Acknowledgement

We would like to express our success gratitude to all

those who have been associated with us in
development of this project. We would like to thank
our teacher who guided us through out the way and
our parents without there support we could not been
able to come up with such a wonderful project and
also our colleagues whose vibrant energy inspired us
and kept us going.

Thank you,
Ketan K Vasudeo
Krishna Choudhary
Priya Mistry
Roshan Gawde

1
 STORE MANAGEMENT

INTRODUCTION
Storage is an unavoidable activity. It increases the value of the
material by simple carrying it. No transformation of any type is to be done.
Stores, has vital role to play. In a majority of manufacturing organizations
material constitutes the fraction of cost, like 60% to 80% of total cost. The
cost of capital blocked in inventories is substantial. This working capital has
to be property managed. Otherwise organization will face heavy losses.
Efficiency of storage of material leads to better profitability. Material
pilferage, deterioration, theft and careless handling may lead to reduced
profits.

Stores management is supposed to be, carrying the right kind of

materials in right quantity, neither in excess nor in short supply. Material has
to be provided quickly to right person and at right time and place whenever
required.

2
FUNCTIONS OF STORES
The functions of store management are as follows

1. Receive the materials:

Receiving and according of low materials, bought out parts,
spares, tools, and equipment other items. Counting for proper quantity
as per the documents.

2. Store the material properly:

Provide the right and adequate storage and preserves the
material properly. Ensure that the material do not suffer from damage,
pilferage or deterioration.

3. Remove the material when required :

Facilitating easy location and removing materials.

4. Deliver the material to right place:

Fulfilling the demand of consumer departments by proper issue
of items on the receipt of authorized purchased requisition.

5. Keep the records perfectly in discipline:

To maintain proper record and update receipts and issue of
materials.

6. Maintain housekeeping:
Keeping the store clean and in good order so that handling,
preservation, stocking, receipt and issue can be done satisfaction.

7. Keep proper control:

Keeping a vigil on the discrepancies, abnormal consumptions,
accumulation of stock, pilferation, theft etc. exercising control
measures control measures.

8. Manage the people in perfect discipline:

The people working have to be work in perfect discipline. The
procedures have to be followed as per the written policies and manual.

3
9. Avoid keeping surplus material:
Minimization of scrap, surplus and obsolescence through
proper inventory control, and effective disposal of surplus and
obsolete items.

10. Erification of stocks at regular interval:

Verifying the bin card balances with the physical quantities in
the bins and initiating the purchasing cycle at appropriate time so as
to avoid the out of stock situations.

11. Coordination and cooperation:

To coordination and cooperate with the interacting departments
such as purchasing, manufacturing, production planning and control,
inspection, etc.

4
How does someone in a Store Management position get
organized?
It is very challenging to say the least. A regular, run of the mill calendar,
journal or other time management product or organizer will not provide you
with the help you need to stay focused on the business. With any of the usual
‘organizer’ products a Store Manager has to customize to the point where
any resemblance to the original product is unlikely. And more often than
not, the organizer turns into a simple note book with notes scribbled all over
the place and pieces of paper hanging out of the sides.

As a Store Manager you have unique requirements and you need a unique
organizer. It needs to be portable, sturdy, complex in design while simple to
use, and all for a reasonable price.

DMSRetail™ offers this unique organizer for Store Managers. The

DMSRetailer™ is the only organizer you will ever need.

Most organizers assume that Store Managers do not schedule any, or very
few, meetings, tasks or events for evenings and weekends. What’s with that?
The Retail Manager absolutely needs an organizer that accommodates their
work schedule…an organizer that works when they do.

Internet impact
19th century warehouse in Frankfort, Kentucky, United States used to age
bourbon whiskey casks, seen closely through the warehouse windows

The internet has had an influence on warehouses. Internet-based stores do

not require physical retail space, but still require warehouses to store goods.
This kind of warehouse fills many small orders directly from end customers
rather than fewer orders of many items from stores.

Having a large and complex supply chain containing many warehouse can
be costly. It may be beneficial for a company to have one large warehouse
per continent, typically located centrally to transportation. At these
continental hubs, goods may be customized for different countries. For
example, goods get a price ticket in the language of the destination country.
Small, in-warehouse adjustments to goods are called value added serve.

