheel that moves the ropes.
§ Geared traction elevators are capable of travel
 speeds up to 500 feet per minute.
§ The maximum travel distance for a geared
 traction elevator is around 250 feet.
 b) Gearless Traction Elevators - have the wheel
 attached directly to the motor.


v
  Gear-less traction elevators are capable of speeds up to 2,000 feet per minute and they have a maximum travel
distance of around 2,000 feet so they are the
ELEVATOR  only choice for high-rise applications
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GEARED TRACTION ELEVATORS GEARLESS TRACTION ELEVATORS

TRACTION ELEVATOR

ELEVATOR

 Benefits
 • Faster and smoother ride;
 • More energy efficient;
 • Cost little more to buy

 Speed Comparison
 The speed of the elevator shall be within the following ranges and chosen to suit the specific building
requirements as part of the elevator traffic analysis:
 • Hydraulic passenger elevators - 0.25 to 0.75 m/s;
 • Geared traction passenger elevators - 0.5 to 2.0 m/s;
 • Gearless traction passenger elevators - 2.5 m/s and greater

 v CLIMBING ELEVETOR - They hold their own power device on them, mostly electric or combustion engine
ELEVATOR
§ Climbing elevators are often used in work and construction areas.
v PNEUMATIC ELEVETOR - pneumatic elevators are
 raised and powered by controlling air pressure in a
 chamber in which the elevator sits.


§
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NORMS
BUILDING SERVICES -
LIFT

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NATIONAL EXAMPLES
ELEVATOR

KOHINOOR SQUARE
ELEVATOR  Kohinoor square is a 52-story 203-metre (666 ft) semi-twin, mixed-use skyscraper
located on the land previously owned by Kohinoor Mills in Shivaji Park,
Mumbai, India.
 It is one of the first skyscrapers in India to achieve a LEED (Leadership in Energy
and Environmental Design) gold rating for environmental sustainability.
 The Kohinoor Square complex comprises a main skyscraper and a residential
skyscraper which are for mixed use. Houses, hotels, residences and a high-end
shopping malls are being constructed by Kohinoor CTNL Infrastructure
Corporation.

• The Central Core is surrounded by the

office spaces and refuge areas (at 24
meter of height)
•
• There are segregated office space from
2nd to 24th floor with toilets to each
office and a common toilet s also
provided on all these floors.
 CENTRAL CORE CONSIST OF 24 LIFTS

ELEVATOR

• 3 Lobbies of 6 Lifts serving

levels 25th to 39th
• Spaces between the lifts
where a lift lobby is not
provided are used as
toilets with dust at either
side: 2 lifts from this pack
of 6 are assessable to
lower floors as well
• 1 lobby of 4 lifts serving levels
1st to 24th
• There is a lift bank at 24th
floor .
• 2 services lifts travelling
Throughout the building


ELEVATOR SYSTEM
ELEVATOR

REFUGE FLOOR

UPPER FLOORS
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Residential Tower

• Central core serves 3 lifts and 1

services lift.
• It connects 8 units on each floor.
• It connects 6 units on 17th floor
which is refuge floor.
• UNITS- 2.5 bhk 3bhk 3.5 bhk
ELEVATOR

INTERNATIONAL EXAMPLES
SHANGHAI TOWER, China
310 Kilowatt Motor
Drives Pulley
ELEVATOR

• Architect : GENSLER
• Height : 632m Twin Layers
• Installed on : 07/2016 Guide Elevators

• 106 ELEVATORS built by

MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC Aerodynamic
Capsules
Reduces Air Resistance

Ceremaic Brakes
Can stop lift within 15mtrs if car
moves too fast

Active Roller Guide System

The race to build ever taller
skyscrapers has sparked a battle
amongst lift manufacturers to
develop new age elevators.
This initiated the introduction of
the LIFT WHICH TRAVELS
18MTRS/SEC.
Vibration and noise damping
system
Rollers
Accelerometers and
electromagnetic actuators inside
rollers counteract vibration and
swaying.
13 Tonne Counterweight
SAFETY SYSTEMS IN ELEVATORS

ELEVATOR
• Over speed governor

• Over travel protection

• Door & door lock

• Overload sensor

• Light curtain •

Automatic Rescue device

• Emergency Alarm

• Intercom
ELEVATOR

• Safety Systems: Safeties are activated by a governor when the elevator moves too quickly. Most
governor systems are built around a sheave positioned at the top of the elevator shaft.
•
• The governor rope is looped around the governor sheave and another weighted sheave at the
bottom of the shaft. The rope is also connected to the elevator car, so it moves when the car
goes up or down.
•
• As the car speeds up, so does the governor. Elevators also have electromagnetic brakes that
engage when the car comes to a stop. The electromagnets actually keep the brakes in the
open position, instead of closing them. With this design, the brakes will automatically clamp
shut if the elevator loses power.
•
• Elevators also have automatic braking systems near the top and the bottom of the elevator shaft.
•
• The bottom of the shaft has a heavy-duty shock absorber system typically a piston mounted in an
oil-filled cylinder. The shock absorber works like a giant cushion to soften the elevator car's
landing.
1.
ELEVATOR

Safety gear is a mechanical device for stopping the car (or counterweight) by gripping the guide rails in the event
of car speed attaining a pre-determined value in a downward direction of travel, irrespective what the reason for
the increase in speed may be.

Buffer is a device designed to stop a descending car or counterweight beyond its normal limit and to soften the
force with which the elevator runs into the pit during an emergency. They may be of polyurethane or oil type in
respect of the rated speed.

Door Protective Device

any type of device used with automatic power operated doors that detect obstructions to the normal closing of
the elevator doors (though contact may occur) and either causes the doors to change the door motion by either
stopping it, or causing it to reverse (reopen) or go into some other mode of operation, such as nudging. A safe
edge, a safety astragal, a photoelectric device (safe ray), and electrostatic field device are examples of door
protective devices.

Emergency Alarm Switch

It will sound an alarm when activated by a passenger and in most elevators; an emergency telephone or intercom
can serve as a link to assistance if the car should stall.
ELEVATOR

• Elevators use two different sets of doors: doors on the cars and doors opening into the elevator shaft.
•
• The doors on the cars are operated by an electric motor, which is hooked up to the elevator computer.
•
• The electric motor turns a wheel, which is attached to a long metal arm. The metal arm is linked to
another arm, which is attached to the door.
• The door can slide back and forth on a metal rail.
•
• When the motor turns the wheel, it rotates the first metal arm, which pulls the second metal arm and
the attached door to the left.
•
• The door is made of two panels that close in on each other when the door opens and extend out
when the door closes.
•
• The computer turns the motor to open the doors when the car arrives at a floor and close the doors
before the car starts moving again. Many elevators have a motion sensor system that keeps the
doors from closing if somebody is between them
•
ELEVATOR