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APPROACH
PROCEDURE
DESIGN
1.Approach
An approach refers to theories about the nature of
language and language learning that serve as the resources of
practices and principles of language teaching.
2.Design
This specifies the relationship of theories of language
and learning to the selection and organization of language
content (syllabus), to the types of tasks and learning activities
and the role of the learners, teachers and materials
3.Procedure
Comprises the classroom techniques and practices that
are consequences of particular approaches and designs.
The nature of language
The nature of Learning a language
Activities that involve real communication promote
learning.
Activities in which language is used for carrying out
meaningful communication promote learning
Language that is meaningful to the learner supports the
learning process.
The Goal of language teaching: Communicative
competence
Knowledge of the grammar, vocabulary, phonology ,
and semantics of the language
Knowledge of the relationship between the language
and its nonlinguistic (social) context.
Knowledge of how to begin and end conversation
(Discourse competence: cohesion and coherence)
Knowledge of strategies to compensate other weak
areas.
Teacher’s role
The teacher has to assume the role of a facilitator or
monitor, rather then simply being the model for correct speech and the
one with the primary responsibility of making students produce plenty of
error-free sentences. The teacher has to develop a different view of
students errors and his/her own role in facilitating language learning.
Learner’s role
In the CLT, learners have to participate in classroom activities
that are based on a cooperative rather than in a individualistic approach
to learning. Students have to become comfortable with listening to their
peers in pair or group work tasks, rather than relying on the teachers for
a model.
The Syllabus
Grammar based
Skills based (Listening, Speaking, Writing, Reading)
Functions based (Greeting, Introducing, Telling stories)
Task based (Discover the differences, Solve the problems)
What kind of syllabus does your course book have?
In general most course books that advocate the CLT
Approach create more eclectic syllabi in which they
consider the different aspects of learning a
language.
Types of activities
Accuracy/Fluency
Mechanical meaningful and communicative practice
Information Gaps
Information gathering
Role plays
Opinion sharing
Accuracy
Reflect classroom use of language
Focus on the formation of correct examples of language
Practice language out of context
Practice small samples of language
Do not require meaningful communication.
Control choice of language
Fluency
Reflect natural use of language
Focus on achieving communication
Require meaningful use of language
Require the use of communication strategies
Produce language that may not be predictable.
Seek to link language use to context
Mechanical practice:
He _____________ (is/are) a soldier.
Meaningful practice:
On the weekend, I’m going to_________________ in the morning.
I’m going to _____________ in the afternoon, but
I’m not going to __________.
Communicative practice:
Ask your classmate about three things he considers when selecting a movie.
Role-plays
Opinion sharing