5
STORES ORGANIZATION:

This is a major materials function. It is having the main sections as

receiving, component stores, finished goods stores. The movement
department is often reporting to materials manager. However, it has link
with stores management. POUS section (POINT OF USE STORES) is often
made available beside production shops. This is administratively reporting to
stores management but functionally it is with production determinants. In
big companies each production shop may have individual POUS.

From the total control point of view the receiving and stores activities
may get included with the rest of materials activities. This facilitates the
coordination among related material activities from the point of view of
operation. Further, the inter-relationships between stores, inventory control
and purchase function will receive, proper attention in this type of
organizational arrangement.

Stores activities are considered to be more significant and thus store is

clubbed with or strongly related with the production department. That is
because of the following:
• In order to run the production operation smoothly the production
management must have control over the immediate material supply
from stores. This will ensure the smooth delivery of materials to the
production centers as and when required.
• In order to avoid/discourage any kind of collusion and embezzlement
of materials, the receiving & storing should be kept separate from the
purchase department.
• The objectives of the organizational decision regarding store could be
to store and manage the materials so that they are available in good
conditions according to the need. To efficiently supply the materials
according to production schedules, and to perform stores functions at
minimum cost.

6
STORE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

A store management system, or WMS, is a key part of the supply chain

and primarily aims to control the movement and storage of materials within
a warehouse and process the associated transactions, including shipping,
receiving, put away and picking. The systems also direct and optimize stock
put away based on real-time information about the status of bin utilization.

Store management systems often utilize Auto ID Data Capture (AIDC)

technology, such as barcode scanners, mobile computers, wireless LANs and
potentially Radio-frequency identification (RFID) to efficiently monitor the
flow of products. Once data has been collected, there is either a batch
synchronization with, or a real-time wireless transmission to a central
database. The database can then provide useful reports about the status of
goods in the warehouse.

The objective of a store management system is to provide a set of

computerised procedures to handle the receipt of stock and returns into a
warehouse facility, model and manage the logical representation of the
physical storage facilities (e.g. racking etc), manage the stock within the
facility and enable a seamless link to order processing and logistics
management in order to pick, pack and ship product out of the facility.

Store management systems can be stand alone systems, or modules of an

ERP system or supply chain execution suite.

The primary purpose of a WMS is to control the movement and storage of

materials within a warehouse – you might even describe it as the legs at the
end-of-the line which automates the store, traffic and shipping management.

In its simplest form, the WMS can data track products during the production
process and act as an interpreter and message buffer between existing ERP
and WMS systems. Store Management is not just managing within the
boundaries of a warehouse today, it is much wider and goes beyond the
physical boundaries. Inventory management, inventory planning, cost
management, IT applications & communication technology to be used are
all related to warehouse management. The container storage, loading and
unloading are also covered by warehouse management today. Store
management today is part of SCM and demand management. Even

7
production management is to a great extent dependent on store
management. Efficient warehouse management gives a cutting edge to a
retail chain distribution company. Store management does not just start with
receipt of material but it actually starts with actual initial planning when
container design is made for a product. Warehouse design and process
design within the warehouse (e.g. Wave Picking) is also part of warehouse
management. Warehouse management is part of Logistics and SCM.

Store Management monitors the progress of products through the

warehouse. It involves the physical warehouse infrastructure, tracking
systems, and communication between product stations.

Store management deals with receipt, storage and movement of goods,

normally finished goods, to intermediate storage locations or to final
customer. In the multi-echelon model for distribution, there are levels of
warehouses, starting with the Central Warehouse(s), regional warehouses
services by the central warehouses and retail warehouses at the third level
services by the regional warehouses and so on. The objective of
warehousing management is to help in optimal cost of timely order
fulfillment by managing the resources economically.

Store management = "Management of storage of products and services

rendered on the products within the four wall of a warehouse"

8
Automated Storage and Retrieval System
ASRS at the Defense Visual Information Center which is used for the
storage of media items such as film canisters.

ASRS (automated storage and retrieval systems) or AS/RS refers to a variety

of computer-controlled methods for automatically placing and retrieving
loads from specific storage locations.

An ASRS environment, would encompass many of the following

technologies: Horizontal Carousels, Vertical Carousels, Vertical Lift
Modules (VLM) and/or the traditional Crane-in-Aisle Storage & Retrieval
systems that utilize a storage retrieval (SR) crane.

AS/RS (asrs) are categorized into three main types: single masted, double
masted and man-aboard. All are generally supported on a track and ceiling
guided at the top by guide rails or channels to insure accurate vertical
alignment:

Some single-mastered and man-aboard models are supported from the

ceiling to hang in a pendulum mode. The vertical mast of a typical S/R
machine guides and supports a carriage on which unit loads are carried.

One or more lateral shuttles or telescoping extraction devices attached to the

carriage inject and retrieve loads, one or two loads deep in and out of the
storage rack. Storage systems depths greater than two leads deep on either
side of the aisle are classified as deep-lane storage systems.

Such storage systems use roll-through storage racks with multiple gravity
lanes. Loads are placed in at one end and gravity fed to a take- out position
at the opposite end. If the loads consist of small binnable items that can be
placed either on shelves or directly into containers, the design of the AS/RS
(ASRS) crane is modified.

A man aboard style is equipped with a picking platform or the container is

brought to the order picker at a work counter. These types of cranes are
known as ministackers.

9
To provide a method for accomplishing through put to and from the AS/RS
(ASRS) and the supporting transportation system, stations are provided to
precisely position inbound and outbound loads for pickup and delivery by
the crane. ASRS Pick Up Station A pickup and delivery station can be a
simple elevated structural pedestal to accommodate the Product page
configuration of the load. They can be designed to convey, rotate, or elevate
loads if required. The interface to these stations can be by forklift truck,
powered conveyor, in-floor towline, or automatic guided vehicle system.
These can be integrated into a total system to provide additional functions
including counting, automatic weighing, size and profile checks,
identification, and labeling.

In more sophisticated automatic operations, the optimum level of asrs

software can include: Monitoring and controlling the complete
transportation system moving loads into and out of the AS/RS (asrs)
equipment, including operation of conveyor systems transfers, pallet
accumulators/dispensers, weigh scales, elevators, turntables, and profile
checks, also rejecting those loads outside of allowable tolerances1.

Visibly identifying loads for quantity, part number and manufacturer and
updating the inventory plus other applicable readable data.

Assigning specific addresses for each individual load. locating material to

specific aisles according to classification.

Retrieving loads on a FIFO or LIFO basis.

Communicating on a real-time basis with other host or computers.

Scheduling shift output hourly or daily along with updating purchasing,

production, shipping, and accounting procedures.

10
11
How it works
Each operator is given a voice-enabled RF device. These devices need not
have screens or keypads – operators communicate with the system via
headset.

Managers use the Warehouse Management System (WMS) or middleware to

assign operators work – jobs such as picking, put-away, replenishment, and
truck loading. How this assignment process takes place is largely
implementation specific. For example, operators might be assigned to pick
specific orders or load specific trucks - or they might simply be assigned to
picking, and be automatically placed on the highest-priority job.

Picking
With voice picking, the voice system directs the operator to perform each
pick, giving them directions to the pick location. Depending on system
configuration, the operator may be prompted for a location check-digit or a
container check-digit as well as a count-back. Following is an example
picking dialog:

The system then directs them to the location to put their pallet (onto a truck,
into a staging area) and then tells them to take a new pallet and start the next
pick. Unique license plates can be assigned to each picked pallet so that they
can be easily located in the warehouse – and so that the voice system can
direct the process of loading staged pallets onto trucks.

Putaway
In voice directed put-away, the system asks the operator for the license(s)
that they will be putting away. The system then directs the operator to put
away each license, requesting a location check-digit from the put-away
location.

Some systems can also take advantage of quicker multi-pallet walkies by

performing two-phase putaway. Walkie operators are directed to take
received pallets to the appropriate aisle where reach operators pick them up
and complete the operation.

12
Replenishment
In voice directed replenishment, the system directs the operator to pick up a
particular skid from a particular location, and then directs them to the
appropriate picking location.

The WMS coordinates which pallets are scheduled for replenishment, and
where they are to be put – a sophisticated WMS may assign SKUs to
pickfaces dynamically according to SKU velocity, available space,
proximity to door, etc.

Truck Loading
With voice directed truck loading, the voice system directs the operator to
each picked pallet in the proper sequence. In full-pallet DCs, operators may
be directed to take entire pallets from the racking directly to the truck.
Voice-directed truck-loading can help ensure that trucks are loaded in the
correct sequence and that all pallets make it onto the truck.

Voice Training
Apart from training users to use the voice system, the system must be trained
to understand each user. This training process takes roughly 30-45 minutes -
during this time, the user is asked to repeat aloud the words they will be
using when they communicate with the system. The voice system learns how
the particular operator speaks, and saves a template of their speech patterns.
This allows voice systems to understand users with heavy accents – the
system knows how each individual user pronounces each word.

Security
With the additional security provided by voice, it is easier to enforce
particular rules. For example, you could (if your WMS supports it) create
job templates for each user. This means that you could, specify which users
were qualified to use a reach truck – and prevent others from receiving these
assignments.

13
WMS or middleware
Being a relatively new technology, only a few WMS systems are specifically
designed to support voice direction. Middleware is often required to act as
an agent between the WMS and the voice system – and to provide additional
functionality such as job assignments, productivity monitoring, etc., that
most WMS systems cannot provide out of the box.

14
 WASTE MANAGEMENT
INTRODUCTION

rising quality of life, and high rates of resource consumption patterns

have had a unintended and negative impact on the urban environment
- generation of wastes far beyond the handling capacities of urban
governments and agencies. Cities are now grappling with the
problems of high volumes of waste, the costs involved, the disposal
technologies and methodologies, and the impact of wastes on the local
and global environment.

But these problems have also provided a window of opportunity for

cities to find solutions - involving the community and the private
sector; involving innovative technologies and disposal methods; and
involving behaviour changes and awareness raising. These issues have
been amply demonstrated by good practices from many cities around
the world.

There is a need for a complete rethinking of "waste" - to analyse if

waste is indeed waste. A rethinking that calls for

WASTE to become WEALTH

REFUSE to become RESOURCE
TRASH to become CASH *

There is a clear need for the current approach of waste disposal that is
focussed on municipalities and uses high energy/high technology, to
move more towards waste processing and waste recycling (that
involves public-private partnerships, aiming for eventual waste
minimization - driven at the community level, and using low
energy/low technology resources. Some of the defining criteria for
future waste minimization programmes will include deeper
community participation, understanding economic benefits/recovery
of waste, focusing on life cycles (rather than end-of-pipe solutions),
decentralized administration of waste, minimizing environmental
impacts, reconciling investment costs with long-term goals.

15
Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or
disposal, and monitoring of waste materials.[1] The term usually relates to
materials produced by human activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce
their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics. Waste management is
also carried out to recover resources from it. Waste management can involve
solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances, with different methods and
fields of expertise for each.

Waste management practices differ for developed and developing nations,

for urban and rural areas, and for residential and industrial producers.
Management for non-hazardous residential and institutional waste in
metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of local government
authorities, while management for non-hazardous commercial and industrial
waste is usually the responsibility of the generator.

16
Principles of Waste Management
The various waste management options can be placed in an order known as
the Waste Management Hierarchy which reflects the relative sustainability
of each. One of the key principles underlying waste management policy in
the UK is to ensure that waste is dealt with as high up the Waste
Management Hierarchy as possible. Since all waste disposal options have
some impact on the environment, the only way to avoid impact is not to
produce waste in the first place, and waste reduction is therefore at the top of
the hierarchy. Re-use, followed by recovery techniques (recycling,
composting and generating energy from waste) follow, while disposal to
landfill or by incineration, the worst options, are at the bottom of the
hierarchy.

Although the hierarchy holds true in general terms, there will be certain
wastes for which the waste management options are limited or for which the
‘Best Practicable Environmental Option’ (i.e. the option causing least
environmental impact) lies towards the bottom of the hierarchy. In deciding
what is the most appropriate disposal route, both environmental and
economic costs and benefits need to be considered. This decision should be
reached taking into account all the costs and impacts associated with waste
disposal, including those associated with the movement of waste.

Wherever possible the Proximity Principle should be applied. This

recognises that transporting waste has environmental, social and economic
costs so as a general rule, waste should be dealt with as near to the place of
production as possible. This has the added benefit of raising awareness about
waste and encouraging ownership of the problem at the local level.

17
Diagrams

The Waste Management Hierarchy

Waste Management Roles and Responsibilities

The Waste Producer
It is important to understand that as we all produce waste, we all have to take
responsibility for it; waste is not just the responsibility of someone who
moves it around for us or who manages or disposes of it for us. Waste
management legislation clearly places certain responsibilities on the
producer of waste so it is important to be clear under what circumstances
your institution is acting as a waste producer. Guidance is given in “Waste
Management: The Duty of Care - A Code of Practice”. This defines a
producer as:

• the person who made the substance become waste e.g. by breaking or
contaminating it
• the person who decided that a substance was unwanted and therefore
waste

18
For example, where construction work is taking place, the waste producer is
the person actually doing the work that produces the waste, not the person
who issued the contract or gave instructions for the work to be carried out.
You can of course, specify within the contract how you want the waste to be
managed e.g. reused or recycled.

METHODS
DISPOSAL METHOD
Disposing of waste in a landfill involves burying the waste, and this remains
a common practice in most countries. Landfills were often established in
abandoned or unused quarries, mining voids or borrow pits. A properly-
designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygienic and relatively
inexpensive method of disposing of waste materials. Older, poorly-designed
or poorly-managed landfills can create a number of adverse environmental
impacts such as wind-blown litter, attraction of vermin, and generation of
liquid leachate. Another common byproduct of landfills is gas (mostly
composed of methane and carbon dioxide), which is produced as organic
waste breaks down anaerobically. This gas can create odor problems, kill
surface vegetation, and is a greenhouse gas.

Design characteristics of a modern landfill include methods to contain

leachate such as clay or plastic lining material. Deposited waste is normally
compacted to increase its density and stability, and covered to prevent
attracting vermin (such as mice or rats). Many landfills also have landfill gas
extraction systems installed to extract the landfill gas. Gas is pumped out of
the landfill using perforated pipes and flared off or burnt in a gas engine to
generate electricity.

Incineration is a disposal method that involves combustion of waste

material. Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment systems
are sometimes described as "thermal treatment". Incinerators convert waste
materials into heat, gas, steam, and ash.

Incineration is carried out both on a small scale by individuals and on a large

scale by industry. It is used to dispose of solid, liquid and gaseous waste. It
is recognized as a practical method of disposing of certain hazardous waste
materials (such as biological medical waste). Incineration is a controversial

19
method of waste disposal, due to issues such as emission of gaseous
pollutants.

Incineration is common in countries such as Japan where land is more

scarce, as these facilities generally do not require as much area as landfills.
Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW) are broad terms for
facilities that burn waste in a furnace or boiler to generate heat, steam and/or
electricity. Combustion in an incinerator is not always perfect and there have
been concerns about micro-pollutants in gaseous emissions from incinerator
stacks. Particular concern has focused on some very persistent organics such
as dioxins which may be created within the incinerator and which may have
serious environmental consequences in the area immediately around the
incinerator. On the other hand this method produces heat that can be used as
energy.

RECYCLING METHOD
PVC, LDPE, PP, and PS (see resin identification code) are also recyclable,
although these are not as commonly collected. These items are usually
composed of a single type of material, making them relatively easy to
recycle into new products. The recycling of complex products (such as
computers and electronic equipment) is more difficult, due to the additional
dismantling and separation required.

Waste materials that are organic in nature, such as plant material, food
scraps, and paper products, can be recycled using biological composting and
digestion processes to decompose the organic matter. The resulting organic
material is then recycled as mulch or compost for agricultural or landscaping
purposes. In addition, waste gas from the process (such as methane) can be
captured and used for generating electricity. The intention of biological
processing in waste management is to control and accelerate the natural
process of decomposition of organic matter.

There are a large variety of composting and digestion methods and

technologies varying in complexity from simple home compost heaps, to
industrial-scale enclosed-vessel digestion of mixed domestic waste (see
Mechanical biological treatment). Methods of biological decomposition are
differentiated as being aerobic or anaerobic methods, though hybrids of the
two methods also exist.

20
An example of waste management through composting is the Green Bin
Program in Toronto, Canada, where household organic waste (such as
kitchen scraps and plant cuttings) are collected in a dedicated container and
then composted.

The energy content of waste products can be harnessed directly by using

them as a direct combustion fuel, or indirectly by processing them into
another type of fuel. Recycling through thermal treatment ranges from using
waste as a fuel source for cooking or heating, to fuel for boilers to generate
steam and electricity in a turbine. Pyrolysis and gasification are two related
forms of thermal treatment where waste materials are heated to high
temperatures with limited oxygen availability. The process typically occurs
in a sealed vessel under high pressure. Pyrolysis of solid waste converts the
material into solid, liquid and gas products. The liquid and gas can be burnt
to produce energy or refined into other products. The solid residue (char) can
be further refined into products such as activated carbon. Gasification and
advanced Plasma arc gasification are used to convert organic materials
directly into a synthetic gas (syngas) composed of carbon monoxide and
hydrogen. The gas is then burnt to produce electricity and steam.

Avoidance and reduction methods

An important method of waste management is the prevention of waste
material being created, also known as waste reduction. Methods of
avoidance include reuse of second-hand products, repairing broken items
instead of buying new, designing products to be refillable or reusable (such
as cotton instead of plastic shopping bags), encouraging consumers to avoid
using disposable products (such as disposable cutlery), removing any
food/liquid remains from cans, packaging, ... [2] and designing products that
use less material to achieve the same purpose (for example, lightweighting
of beverage cans).

Waste handling and transport

21
Waste collection methods vary widely between different countries and
regions. Domestic waste collection services are often provided by local
government authorities, or by private industry. Some areas, especially those
in less developed countries, do not have a formal waste-collection system.
Examples of waste handling systems include:

• In Australia, curbside collection is the method of disposal of waste.

Every urban domestic household is provided with three bins: one for
recyclables, another for general waste and another for garden
materials - this bin is provided by the municipality if requested. Also,
many households have compost bins; but this is not provided by the
municipality. To encourage recycling, municipalities provide large
recycle bins, which are larger than general waste bins. Municipal,
commercial and industrial, construction and demolition waste is
dumped at landfills and some is recycled. Household waste is
segregated: recyclables sorted and made into new products, and
general waste is dumped in landfill areas. According to the ABS, the
recycling rate is high and is 'increasing, with 99% of households
reporting that they had recycled or reused some of their waste within
the past year (2003 survey), up from 85% in 1992'. This suggests that
Australians are in favour of reduced or no landfilling and the
recycling of waste. Of the total waste produced in 2002–03, '30% of
municipal waste, 44% of commercial and industrial waste and 57% of
construction and demolition waste' was recycled. Energy is produced
from waste as well: some landfill gas is captured for fuel or electricity
generation. Households and industries are not charged for the volume
of waste they produce.

• In Europe and a few other places around the world, a few

communities use a proprietary collection system known as Envac,
which conveys refuse via underground conduits using a vacuum
system.
• In Canadian urban centres curbside collection is the most common
method of disposal, whereby the city collects waste and/or recyclables
and/or organics on a scheduled basis. In rural areas people often
dispose of their waste by hauling it to a transfer station. Waste
collected is then transported to a regional landfill.
• In Taipei the city government charges its households and industries
for the volume of rubbish they produce. Waste will only be collected
by the city council if waste is disposed in government issued rubbish

22
 bags. This policy has successfully reduced the amount of waste the
city produces and increased the recycling rate.

Technologies
Traditionally the waste Management industry has been slow to adopt new
technologies such as RFID tags, GPS and integrated software packages
which enable better quality data to be collected without the use of estimation
or manual data entry.

• Technologies like RFID tags are now being used to collect data on
presentation rates for curb-side pick-ups which is useful when
examining the usage of recycling bins or similar.
• Benefits of GPS tracking is particularly evident when considering the
efficiency of ad hoc pick-ups (like skip bins or dumpsters) where the
collection is done on a consumer request basis.
• Integrated software packages are useful in aggregating this data for
use in optimisation of operations for waste collection operations.

Waste management concepts

23
There are a number of concepts about waste management which vary in their
usage between countries or regions. Some of the most general, widely-used
concepts include

• Waste hierarchy –
The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and
recycle, which classify waste management strategies according to
their desirability in terms of waste minimization. The waste hierarchy
remains the cornerstone of most waste minimization strategies. The
aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical
benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste.

• Extended producer responsibility –

Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is a strategy designed to
promote the integration of all costs associated with products throughout
their life cycle (including end-of-life disposal costs) into the market price
of the product. Extended producer responsibility is meant to impose
accountability over the entire lifecycle of products and packaging
introduced to the market. This means that firms which manufacture,
import and/or sell products are required to be responsible for the products
after their useful life as well as during manufacture.

• Polluter pays principle –

The Polluter Pays Principle is a principle where the polluting party
pays for the impact caused to the environment. With respect to waste
management, this generally refers to the requirement for a waste
generator to pay for appropriate disposal of the waste.

Education and awareness

24
Education and awareness in the area of waste and waste management is
increasingly important from a global perspective of resource management.
The Talloires Declaration is a declaration for sustainability concerned about
the unprecedented scale and speed of environmental pollution and
degradation, and the depletion of natural resources. Local, regional, and
global air pollution; accumulation and distribution of toxic wastes;
destruction and depletion of forests, soil, and water; depletion of the ozone
layer and emission of "green house" gases threaten the survival of humans
and thousands of other living species, the integrity of the earth and its
biodiversity, the security of nations, and the heritage of future generations.
Several universities have implemented the Talloires Declaration by
establishing environmental management and waste management programs,
e.g. the waste management university project. University and vocational
education are promoted by various organizations, e.g. WAMITAB and
Chartered Institution of Wastes Management. Many supermarkets encourage
customers to use their reverse vending machines to deposit used purchased
containers and receive a refund from the recycling fees. Brands that
manufacture such machines include Tomra and Envipco.

Environmental impacts of waste management

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The environmental impacts of waste management are directly or
indirectly relevant to a number of Sweden’s national
environmental objectives, as indicated in the table. Reduced
Climate Impact and A Non-Toxic Environment are the two
objectives for which the achievement of an ecologically
sustainable waste management regime is of greatest relevance.
Waste management also contributes to impacts under the
objectives Clean Air, Natural Acidification Only, A Protective
Ozone Layer, and Zero Eutrophication.

IVL 2005. The study includes household waste and a large fraction of
industrial (non-manufacturing) waste. It excludes construction and
demolition waste. The figures under A Non-Toxic Environment exclude
emissions from crematoria and from fires at landfill and intermediate storage

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sites.

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Where do emissions come from?
Handling waste means dealing with numerous substances that are harmful to
health and the environment. Some are handled separately as hazardous
waste, others occur as pollutants in the non-hazardous waste stream. Some,
such as dioxins, are formed as unintended by-products of waste incineration.

Hazardous substances are released in flue gases from incineration plants and
in water leaching from landfills. They can enter the ecological cycle through
the recycling of waste in which they are present in low concentrations. They
can also be released by accident, by dumping at sea, and through other poor
management practices.

Emissions of heavy metals and toxic organic pollutants from waste

management activities, primarily incineration, have fallen. The amount of
dioxins released into the atmosphere from waste incinerators in 2004 was
0.7 gram, down almost 99 percent since 1985. Of greater significance today
are dioxin emissions from industry, which in 2001 totalled 44 grams. Levels
of toxic pollutants in treated leachate from landfill sites are generally low.

The volume of greenhouse gas emissions due to waste management

activities is small compared to those generated by energy use and transport.
The latter sources account for 75 percent, agriculture for 13 percent and
waste management for just 3 percent of all Sweden’s greenhouse gas
emissions.

Toxic pollutants will continue to enter the waste management system as

products containing them continue to be manufactured and discarded, as
well as from the clean-up of contaminated sites. A large reservoir of the
most common heavy metals still exists in products that have not yet been
discarded as waste.

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 CONCLUSION

STORE MANAGEMENT
From all our research and studies we have reached to the conclusion that
store management is a responsibility of efficient store keeper for a safe and
technically physical storage f all production material. In some companies
store keeper is also responsible for finished goods storage. The store keeper
must protect materials in the custody against pilferage, unauthorized usage,
& unnecessary damage & deterioration.

Store system is the one in which all materials are physically stored in a
closed or controlled area. General practice is to maintain physical control by
locking storage. As a rule, no one other than store personnel is permitted in
the stores area. This system is designed to afford maximum physical
checkup & to ensure tight accounting control of inventory material.

WASTE MANAGEMENT
In India there is a good awareness to recycle the waste. The National
Committee on Science & Technology (NCST) has taken up recycling
projects. Waste collection has got a significant effort on a subsequent
functional elements, public help, aesthetics and House Keeping & Public
attitude concerning the operation of system.

As a collection & transportation a major cost in waste treatment. That may

be to 70 to 80%. Improving & stabilizing the collection techniques can help
the efficiency it can yield good saving in the Waste Management
Programme.

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